tuhinga: records of the museum of new zealand te papa … · 2016-03-08 · f.~.«. ~ +_.,...

$: Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa … · 2016-03-08 · f.~.«. ~ +_., ~'" ~_ ~ {\< ''''*'".., ~.....~ ~..,. ~;_ ~. &: Ap..".-.... - -_). ~ ~ ~!~.....! ~__ ~ &:$
I.hint. 14: 1_9

Resolution of the status of the taxon

Apteryx maxima

Ricardo L. Palma, I Trevor H. Worthy,l and Alan J.D. Tennyson!

1 M"",,,,,,,,f New Z".I.nd T" P.p, T"ny ' f'O Ikn 467. Wdh ngtoo. New 7""I. nd (,""'nIop pal"',gnvr,n, 1I 1'.1"""",,,0.1 ,nlV<'y>.lA Willow Poll< D,,,,. M"....-wn, Newh,l.nd (""",,,,{i>wis<,n<1,nz)

3 MU><\Im of New wl.od T.. 1'.1'" lonyfN'>. PO !lox467, Wdh ogton, New Zc.J,"d lilin~..pal"' ,go'VI,n'J

AB,TRACT: w. ,,,V<!t;g" " ,Ii~ hi"my, " "' ''Ii;]'o/.•nd v:o!id,o/ of'li" """, i",1 "wnAp"''7'' "'''''i..... W, condud.< ,Iu, A,,,'7" -'Xi.... s.a..,,,, & Hoch" ..n", I~61 i• • ".n'l..lil< n>m" . nJ . ",nK'" or""n)"" ofApuryx h..,.,tii1\>"., 1~n. H"""""" , .,.. pro!""",Ii" ,1-0< i"nin, "Y""n)"" l.Ap"'J'x h..,.,ti,) Ix "'y«kd .. ,Ii.. v:o! id n..o< (n"",,,, p",,,,,,,,,,)fOf ,Ii" 'l""'"" known .. ,1-0< lV"" 'p,med kiwi, "'hi l" rd"y,ing ApI<'J" n=i"", '0 Ix . "inn lid ,..."" ("""'c" .J,li'Mm), in .«ord.n« wi' li A"id.. n,? on~I or"""",gil«.. ",labli,hed in ,1-0< Fo",,1i Edi';"n of ,h.. fm""""tio""/ u.k .rboi<>ticaiN.""",,,,,.,,,p"lili, lied in 1':1"9. AI"" .,.. de. ign"" , nro'}1'< fo' Ap,,'7" """"'",,,.

KEYWORDS, Apuryx h..,.,tii, Ap'''J''' n=i"",. kiwi, hi><oo/, 'ynonymy. """'''' .Julu""

.0"'''' p""""",,,,. """"• •bli"''"' nro'}1'<.

Introd uctionTh" n."n" Apteryx maxi"", 'Pf"'"" in early N<w Zo.J."dh io:l l>" " ,",.. ""my " m.., .nd i, "'K>u,ly ...rili",ed '0

V""eo". 0' '0 1I0n.pam in ,he wooo ofSW,,, 6< Hoch

"',,'" (1861). C...,Yn&>1), Fin",h (1870), Hunon (I 87 1),

11,,11...(IM91: 1M92J. 'nd 0,1=,,,,,bo,, Ii"«\ ""","dAp"'J"

",,,,,,,,,.' i" ,Ii" ,-",o"ymy of Ap"'J" "'-,ii p"",ided by

S, lv.,j,"i (l S9~). Howcv<:" ,Ii<o,igin " f 'h" n..n" 1Ip1<?",

",ax".d w.. "''' ,L.rih..J "n,iI R", ~",Ii;)d (1893) ~,rt<J

,h.. i, w.. fmm .n "opubli' hed m",,,,,,,,p' by Job V",_

"""UX,'""II l." ..., ""'Kk"" i" . nJ Ii,n!",II",,,,, from Po,i.(S"..,m"", 1975, 161). s.Jv. rl""i (l R9~) p"",irl<d .1<,,,1.

of ,II< ' .. n",', ",it:i." , .., in~ i" • fo,,,,,,,,,, (p. 611) ,b.. ',Ii"""me A """""'" IV» 'n "OO fo' ,Ii< "Fitt:m' "" Ii"" "".con! ing ro Bon,p.''''. i, i d 0 '" rl= ' il" ion giv<n by

"",j,..,... ",d on 'h' irop"-'ion of"" "!\l\ ",h"b J. V<tte>""

..,",...I l'rin« IIon. p"'.. w>, pf«<fV<d in ,h, Mu«Um of

I'h il><klphi. ( !)".

