tuesday 4 june 2013 – afternoon - ocr · even now, more than a million people still live in...
TRANSCRIPT
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES• This Resource Booklet must be handed in to your teacher at the end of each lesson. You
must not write on the booklet.
INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES• The following abbreviations may be used: MEDC – More Economically Developed Country. LEDC – Less Economically Developed Country. EU – European Union which includes the United Kingdom.• This document consists of 12 pages. Any blank pages are indicated.
INSTRUCTION TO EXAMS OFFICER / INVIGILATOR• Do not send this Resource Booklet for marking; it should be retained in the centre or
recycled. Please contact OCR Copyright if you wish to re-use it.
THE ISSUE:ALL SHOOK UP – how do people in different parts of the world cope with the aftermath of earthquakes?
CONTENTS OF THE RESOURCE BOOKLET
Resource 1 – Living in areas of tectonic riskResource 2 – Information on selected recent earthquakesResource 3 – Cycle of disaster responseResource 4 – The problem with earthquakes...Resource 5 – Comparing earthquakes
Resource 5a Turkey, October 2011 Resource 5b New Zealand, September 2010 Resource 5c Haiti, January 2010
Resource 6 – Seismic retrofittingResource 7 – Information about Hayward Fault, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USAResource 8 – What’s at risk in the Bay Area?
Tuesday 4 June 2013 – AfternoonGCSE GEOGRAPHY B
B561/01/02/RB Sustainable Decision Making (SDM) (Foundation and Higher Tier)
RESOURCE BOOKLET
This Resource Booklet should beavailable to candidates for up tothree working weeks prior to this date.
OCR is an exempt CharityTurn over
© OCR 2013 [M/501/5662]DC (LEG/JG) 61344/5
*B521990613*
Duration: 1 hour
2
B561/01/02/RB Jun13© OCR 2013
RE
SO
UR
CE
1
Liv
ing
in a
reas
of
tect
on
ic r
isk
1a
Typ
es o
f te
cto
nic
haz
ard
s 1b
W
hy p
eop
le li
ve in
are
as o
f te
cto
nic
ris
k
Ear
thqu
akes
Vol
cano
es
igno
ranc
eof
the
risks
adva
ntag
es o
fth
e ar
eain
ertia
lack
of
alte
rnat
ives
Why
live
inan
are
a of
tect
onic
ris
k?
3
B561/01/02/RB Jun13 Turn over© OCR 2013
RESOURCE 2
Information on selected recent earthquakes
Location Magnitude Estimated deaths Cost of damage (US$)
Eastern Sichuan, China 7.9 87 587 150 billion
Central Alaska, USA 7.9 0 0
Samoa Islands 8.1 192 3 million
Kuril Islands 8.3 0 0
Hokkaido, Japan 8.3 1 1 million
Southern Sumatra, Indonesia 8.5 25 180 million
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 8.6 1313 2.2 billion
Maule, Chile 8.8 507 15 billion
Honshu, Japan 9.0 20 896 300 billion
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 9.1 227 898 3 billion
1 billion = 1 000 000 000
1 million = 1 000 000
4
B561/01/02/RB Jun13© OCR 2013
RE
SO
UR
CE
3
Dur
ing
Dis
aste
rB
efor
eD
isas
ter
Afte
rD
isas
ter
Pre
para
tion
Mon
itorin
g
Pre
vent
ion
Rec
onst
ruct
ion
Em
erge
ncy
Res
pons
e
Rec
over
y
Haz
ard
Com
mun
ityat
ris
k
Cyc
le o
f d
isas
ter
resp
on
se
5
B561/01/02/RB Jun13 Turn over© OCR 2013
RE
SO
UR
CE
4
Th
e p
rob
lem
wit
h e
arth
qu
akes
...
Earthq
uakes don’t kill people,
buildings do!
6
B561/01/02/RB Jun13© OCR 2013
RE
SO
UR
CE
5a
Co
mp
arin
g e
arth
qu
akes
Turk
ey, O
cto
ber
201
1
Su
nd
ay 2
3 O
cto
ber
201
1 1.
41p
m (
loca
l tim
e)
Lo
cati
on
: Van
Pro
vinc
e, e
aste
rn T
urke
y
Mag
nit
ud
e: 7
.2D
epth
: 20
km
Dea
ths:
aro
und
1000
Inju
ries
: 11
40B
uild
ing
Dam
age:
Ove
r 10
00 d
estr
oyed
City
of V
an p
opul
atio
n: 3
53 5
00
Des
crip
tio
n:
Turk
ey s
its o
n m
ajor
geo
logi
cal f
ault
lines
and
so
is v
ulne
rabl
e to
ear
thqu
akes
.D
eath
and
inju
ries
wer
e ca
used
by
the
colla
pse
of b
uild
ings
; the
wor
st a
ffect
ed
bein
g m
ade
out o
f cla
y br
icks
.
