tuesday lecture – cereal grains reading: textbook, chapter 5
TRANSCRIPT
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Tuesday Lecture – Cereal Grains
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5
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McClung Museum Field Trip – Review
- Reciprocal effects of agricultural on plants and people
Plants – “pre-adapted” by weedy habit domesticated People – changes to society structure: stratification ritual uses of plants/arts, medicine
- High yield agriculture – supports more people, but at the cost of good health (Dr. Crites: when corn became widespread, human health “went down the crapper”)
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Quiz
1.Briefly describe 2 things that you learned during the field trip to the McClung Museum
2.During his discussion of New World agriculture, Dr. Gary Crites of the Museum staff mentioned several cereal crops that originated in the New World – name one of them (by scientific or common name)
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What is a Cereal?
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
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What is a Cereal?
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
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What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
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What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses
See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
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What is a Cereal?
Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter).
Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons
Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses
Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses
Cereal Grain – redundant? See Fig. 5.1, p. 111
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Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
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Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Gramineae – traditional name for family
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Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st – Economic Importance
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Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family
Gramineae – traditional name for family
Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1st (Number of individuals) 1st – Economic Importance
Agrostology – Study of Grasses
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Grass Plant – Overall Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
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Grass Infloresence Structure
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
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Grass Infloresence Structure
Flower
See Fig. 5.2, p. 112
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Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
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Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
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Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
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Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
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Grain – Fruit of the Grass FamilySee Fig. 5.4, p. 112
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Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
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Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodgingSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
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Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shatteringSee Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
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Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication
1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching
2. Reduced lodging
3. Non-shattering
4. Free-threshing
See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages 114-115
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Major Cereal Crops
Barley – Hordeum vulgare
Wheat – Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum)
Rye – Secale cereale
Oats – Avena sativa
Rice – Oryza sativa
Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor
Millets – Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc.
Corn – Zea mays
SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110
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Barley – Hordeum vulgare First King of Cereals
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Barley – Hordeum vulgare
Origin: near East (Fertile Crescent)
Uses: Bread, Beer, Livestock feed
6-rowed 2-rowedSee Fig. 5.9, p. 116
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Wheat – The Staff of Life
“Wheat penny”
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Evolution of Wheat
See Fig. 5.10, p. 117
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Types of Wheat
Einkorn – relictual cultivation only
Emmer, Durum (tetraploid) “hard” wheat – used for macaroni
Spelt, Bread Wheat (hexaploid) “soft” wheat - bread flour
Higher ploidy higher gluten content (gluten – protein)
See Fig. 5.10, 5.11 p. 117
Einkorn Emmer Spelt Bread
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Wheat and its Pests
Wheat rust, Puccinia graminis, is a major fungal disease that is spread by spores. It is controlled by selection of resistant cultivars (lower left)
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Rye – Secale cerealeWeed or First Cereal Crop?
Standard Wisdom: originated as weed; better in cool climates
New Finds: 13,000 year old rye, in Syria 3,000 years older than other cereals
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Rye, Witches, and Triticale
Rye with ergot fungus
A. Wheat
B. Rye
C. Triticale – intergeneric hybrid
See Fig. 5.14, p. 119
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Oats – A Weed Becomes (Somewhat) Respectable
Origin – weed in barley or wheat
Adapted to cool climates animal feed
Romans: Germans “oat-eating barbarians”
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Oats Close Up
Oat Spikelet – Glumes + Florets
See Fig. 5.15, p. 120
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Rice – The World’s Most Important Crop
See Fig. 5.18, p. 122
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Rice Close Up
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Processing Rice
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Rice – Next Steps for the Green Revolution
Rice – Genomic Research
Golden Rice – Boon or Bane?
Pro: solve problem (vitamin A deficiency) using biotechnology
Con: problem originated with technology (polishing rice) and can be reversed; problems exist with technology (“Frankenfoods”; new gene combinations); increased reliance on agrobusiness
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Sorghum Likes it Hot and Dry
Origin: Ethiopia
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Main Types of Sorghum
Four main types:
- grain sorghums
- sweet sorghum (animal feed)
- Sudan grass (related species)
- broomcorn
See Fig. 5.22, 5.24, p. 125
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Millets – A Mixed Bag
See Table 5.4, p. 126
Finger millet – Eleusine coracana
Pearl millet – Pennisetum glaucum
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Thursday Lecture – Corn
Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5