D<spi'" ,h" m.ny P' f"''' . nd 000k, J",Jj n ~ "'i ,h

l ;w, 'Y'''m>< i", I", f,h<h<d ,i n« IIon,I"'""'" (l 8~6) fi,,'

", ..min n uf ,f" nom" Ap"?x m"-V;,"~. ,Ii" ,••il.b, li,y,

' Ulho" h ip, ii,,,,. ,nJ " "'"' of ,hi< ',",onu m,' """'" h.v<

"'" J"'l h«n pmp<<Jy ",ubli<hed. I" ,Ii"1"'f""W< ''''''''''S'''''h' h,,,,,'}' 'nd nom"n'L.,o'i.J ""1..1jlio/ of , h, liiMm'n

Ap"?,, """"""', whicli.",nor(.) , nJ d...",,, b< ..n'b"",d

'0 ,Ii" bin",n..n, ," " "", .. ,n ornithological '''''0/.•nd

i" . alidi,y ... ""'0".

His tory of the taxon

Apteryx maximanl< u. m<Apuryx """"'",,, w.. Ii", .....u byJ"b V,nnuxi"

. n "npubli.hed m",,,,,,ri p' (jW Ro'hKhjld IS')], S.lv:.don

189';). k",JinSly, 'Apuryx ".rn"'d Vw..",' i. no<,

puhli.n<d ".m, nnd", ,Ii.. (,i_;" or""/'/;<4';0. (eli,p''''

3) ,,,,bli.h.d liy ,h, In''''''''io",,1 Cod, ofZoologico/

Ncm,~d"",,,, n n«",...i"n,1 ("..,mmi"'nn un 7.tltllogica1

Nom'ncl.lUl<, 1999, 6) Iii"" 0" ,<fm ed '0 .. ',Ii< Cok

(ICZN 19'>9)'J, Bu""p"'" 08\6: 8<1 1) 1",«\ ,he n.m'

Apuryx """"'",,, .nd .nrih"'<d i' '" V<fl<''''. hut wi,Ii"" ,

2 T,.J,,,,p, Nu mb<, 14 (2003)

,d,,,,,,ip,ion. Th.«fo «, 'Af" try< .-xi... Bon.P'''' i,

, no"" n ."""'" ,ccOlding '0 ,he C,i,,,i. ofAm,iJ"b,Uty

(nap'e< . )r...bIi4><d by ,I>. e"", IIC ZN I?<!9, nScla"r & HodI,,<Urr (1861, 5(6) ...« 'h< 6", '"

publish . d.scrip, io n ..soci,,'" wi,h ,h, n. nl< Af''''yx

......i... ("publish«l by ,he »me 'Ulh o" in 1861), bu'

au,ibm,d iu . u,ho " h ip 10 Bon .P"« (1856L Their

aerou n, bq;.n wi,h sumOl"i", d wh.. '1''' ,hen known

abom Af" try< .,,,,,,,Ii, Sh.w & Nodd« . 1813. Ap,,?x

owmii Go uld, 1817, and Ap~ ."",,,l1i &"le", 18';2 .

La,er {po 5(6), ,hey d"' '''i be<! Ap,,?x """'''''' ," fol1.-."",

' Be' id", Ap""", Otwnii a serond 1>tg<r 'P"'"" Ii.", on ,h.MiJdk lilinJ , of whiLh, .J,hou~ <>u eumpl<> h. v< y"

",,, b«l Europe, ,"" <>is<ence '' nev<<<hele<s qU"Hell1in.'

This , ..« men, cbrly ,h.,..,. ,hey =ogni><d ,wo ' I=ie,

Iatgoer dunAprnyx""""ii, one being me p""io",ly de>c' ibed

Apteryx "o,,,,,Ii, and 'h< >«:onJ At""'" maximo, .nJ ,h"

bonh Ii"'" in >he s.:.n,h lilind.Sill«, & Ho<:h,,« « r (1861: ~(6) oon,i nu"', 'Th<

n.,iv" di" inSUi, h ,hi, 'p«i" not., . Kiwi, bn'", . &xl,

becan," it i, I""", ,...., A Oweni, IR", m<aning long Ol

wI) : Fur""'" wi,h "g.ro 10 ,he lo" Ji,y whm ,hi, ' ped«

""'-' found. th<y ,..,«I ,hal i, ' is ", id '" be by no m....

un",mmun in ,I., Pap. "" .b" ",n, bet ..""n ,he G<ry.,OJ

Buller Rj, « i . By qoo< ing John Roehf"" , , h. n P""';n<id

Survey", in 'h<Nd"", Di"'i", from theNkn Ex.o",i~of

2-1 Augu" 1 8~9, ,hey ptov i<l<d ,h , folluwinSd"",;p, i"" , 'A

J(jwi , oou, ,he ~:<e of. ,u,key, "''}' p",,·erfuJ . havin8 'pu"

on i" feet, whi<h, whm ."... ked fry- • dog, d<fond. h i"""lf

'" well .. freque"t1y 10 <orne off vi«o,iou'.' Ro.;hfo,.,·t

118~9) o' iginal ....ide m.ke, no m.n, ion of ,h . n. m.

