INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES• This Resource Booklet must be handed in to your teacher at the end of each lesson. You

must not write on the booklet.

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THE ISSUE:ALL SHOOK UP – how do people in different parts of the world cope with the aftermath of earthquakes?

CONTENTS OF THE RESOURCE BOOKLET

Resource 1 – Living in areas of tectonic riskResource 2 – Information on selected recent earthquakesResource 3 – Cycle of disaster responseResource 4 – The problem with earthquakes...Resource 5 – Comparing earthquakes

Resource 5a Turkey, October 2011 Resource 5b New Zealand, September 2010 Resource 5c Haiti, January 2010

Resource 6 – Seismic retrofittingResource 7 – Information about Hayward Fault, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USAResource 8 – What’s at risk in the Bay Area?

Tuesday 4 June 2013 – AfternoonGCSE GEOGRAPHY B

B561/01/02/RB Sustainable Decision Making (SDM) (Foundation and Higher Tier)

RESOURCE BOOKLET

This Resource Booklet should beavailable to candidates for up tothree working weeks prior to this date.

OCR is an exempt CharityTurn over

© OCR 2013 [M/501/5662]DC (LEG/JG) 61344/5

*B521990613*

Duration: 1 hour

2

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SO

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1

Liv

ing

in a

reas

of

tect

on

ic r

isk

1a

Typ

es o

f te

cto

nic

haz

ard

s 1b

W

hy p

eop

le li

ve in

are

as o

f te

cto

nic

ris

k

Ear

thqu

akes

Vol

cano

es

igno

ranc

eof

the

risks

adva

ntag

es o

fth

e ar

eain

ertia

lack

of

alte

rnat

ives

Why

live

inan

are

a of

tect

onic

ris

k?

3

B561/01/02/RB Jun13 Turn over© OCR 2013

RESOURCE 2

Information on selected recent earthquakes

Location Magnitude Estimated deaths Cost of damage (US$)

Eastern Sichuan, China 7.9 87 587 150 billion

Central Alaska, USA 7.9 0 0

Samoa Islands 8.1 192 3 million

Kuril Islands 8.3 0 0

Hokkaido, Japan 8.3 1 1 million

Southern Sumatra, Indonesia 8.5 25 180 million

Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 8.6 1313 2.2 billion

Maule, Chile 8.8 507 15 billion

Honshu, Japan 9.0 20 896 300 billion

Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 9.1 227 898 3 billion

1 billion = 1 000 000 000

1 million = 1 000 000

4

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3

Dur

ing

Dis

aste

rB

efor

eD

isas

ter

Afte

rD

isas

ter

Pre

para

tion

Mon

itorin

g

Pre

vent

ion

Rec

onst

ruct

ion

Em

erge

ncy

Res

pons

e

Rec

over

y

Haz

ard

Com

mun

ityat

ris

k

Cyc

le o

f d

isas

ter

resp

on

se

5

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4

Th

e p

rob

lem

wit

h e

arth

qu

akes

...

Earthq

uakes don’t kill people,

buildings do!

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5a

Co

mp

arin

g e

arth

qu

akes

Turk

ey, O

cto

ber

201

1

Su

nd

ay 2

3 O

cto

ber

201

1 1.

41p

m (

loca

l tim

e)

Lo

cati

on

: Van

Pro

vinc

e, e

aste

rn T

urke

y

Mag

nit

ud

e: 7

.2D

epth

: 20

km

Dea

ths:

aro

und

1000

Inju

ries

: 11

40B

uild

ing

Dam

age:

Ove

r 10

00 d

estr

oyed

City

of V

an p

opul

atio

n: 3

53 5

00

Des

crip

tio

n:

Turk

ey s

its o

n m

ajor

geo

logi

cal f

ault

lines

and

so

is v

ulne

rabl

e to

ear

thqu

akes

.D

eath

and

inju

ries

wer

e ca

used

by

the

colla

pse

of b

uild

ings

; the

wor

st a

ffect

ed

bein

g m

ade

out o

f cla

y br

icks

.

A T

urki

sh s

eism

olog

ist

said

tha

t bu

ildin

g re

gula

tions

wer

e of

ten

igno

red

in

Turk

ey. H

e sa

id, “

the

enfo

rcem

ent o

f the

cod

e is

not

as

good

as

it sh

ould

be”

.