A T
urki
sh s
eism
olog
ist
said
tha
t bu
ildin
g re
gula
tions
wer
e of
ten
igno
red
in
Turk
ey. H
e sa
id, “
the
enfo
rcem
ent o
f the
cod
e is
not
as
good
as
it sh
ould
be”
.
The
ear
thqu
ake
cut e
lect
ricity
and
tele
phon
e lin
es a
nd th
e au
thor
ities
in s
ome
area
s tu
rned
off
gas
supp
lies
to a
void
the
risk
of fi
re.
Cam
ps w
ere
set u
p an
d bl
anke
ts, f
ood
and
wat
er w
ere
prov
ided
to s
helte
r the
te
ns o
f tho
usan
ds o
f peo
ple
who
wer
e le
ft ho
mel
ess
in fr
eezi
ng c
ondi
tions
.
7
B561/01/02/RB Jun13 Turn over© OCR 2013
RE
SO
UR
CE
5b
New
Zea
lan
d, S
epte
mb
er 2
010
Sat
urd
ay 4
Sep
tem
ber
201
0 4.
45am
(lo
cal t
ime)
Lo
cati
on
: C
hris
tchu
rch,
Sou
th Is
land
, New
Zea
land
Mag
nit
ud
e: 7
.1D
epth
: 10
km
Dea
ths:
0In
juri
es:
2 se
rious
Bu
ildin
g d
amag
e: w
ides
prea
d (in
sura
nce
clai
ms
conf
irm
ed a
t be
twee
n U
S$
2.25
bill
ion
and
US
$ 3
billi
on)
City
of C
hris
tchu
rch
popu
latio
n: 3
67 7
00
Des
crip
tio
n:
The
ear
thqu
ake
that
str
uck
the
regi
on i
n 20
10 w
as t
he m
ost
dest
ruct
ive
eart
hqua
ke t
o hi
t N
ew
Zea
land
in 7
0 ye
ars.
The
New
Zea
land
Prim
e M
inis
ter
said
, “w
ith o
nly
two
serio
us in
jurie
s, t
he im
pact
was
eve
n le
ss
serio
us th
an a
traf
fic a
ccid
ent”
.
The
rea
sons
beh
ind
the
lack
of f
atal
ities
wer
e pu
t dow
n to
two
maj
or fa
ctor
s:
• th
e tim
ing
of t
he e
arth
quak
e –
at 4
.45
in t
he m
orni
ng,
mea
nt t
hat
mos
t pe
ople
wer
e at
ho
me
asle
ep;
•
stric
t bu
ildin
g co
des
whi
ch a
re a
dher
ed t
o, a
long
with
a g
reat
dea
l of
res
earc
h an
d de
velo
pmen
t int
o bu
ildin
g st
ruct
ures
that
will
with
stan
d ea
rthq
uake
s.
Mos
t of t
he r
esid
entia
l bui
ldin
gs in
New
Zea
land
are
one
or
two
stor
eys,
ligh
t woo
den
stru
ctur
es,
ofte
n no
t di
rect
ly t
ied
to t
he f
ound
atio
n, b
ut h
ave
a ba
se i
sola
ting
bear
ing,
whi
ch a
llow
s th
e st
ruct
ure
to ‘f
loat
’. N
o ci
vilia
n bu
ildin
gs c
olla
psed
in th
is e
arth
quak
e.
8
B561/01/02/RB Jun13© OCR 2013
RE
SO
UR
CE
5c
Hai
ti, J
anu
ary
2010
Tues
day
12
Jan
uar
y 20
10 4
.53p
m (
loca
l tim
e)
Lo
cati
on
: Lé
ogân
e, H
aiti
Mag
nit
ud
e: 7
.0D
epth
: 13
km
Dea
ths:
aro
und
92 0
00 a
ccor
ding
to In
tern
atio
nal A
genc
ies
Inju
ries
: 22
0 00
0 re
cord
ed b
y In
tern
atio
nal A
genc
ies,
300
000
by
Hai
tian
gove
rnm
ent
Bu
ildin
g d
amag
e: 2
50 0
00 r
esid
ence
s an
d 30
000
com
mer
cial
bui
ldin
gs c
olla
psed
or
seve
rely
dam
aged
City
of P
ort-
au-P
rince
pop
ulat
ion:
aro
und
900
000
(Hai
tian
capi
tal,
25 k
m fr
om e
pice
ntre
)
Des
crip
tio
n:
Thi
s ea
rthq
uake
was
mor
e se
vere
tha
n ot
hers
of
the
sam
e m
agni
tude
due
to
the
wid
espr
ead
dam
age
and
deva
stat
ion
to t
he b
uild
ings
and
inf
rast
ruct
ure
of t
he r
egio
n. W
ithin
Por
t-au
-Prin
ce a
ll ai
r, la
nd
and
sea
tran
spor
t fa
cilit
ies
and
com
mun
icat
ion
syst
ems
wer
e de
stro
yed
or s
ever
ely
disr
upte
d. R
oads
w
ere
bloc
ked
with
deb
ris o
r th
e su
rfac
es b
roke
n, h
ampe
ring
the
deliv
ery
of r
escu
e w
orke
rs a
nd a
id. A
ll ho
spita
ls w
ere
dest
roye
d.