IIpttry< ",,,,,imo . 0' . ny O[he, «ien'i"c ".m•.

Sd. " , & Hoch,,,,, er {1861, 107) ,hen 'epoo'" ""ol><e"'''io'' hy Juli'" H""", J,,"" July 1860, " '" n mil. ,

.hove m. "",u,h of ,he ri"" Bulb, 0" ,he muu",.i,.. of,he

Bull« ch'in, which ... heigh, of from,'IOOO to 4OI1O fed.

we",,, du, 'ime, i, heing win«r in l"ew Z.,.hnd, .l igh' ly

rove"" wid.,now, ,ho, ,hr UOCll of. wS' Kiwi of the ,i,.

of . turk'}' we" vrry ",mmon in ,he , now,.nd ,h" "' nigh'

he hod oftcn heard >he oinguw cry of ,hi, bird, bu, ,hot ..

hr hod no d~ ""h him he h.d nOl 'ucettdrJ in 8""ing

.n<X-'mplr of i,:Sd.,,, I.: lIoch"e"o< (186 1) i, me« fo« ,he li ",

publica,ion whi<h made ,h. narn. Apttry<"""""'. avoiW,le

from a nomr nd"or ial poin' of vie"'. even if ,h e kiwi 'p"ei«

rn., ".me ..,u.lly «fe,,,,, '0 w.. co""""",i.J ro, m1JlY

ye,,., The fOL' ,I... no 'p«imrn (i.• , 'l'P<) w.. """,i. "d

" i,h Sd.,,, & HOLh".".,·, <b,;-ip ,ion " .., ,he "",in "''''''''

10, ,h" ""n'''''''''r. Bo,h ,II< nlid i')' of AI"".!"" """'_. nJ i" ."';bu ' ;o,, '0 Sd.,,, & Hod" "lt.. (1861) "'~«

6", teOOgni"'d by Ch.d" Richmond {fu""etfy. """" ">t , h. U"ited 'i to t .. N,,;o nal Mu ><um. 5mi'h"'ni'n

!m,;,n,;on), wh" in ,h. 1910-20, compiled . <ord iud<. of

>vi• • <;-non,m' (Fig 1), wh"", « m.in' ""p"hl"hrd (.<;'0""

OI",n, f"'''' ' COmm., 17 April 21102).

Th. " ",,I< Apltry< """,'"", wos ne," ,<>«I by Gray

( 1 8~2 , 2J;) in hi, I,,, d b;" i, of "1.,..- Z.~land ••,,'; b""n8

i, to V.lt.a"" .. puhli>hrd by IIonap"t. (18S6).

H ..h>l<ll<r 0867, 180), ;n ,he ch,pt.. dr , lin8 wi,h

kiwi ' nJ m<U in hi, p,oo «,;n8 boo. <)0 New Zr.I, .d',

5"'Y'phy, 8"'1ogy.•"d ".tu,,j hi",,'}', g'''' . n aerou n,

uf A, ,,?X ..""i",. , hot «P""'''' ,h. sam. inro,m" io "

.. p.bb h«l!.)· 'id .... & Hoc h".".. (186 1). bu, " ill

. u ';huto<! .u,h ,,<>hi p '0 IIon'p"lt. (I 8%).

Bnlfet (1869, 1S) «8mkd Apwyx max,mo .. . •oJ in, hu' wi,h"u, .odnowl"'ging . 5OU=, Build,

( 1 8~9) 'F-.,"y' had . 1«.oJy 'Pf'<'-''''' ... I<:afler intrnded

fo, ,he 1865 N"" Zuo,,"; Exhibiti.n, 'nJ "'0> ,I,.. ,cI'ubl;, ho<\ i. July 1~~7 !fitkG. lb"",h, 1989: 312). Fimch

11867) puhli,h'" h" '",,,un ,", ..I"i"n of 'h" b fl<l i.