The

ear

thqu

ake

cut e

lect

ricity

and

tele

phon

e lin

es a

nd th

e au

thor

ities

in s

ome

area

s tu

rned

off

gas

supp

lies

to a

void

the

risk

of fi

re.

Cam

ps w

ere

set u

p an

d bl

anke

ts, f

ood

and

wat

er w

ere

prov

ided

to s

helte

r the

te

ns o

f tho

usan

ds o

f peo

ple

who

wer

e le

ft ho

mel

ess

in fr

eezi

ng c

ondi

tions

.

7

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5b

New

Zea

lan

d, S

epte

mb

er 2

010

Sat

urd

ay 4

Sep

tem

ber

201

0 4.

45am

(lo

cal t

ime)

Lo

cati

on

: C

hris

tchu

rch,

Sou

th Is

land

, New

Zea

land

Mag

nit

ud

e: 7

.1D

epth

: 10

km

Dea

ths:

0In

juri

es:

2 se

rious

Bu

ildin

g d

amag

e: w

ides

prea

d (in

sura

nce

clai

ms

conf

irm

ed a

t be

twee

n U

S$

2.25

bill

ion

and

US

$ 3

billi

on)

City

of C

hris

tchu

rch

popu

latio

n: 3

67 7

00

Des

crip

tio

n:

The

ear

thqu

ake

that

str

uck

the

regi

on i

n 20

10 w

as t

he m

ost

dest

ruct

ive

eart

hqua

ke t

o hi

t N

ew

Zea

land

in 7

0 ye

ars.

The

New

Zea

land

Prim

e M

inis

ter

said

, “w

ith o

nly

two

serio

us in

jurie

s, t

he im

pact

was

eve

n le

ss

serio

us th

an a

traf

fic a

ccid

ent”

.

The

rea

sons

beh

ind

the

lack

of f

atal

ities

wer

e pu

t dow

n to

two

maj

or fa

ctor

s:

• th

e tim

ing

of t

he e

arth

quak

e –

at 4

.45

in t

he m

orni

ng,

mea

nt t

hat

mos

t pe

ople

wer

e at

ho

me

asle

ep;

•

stric

t bu

ildin

g co

des

whi

ch a

re a

dher

ed t

o, a

long

with

a g

reat

dea

l of

res

earc

h an

d de

velo

pmen

t int

o bu

ildin

g st

ruct

ures

that

will

with

stan

d ea

rthq

uake

s.

Mos

t of t

he r

esid

entia

l bui

ldin

gs in

New

Zea

land

are

one

or

two

stor

eys,

ligh

t woo

den

stru

ctur

es,

ofte

n no

t di

rect

ly t

ied

to t

he f

ound

atio

n, b

ut h

ave

a ba

se i

sola

ting

bear

ing,

whi

ch a

llow

s th

e st

ruct

ure

to ‘f

loat

’. N

o ci

vilia

n bu

ildin

gs c

olla

psed

in th

is e

arth

quak

e.

8

B561/01/02/RB Jun13© OCR 2013

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5c

Hai

ti, J

anu

ary

2010

Tues

day

12

Jan

uar

y 20

10 4

.53p

m (

loca

l tim

e)

Lo

cati

on

: Lé

ogân

e, H

aiti

Mag

nit

ud

e: 7

.0D

epth

: 13

km

Dea

ths:

aro

und

92 0

00 a

ccor

ding

to In

tern

atio

nal A

genc

ies

Inju

ries

: 22

0 00

0 re

cord

ed b

y In

tern

atio

nal A

genc

ies,

300

000

by

Hai

tian

gove

rnm

ent

Bu

ildin

g d

amag

e: 2

50 0

00 r

esid

ence

s an

d 30

000

com

mer

cial

bui

ldin

gs c

olla

psed

or

seve

rely

dam

aged

City

of P

ort-

au-P

rince

pop

ulat

ion:

aro

und

900

000

(Hai

tian

capi

tal,

25 k

m fr

om e

pice

ntre

)

Des

crip

tio

n:

Thi

s ea

rthq

uake

was

mor

e se

vere

tha

n ot

hers

of

the

sam

e m

agni

tude

due

to

the

wid

espr

ead

dam

age

and

deva

stat

ion

to t

he b

uild

ings

and

inf

rast

ruct

ure

of t

he r

egio

n. W

ithin

Por

t-au

-Prin

ce a

ll ai

r, la

nd

and

sea

tran

spor

t fa

cilit

ies

and

com

mun

icat

ion

syst

ems

wer

e de

stro

yed

or s

ever

ely

disr

upte

d. R

oads

w

ere

bloc

ked

with

deb

ris o

r th

e su

rfac

es b

roke

n, h

ampe

ring

the

deliv

ery

of r

escu

e w

orke

rs a

nd a

id. A

ll ho

spita

ls w

ere

dest

roye

d.