The
mor
tuar
y fa
cilit
ies
wer
e ov
erw
helm
ed a
nd b
odie
s w
ere
plac
ed o
n st
reet
s an
d pa
vem
ents
, w
here
go
vern
men
t cre
ws
colle
cted
them
in tr
ucks
to ta
ke th
em to
mas
s gr
aves
.
The
gov
ernm
ents
of c
ount
ries
all a
roun
d th
e w
orld
gav
e bi
llion
s of
US
dol
lars
in s
hort
and
long
term
aid
. S
eneg
al in
Afr
ica
offe
red
Hai
tians
free
land
in th
eir
coun
try.
How
ever
, a
repo
rt f
rom
Oxf
am a
yea
r af
ter
the
eart
hqua
ke s
aid
that
rel
ief
and
reco
very
wer
e at
a
stan
dstil
l, du
e to
the
inac
tion
of th
e H
aitia
n go
vern
men
t. T
he r
epor
t sta
ted
that
onl
y 5%
of t
he r
ubbl
e ha
d be
en c
lear
ed a
nd o
nly
15%
of t
he r
equi
red
tem
pora
ry h
ousi
ng h
ad b
een
built
. E
ven
now
, m
ore
than
a m
illio
n pe
ople
stil
l liv
e in
cro
wde
d ca
mps
, w
here
the
ris
k of
dis
ease
s su
ch a
s ch
oler
a is
eve
r-pr
esen
t.
9
B561/01/02/RB Jun13 Turn over© OCR 2013
RESOURCE 6
Seismic retrofitting
A seismic retrofit provides existing structures with more resistance to earthquakes. In buildings this process includes strengthening weak connection points between the foundations and the rest of the building, or between the walls and roof.
Addition ofcross
braces
Addition ofbase
isolators
Addition ofdampers
Increasingload
capacity
Someretrofit
methods
10
B561/01/02/RB Jun13© OCR 2013
RESOURCE 7
Information about Hayward Fault, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA
7a
N
80
580
880
680
101
24Berkeley
Fremont
San Jose
Palo Alto
OaklandSan Francisco
San Mateo
San FranciscoBay
San PabloBay
San Leandro
Hayward Fault
0 10 20
km
Key:Major highways
Major airportsGas refineries
Other faultsCity
Hayward Fault
AqueductsBay Area RapidTransit
A catastrophic earthquake on the Hayward Fault would have effects throughout California and the USA.
The San Francisco Bay Area has one of the highest concentrations of people and wealth in the USA. It is recognised as a centre of innovation in the country due to the high density of High-Tech companies in Silicon Valley, to the south of San Francisco Bay.
11
B561/01/02/RB Jun13 Turn over© OCR 2013
7b
Contra CostaCounty
AlamedaCounty
Santa ClaraCounty
Santa CruzCounty
San MateoCounty
San Francisco
MarinCounty
SonomaCounty
NapaCounty Solano
County
0 10 20km
Key:
County borders
Hayward Fault
N
Key:
USA
California
San Francisco Bay Area
12
B561/01/02/RB Jun13© OCR 2013
RESOURCE 8
What’s at risk in the Bay Area?
Facilities at risk
Hospitals
Elementary schools
Intermediate or middle schools
High schools
Colleges or universities
Bridges and interchanges
Roads
Bay Area Rapid Transit(BART) tracks
Fire, police, andlocal government
Number (or extent) of BayArea facilities with a highlikelihood of experiencing
damaging shaking in the next 30 years
Percentage of total numberof facilities in the
Bay Area
76
2970
2721
150 km
30 350 km
987
164
233
62
Types of facilities 0 25 50 75 100
Property and people at risk
County Residential property US$ billions
Commercial property US$ billions Population
Alameda 215 150 1 575 000
Contra Costa 160 95 1 075 000
Marin 55 25 260 000
San Francisco 115 155 855 000
San Mateo 130 85 755 000
Santa Clara 315 205 1 880 000
Solano 50 25 425 000
Sonoma 70 30 495 000
Total 1110 770 7 320 000
Copyright Information
OCR is committed to seeking permission to reproduce all third-party content that it uses in its assessment materials. OCR has attempted to identify and contact all copyright holders whose work is used in this paper. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced in the OCR Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download from our public website (www.ocr.org.uk) after the live examination series.
If OCR has unwittingly failed to correctly acknowledge or clear any third-party content in this assessment material, OCR will be happy to correct its mistake at the earliest possible opportunity.
For queries or further information please contact the Copyright Team, First Floor, 9 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1GE.
OCR is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group; Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.