Srpt, mhe" Al'hough Fin"'" (1867) "'<led lOO>< no"", he

did no ' odd .ny,h in8 . bou ' Af'teryx ..""imo. However,

Fin"'" (l~70, WI) n-lm-rd m "Aprnyx ",.00"",. (V",.)',

"ring ,hot ,he mea8'" ;nfom",i" n .vo;l. bk "'g.<rd;ng ,nr

'R;"-t<li w"' " ill i,,' uflid . n' t<l n:wgnis< ;, "' . known

'I=ir~

," coy (I all, 3), ;n hi, H~nd-i;" "f ,h. binJ,com.i"'"

in ,h. 80 ,i<l. Mu,"um, in<l ud.rJ ,I., 'f'«ie' '9R56. m..i"", .

V.,,: .. . valid "',;')' undr, <h< ~nw Aprnyx, wi' hout any

reI'<t<o"e '" • puhlka ,"'" . In the p",fll«, he <' I'loined ,I."'p«i~e "-'m'" In 'Rom. n (0' ,hin) 'yp' we", u><d fo, ' ho",' I=i« not p""",n' in ,h. B,i' i, h Muorum «>lb.~ion.

Th. "ext moS[ ,i8" ;~c..", u'"" uf tho: ""0>< Aptrrp;

"'''''",." •••Iid 'I=ie, {bu, prec"'ed by " ') I, by H""on

(187 1) in hit Gtt~b,g= ./,kSi";' oj'N"" hal..nd. Hu"o"

"ill . ",ib", eo:l the ,,:tID<to Ver<=,but p""idcd. dia;gn",i,

II' 13) : 'G REY• •polt«l with ""'di,h whit<; f. " h.", 50ft ,,,

,he lOuch. L, [k nS,h) 25 [inch..]; B" lb;lI] 5.75 lin<h",j ;

T.. I""'usl 2.7 [in"hesl' ond. lo<.li<yo 'Sou ,~ h l.nd. in

oJpin. regio",', Also, in hi, 'Cti'i<,j no,..' , Hu uon {lS71 :

75) dr>t:fiW . comp lft< foot f<om wh" he heli<V<d "0 he

Rewlo,ion of ,he ""u' of ,he taXon Ap<np< """"'''''' 3

P;g 1. f",;m"" ofA,otmx'-;"",...rl from <h< "nf"'bli.h<dSm;,h","~" h",;m,,,,,, can! in<;b ",mp;1<d by a..<Ieo Rkhmond in ,he1~lo-lo. ,

,h. b'g<>t Kiwi r:' Pmo.l«<!' ", ogh, "e~ r ,il<- h""dwatm

of ,h. Ao=< R",","in nnrth...... Nd""n. which h<th~u~,

beh,gOO to '[he ",m, 'p«;'" '"' ,h< ' wo [,'l'" '1"",«1 Kiwi,in ,h. C...n, .mo[y Mu.«<>m . whi<h [ h. Y< ,<f<tted ,,, A

""",j "",' . W. h.,. b=n on.bl< to I""." ,I,., [,'Y' ~i"";

foo, in <1>< o[ni ,ho1"lliul ""1I",,,iot\ of ,h. Mo><utll of

N<w Z<, land. ,he m"" likely pi...·• wh. re Hutton would

ho", d'l""il«1 iI, rotuid<riog ,ho, .. ,h. ,im. h. worked

in ,h< Colon;.! Mu.scom, ,h. fo""unn<f of ,he p", sem

Wh il< Hu<ton ([ 87[) w,", inro rr« , '0 ,d <, tho

tun", Aptn]X """,j"", '0 V,m,ux, ,h, di",,,,~on . 00- <

indiu,•• ,hot h. "0' ~"Iy p mvid«l , fm,h« dugn", i,

bu' illo id.n,ih.d 'I""'im<", ,hot h< "Ii<.", " Iong.d

[0 ,ho[ .pee;". If i[ ;".<gu.<J ,h" ScI.." &. Hod>,,"'ter',(18(,[: 5(6) de<.:rip<iun ;" insuffid.n' to m.k. tho name

,""onomiully . .... il. bl<. 0' th.l Ap"?", """"j_ &1>,,[ &.

Hod>'l,na, 186 [ i< avaiW>l. bo, not valid !><ause i,;"

a nem<» J~bj""" HUHon', (1871) = un, w<>U1d h«:om<

,ho 1;"" ."il.bl.: .nd valid """,[ip ,;on of <1>< ,,,,,,n Ap"'P

""""-,Th. bi,d, H ulton O S7 1, 76) ,d<rr<d 10 Apr,?"

m,.,.;'"" w<<< """-rib.d ."J nom'" Ap"'P h.uu';j by fut"

( 672) . (In 2 AOgU'1 1871, Porn « ad • I"P<' before [h.