The

mor

tuar

y fa

cilit

ies

wer

e ov

erw

helm

ed a

nd b

odie

s w

ere

plac

ed o

n st

reet

s an

d pa

vem

ents

, w

here

go

vern

men

t cre

ws

colle

cted

them

in tr

ucks

to ta

ke th

em to

mas

s gr

aves

.

The

gov

ernm

ents

of c

ount

ries

all a

roun

d th

e w

orld

gav

e bi

llion

s of

US

dol

lars

in s

hort

and

long

term

aid

. S

eneg

al in

Afr

ica

offe

red

Hai

tians

free

land

in th

eir

coun

try.

How

ever

, a

repo

rt f

rom

Oxf

am a

yea

r af

ter

the

eart

hqua

ke s

aid

that

rel

ief

and

reco

very

wer

e at

a

stan

dstil

l, du

e to

the

inac

tion

of th

e H

aitia

n go

vern

men

t. T

he r

epor

t sta

ted

that

onl

y 5%

of t

he r

ubbl

e ha

d be

en c

lear

ed a

nd o

nly

15%

of t

he r

equi

red

tem

pora

ry h

ousi

ng h

ad b

een

built

. E

ven

now

, m

ore

than

a m

illio

n pe

ople

stil

l liv

e in

cro

wde

d ca

mps

, w

here

the

ris

k of

dis

ease

s su

ch a

s ch

oler

a is

eve

r-pr

esen

t.

9

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RESOURCE 6

Seismic retrofitting

A seismic retrofit provides existing structures with more resistance to earthquakes. In buildings this process includes strengthening weak connection points between the foundations and the rest of the building, or between the walls and roof.

Addition ofcross

braces

Addition ofbase

isolators

Addition ofdampers

Increasingload

capacity

Someretrofit

methods

10

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RESOURCE 7

Information about Hayward Fault, San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA

7a

N

80

580

880

680

101

24Berkeley

Fremont

San Jose

Palo Alto

OaklandSan Francisco

San Mateo

San FranciscoBay

San PabloBay

San Leandro

Hayward Fault

0 10 20

km

Key:Major highways

Major airportsGas refineries

Other faultsCity

Hayward Fault

AqueductsBay Area RapidTransit

A catastrophic earthquake on the Hayward Fault would have effects throughout California and the USA.

The San Francisco Bay Area has one of the highest concentrations of people and wealth in the USA. It is recognised as a centre of innovation in the country due to the high density of High-Tech companies in Silicon Valley, to the south of San Francisco Bay.

11

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7b

Contra CostaCounty

AlamedaCounty

Santa ClaraCounty

Santa CruzCounty

San MateoCounty

San Francisco

MarinCounty

SonomaCounty

NapaCounty Solano

County

0 10 20km

Key:

County borders

Hayward Fault

N

Key:

USA

California

San Francisco Bay Area

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RESOURCE 8

What’s at risk in the Bay Area?

Facilities at risk

Hospitals

Elementary schools

Intermediate or middle schools

High schools

Colleges or universities

Bridges and interchanges

Roads

Bay Area Rapid Transit(BART) tracks

Fire, police, andlocal government

Number (or extent) of BayArea facilities with a highlikelihood of experiencing

damaging shaking in the next 30 years

Percentage of total numberof facilities in the

Bay Area

76

2970

2721

150 km

30 350 km

987

164

233

62

Types of facilities 0 25 50 75 100

Property and people at risk

County Residential property US$ billions

Commercial property US$ billions Population

Alameda 215 150 1 575 000

Contra Costa 160 95 1 075 000

Marin 55 25 260 000

San Francisco 115 155 855 000

San Mateo 130 85 755 000

Santa Clara 315 205 1 880 000

Solano 50 25 425 000

Sonoma 70 30 495 000

Total 1110 770 7 320 000

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