Philo",ph""lln"iru« of Con«"'o'l' d<K[i!>i n8 a> Ap"?,,

h=tji twu I. rg. 'P"HM kiwi obt>in<d in m, .umme[ of

IS7(}-71 . Th. <bc, iption W"-' publi,h<d (Pon. 1872: 1M) .

bo, ,h. o' igino! k><o1ilj' ~f lho typ< ,po::imm limha

defined by 1\"" {l ij7}, 195) " f"l l~w~ 'O no f" und in

,h. h",h for up ,ho Ok.>~ .. [,ie] Rivrt. ,h. ",ha i" ,ho d......

bo'" be,...«" th< ...,«[n '\'0« of Uk M. pow;l,. uui ,it<,nOW)' e.mg< of ,,'hich M[ C.<>ok is moturd>: In > 'NOTE'.

Pom (1872 : 2051 ...""•• ' In ,h<' Car, Bi rd, :-I.Z .,· HuttOn.

Colonw Musoum, Wdl;n8wn, [8 71. ,h.romp;k<.pp""

.n.i~u, to « for ,ho n<W <p<ci" to II. """"""" V",: This

i, ru<th", <V;de nc. that th< cwo typ<'< ('J' n'J'P<') ofAptnyx

J-r,<i; 1'0,... 1872.", ,hose Huuon (l S?[) [<fcn od to

'Ap"?,, """,i _ V.,,: 1\,,,, (1872, 20') d i"" i"'" HUllon

(1871). argu;n8 ,hat <>hly tho foo , of on uok""",o 'ncarly 14

lb.' kiwi w... •1ttibu,eJ 10 Ap<np< max;"",. H,Ma'<" Hurtun

d <arly ,fugnoscd"hoi<b; rd, {giving m"'ure""n" fn, ""al

I<ngth. bill, . nd "",.... '" "",II a> plum>g< <h>r"'-'l< ~"i <.» .

o, ing ,h. Cam.rou!)' M""um ' I""' imo"" ...d ",fe["" ~'"

fool from ,he: "'o«f< RiV<'I '0 tho >am< """".

Fin"'" (] 873: 212). in hisdi""",,,,,, ofAf-'J><ba"m',.

wrot<, 'Me l'o<" o. m<oo~, '0 be pr=rv<d rO[ [hi<.po::....

4 Tuhing<. !'Iumb<. 14 (2003)

fo' from A. "'.w...... V<rr.. ,he", <xi", 00 other <our« ,h.o

the "mpl. ""mo. noticrd 6", by Ilo""p,m. ",i,ooU[ ,ny

rd <rooc. m [I>< R",·ro>: Ilowcvo[, fins"h h:u:l """.Iook,d

ScI,,,,, & Hoch.,,,,,,,[ (1861: 1862), Hodm«l<r (18671.and

Hu, wn (187 1). We00l< h<ee th", o.me publ i!h<dioi,w l)'

"' . n.",,,, nudu'" i, no, ,", il.b1e lrom. nomeocLIlor,aJ

p"np«, iY< • • od ' he", fo'" ,he ....m' n.me o. n be n"J"

...a.bk 1"",.1>y [h, """" 0 ' ",he' .u,ho"')' fc" ,b , ", nl<

'" difk""" "",I"!lieal ,n,i,y. bu' ,.kj ng the . u,h,,,,b' p and

.Lo" of tho I..,,,, pnblia' ioo (Clo",,')', ICZN 199'" 111).

Buller 11873 : 371 ) . m ihuted ' ho ".me IIpt<ryx

-m"""o H""on (1871). bm pia=! i, n. junior ' ynooym

ofApt<»'x"""" i [, icl Pom. 1871 [,,,,Jbouoo<, . ,,,;o rdi"8 ro

B"lIer, Ap'''''' '"!'Xi"", H"ttnn w"' nm 'iI< ,.mo 'pro"''''At,,,,,, "'<'XI'''''' IIon'p"flo'. Th,IS. B"lkr( 1873) r«ngni.<d

,hal Hmton', (18711 d=liption refermJ '0 'ho ..mo hird,

<k«lihed ' nd n, mro., '<';" '7" h"",tii by Poll' (1872)

Hnw<><r. lIulk< (1873: 372) "i ll fJUl,n" inod 'h" 'Thor<

i, no proof ",h""",[ ,h.t the hird her' d"crib«! fAt"'7""""'ti,l i, tn. ..m< .. th., fo[ which M Jul.. Ver", u,

propo>oJ ,h, n.mo of Ap"ry.< """'im". Bolld, main

"'!lUIn,,"[ war du, Ap'''''' maxi"", war. 'moch I""" 'peeinof!Gwi ,h , n any of ,h , forq;o ing _ in f.K" • hird equalling

in , iL< ' full'R"""n Tu!k<y,' Ir app<at, [h" th,~" diiferen«

b<"""'n ' ,urk"}' and A/t"'7" h""J/ij had !>eoon" [be only

",,,,,n fo, ",j«,in~ .he name Ar"'7" """'j..... f<>, ,he L.rge,po"ed IOwi, Known ,od.ay .. Ap"'7" """"ii 1\~". 1872.

llull« (1 8 ~K 3.>0) r<p',ted alroo" "',,",0'" ,h, ,,,.,,,,,,,n,,

h, m.do in ,h, h'" odi'ion 118731"f hi, .1..,i, b" "k

F,=b', (1813) and Bulk'" ( I MH, 1 8M~) "pin",n ,

we" h i~hly • • Iu, d ."d , h"ofnr< ""p'od . Im",'

immod" ",ly. F"e «.mplo, Rowley (1874, 4981, in • ,,",,<1

"","nn' .1.",,, ' n ",hih"'on " f la'" N.... 7",l.nd h,rd, ...

m«<ing of ,he Z""logic.al Society of !--ondoo , WID", 'Th,

hi~, Y.I", I .tt..h ,,, the opio~,o, of the>< gentlemo'" to

j,,, ,,fy hi, «<<:>gnit,o" of At"'7" h""mi . nd o,h", 'f'<'id "

val id. How<v«, he "i ll r<markel, 'w, h.v< yet '0 disco=

,hot II"" . od glon oo ' form . II, """,i", • • ",h i,h m.y,

p<rh. p', ........-.1 the ,£.1 of ,"'"e p,imt.king n""" Ii,, :

Nocwi,b" ."diog Rowley', poetic rem. rk., no kiwi "'.. h>Und

'" ht the OOOlcept of Ap,,'7" maxi .... and ' h<ref"" L.tg<'I"'"ed k;wi we" , by 'he tram<Ap"'7" J...wii p.,,,,, whilo

'he n.m< Apuryx ..,lXi .... _ largely f",gotteo.

Rowiey ( 187~ : 13). in hi> 'ompt"ou, Onritholoti''''

Mi""lf,my. f<>llowro Build, (1873) "pin;"n "'" A,,,?,,,

....,.;"", w" •much [,'11" 'poe"" ,ho" Aptrryx """'Iii. "iU

'0 he found in ,he "'.., coa.« 01,n. Soo,h I<lan d. AI", h,

.oddod , oon""e", .bou' H..,,', f'nding o f ,,,f,f,,,,iJ 00""

of AJ"'7" "."",1" in ,he 'M",_b"",,·!\,,", C,,'., Sum""r

Road' bo, ".,ed ,Iu, 00 bon .. "I' Ap,<»'x maJ<i"", wer<

foo"" [h,,,,,

1'h" , i' u" i" o ", m"n«l uo,iI H" lIer l IMY1 : IHY2)

'''u"",«1 ,he n.me Ap"')'x m.axi_ 1m bmw" kiwi,

f"'n> Slew." hl.od, II,,, the "m' <p«i me'" wore " .,,,

. fr" ,,,,mod A,,,?,,, lawryiby R"' h,,,hik! (l8Y3, S75), who

''j';''od, ' I mo" ''''phot''''l ly..y ,hal thi' 'I""'i" ","0 "'. heA. ",.axi",", ,,f VelT<'ux , R", n",hi ld', m,in di,agr«m""

"'" ,har rd<"""" '" A,,,ry.< ",axi...., &",,,,,tly ",bredto. hird from th, SoUlh Id.od, Ro,h<chjkl (1893, ~7~)

d '''''''''''' 'Ap,,,,,, ",..,,,,.i (' PI'"" ", 1y ho mot];lied the

n'm< to ro"fOrmwi,h rh, gmd< r of ,he gon",,) .. a m""ing

of the B[i,i, h Omi,hol.,p",· Ouh. rel<g.l,ing i[ '" '. Im""

, hcti~o", ,pee-...., . ltho"g,h h, .... ' indinro ' 0 ' g= with

l'fOr Ilulton ,h.. i, war only ,n """[grown A, h.=ti [,icl:

As di", ,,,,,,d below,W< fullyag= wi,h rhi' lalter " "omen[.

!lull" (l89S: 81 ) 8'''' ' "",ful ,ummary of ,he IOwi and,

in a f""roote, . grttd wi[h R",h",hild ...., At"'),, maxi""

prob , bly ", f"'ed ' 0 At"')',, b."mi. Ro,h"hild (l 8~'»

n>ade no m<tl,i~n ofScI,.., & Ho<h" ",,,,', 11861, 18(1)

puolic,"iom, Om he- w.. .he fi", [0 ,b,ly el"" id... [h,

ol=ul< o'igin of rhe n.me Attrryx ",.ax,,,,,. >1<0 gi,in~

, he in f~"n" ion "eeded to ",,,h ,h . ""OJ of no',u.

"",,",,, '0 Ap' ''Y'' »=I,"" V",..,'" 'nd to Aptrryx '"!'Xi"",

Iloo,f"'''''S"h"'-] uen,I,Y, Sah-. Joei (1895, 6111 1;"ro '?Ap"'7"

»=I,"""", man"",lip' oame ny V<ttu"" puhli,,"«1 by

Bo"'f"'" (18%, 841). and '?At"'7" ,""",,,,,,i RothKh iW,

Ix"h " jo " i", ' ynonym, uf Apteryx h"" ,tii, p", ,,, m. bly

following Ro,h"h ild ( 1~93), Salvadoti ( I ~?~) 'I'?""d

00' ' 0 ,omid" ScI.." & Hoch" " te, (1861) .. being 0'

p""'idinS' val,d d=,ipti<n>. hec.l"",[hi, nofo""'« w'" li,t<d

only ..."mh" u"ge of [be n.m• .

Ro,h,dild (1899, 3811 , in hi, long revo,;"n of ' n,

8"""'At"'7'" ""e,,«1 to ,be O,igill.1 'p"lI in~ of' ....w....',"I<ga'ing ;, [0. j,,"iO£ 'ynotlrt" of A,,,,yr """tii, .nd

wi'hu" , li"; og,,,yol themany av.i l-ilk rd= '0 Apt"",

J!W>I'''''' ",h" ,han 110"",.." (l 8%),llulle, (190~: 27) agrttd wi' h Hu'",o 0 871) in ,h"

,he "" y I"g< fun, of . k,wi JesuiheJ and . ",iomro by

,h . Ia"", to Aptrryx maxi"" war. in fw, At""" iwlstii,

H<>W<v<l, Bull" Jid "'" Ii" the n.m,Apt"", """"...... "n<l<,

,he h'ading ofbi.Ap""" htuutii tex,... would be <llp«,ed

fnra _ ","_', ... Fuo doc '".... . ""'" ( 1'10'1,17), .......

~ 00 1a.J< &00<.... air Malad oh.< 'V~

"'-W Ai-F . ... oh.< 100<-'T'hn< _ ~ ...... ",,, ,.. . , m "'""'" __

pubL<l>od;" dot .... row~ of doc 1M """""," '"<UItIf'l<. _ <boo< cit«l ... Sah-.k.ri f l 89~: 61 1I. H....--..

ou,..- -.""" indlWl< ,...........i.lomunon ......, in ~Jiw."...d af-. aJdi "l!: t><><hinr;_ 00 do flO' mn""", ,h<m individually hcfc.

w. h."" found onl~ lWO ~f.~.«. ' 0 ,h< n. m<

4 "'1" """',_ puhli,hN d u,in~ ,ho: 20,h «n' u ry. bu'

n.,;,htr rq:a,J«! i, a. ,..Iid, H<",in~ ( I9S1"), in a "'''. on

T.R. H.d," (. 6d d ...'.... n' '" I). Jm- H«lO. of ,h<Colot.iol Mu"",,,,l and kiwi fro", , OUti,,, dimi".

dio<.....d ,I>< id<no ~y '" ,... kn.i oJ , Ha<ktt <oll«-rN,....... ..... _ , '" "'" CoIDni>J ;1.1 durin g .... 10..

1_ ",..un,: ( 1_ H I I .-..,-...j ,I>< ~_ .. 'TIoio """"" ........ . ,nhw to \"~.

ci<:<d t.,. h.. r.incr b<oea + _. , a_

....... b<u.at i< Foblrtb' Io<- .~ '"• '" ' Ii< JtWIllr rrimrd m l l16~ bA<t (,..

_ 1 Ho.n-·.(Jru c ' """""'----'" Sdaln 6: Ho.ioot<n<t", ( 18611 oq>on.

n... ......rtUnt_"'""' ......~_it t.,. Md.<tu..n (l9'lIJ, 741 i" h" . ha¥otr on .... grea'

'I""l<d "'..i. indud<d ~ a k ".h!y ilI""''''N aph

"" ,he "'..... ""..mo........""",,,, n, on ,hea~r rt=td,•nd .",h (", 4"?" """Ii_ bu, . ag;On . ..i~·"'u' ",f,,=>«

'" So.lo,,, {\< 1.....11>"','"' ( 18<, I). f Urlh n , Md --"" "." (19'Xl,

74) ......" • •'1,''''* ,imefo, on",," f'<'~ '" >='f" ,fw At"?"""",,,'j ...J A. .....i"'" wm: on< . "" ,h< ....... ,h ing.' bu,

..i,bou, ...y Kfnena: '0 ouf'PO'l' h tmrnt '" mrn,ion,ha,Af-p__hodp.."'",. ~ Jo..u;; In hi.

~. Md~....... ( I~ 8~1 ..~ attfibu'N

bopotu.• (18\061 publiuUon mJ.~

Summarised hislory of the taxo n Aprrrp:....u:im4 (fro m references discussed above]

A"..,.~;_ V..r..... . M...."'.ip< no... (. 0'

,..wi<hed).Ai-F __~. lll'lf< 1141 . "'--- --- (....

deo<nPO;-I.Jl,o<to:F_'_Sdo<tt 6: HoduI" In. 11161, 506,A...wN<

rwn< (~rt, val jJ dow::t'l"ion1.

-'V"?" """Ii_ Sdo". &: Ilocl-II'''' '' 1!l6l : 189.

Ap..".- ...w"",; G"y 1862; H l (Ij" tJ unlyl.

1I<ocI..."", of doc tuN> '" ,lor .."'" Af-1o __ j

~_1-i<Idootd.... 1867: I !lO.

~_~I_ I ~.

A,Nto,or _ H_ la7!; :U. " ,r.n. oIlr.cxi<.. '"

.,...- -).~ -._ BuIt.- 1873. rl loou ........ II> ' "",...

13' I '. and .. a iII_ >yn<>rlJ"It' '"~ ""-r [_ll.

Af-JII'- R<-ky 1874: t'lll (.. a '5""' ond~

rorm' Y'" 00 lordi~).

Af-Jo........_Ilooooi<y 137) : 2J 1.. a . alid '~'"' )'rt to

I>< fcund).

4"?" .....i""" llull« 18!l11, ).10 (.ltfihu,tJ ,,, 'H"tt""I ~7 1' . , rid .. a i,,,,io"vnonym of A,Pur:rx ......." [. i<J).

tip"?" ...w_ 8 " 11« 189 I, 602 (inw" "" rfln,al ' 0 ,i><So","" bWiJ !r.i";l.,..,..".. -;_ B<.lkt 189l, 91 {i"""'teet t<krTaI m oh<

S<<"'V\ bland !r.i";l.

Af-JII'- Rot_ .u 111'1" ~7~ (.... fn:wto Sttwat

hUnd. r- ! ti,.~ """"",,,l.

! .y..,.__~ l !1'l1o61 1(juai<>t .".,.,,... '"

.......,.. ""'- l- D-!Ai-F '._~ I~o ' 11 (jutitnt~ ..

of~ ........ rAd).!~__ Ilo<hdoild 1"",.J.lll (i.nint.,......."",

'" ,."....... N.I; (oi<;]l.

,."...,.. OOUO . ... , Ilol1« 1')1l'j: 27 '''8''''''' ''' ,..;m Hum:",,h.< tip"'?"....,;_ .,..,...,.. '-'m'i. .... , only la,.... lWn<

rq:anbl lidl.

At"?" ,"'"". ~l<m i ng I ~ K(" 243 (", . ...., • • """011 .

Ap"'1" ..""i_ Md .<:nn. n 1??O: 74 (junio, .,."',")TD of

tip"'?" "",,i,),

Status and idenriry of the taxonAptnyx mexime

n... ~"l!: hiAory in<b<au> itt.~d _ a __ --"'__ "'" """"" __ CUI ...

" "<II)< ...-......I SdoIn &: Ilodottctt<f (186 11 ......

d-ty dtiK.f,tJ a Iot-go< kiwl dillitftot: r..- Ai-F--m.ltv;ng. "'Pet .10 , ioo ....~ hUnd.

.,...i6o:aIIr fn:wto Pap.- Tb ;,. wdI k-D

...... .. I"" of"'" of "'" pat 1pO!U'il ...... a.n:mI,k-.. ..~ ioMltij. n... lad of a typ< '1""""'<0......., ......... i<kn,icy of dw: ...... ,..,..".. _ _ ....

Fatly """fwtJ ltId. ron><qU<fld y. ito ...... a val jJ .."'"

""" iMn·livtJ. H""""". KlI'rdlota or i" o>nfwtJ """".fn,m • ""n><ndaoorial vi<wpoim. A,o"?,, """",... 'id,,<,

6 Twhi.p. N"n,l>e, H (2003)

& H""h" "" . c, 1861 i, ." ••• ;\. bl, n.m< " nd" .'utid , 12

of ,h"~ (ICZN 1999, 16), <von 'hnu¢' """'. wo"''''""n ,id" it. """"." "uJ,iw",. If thi' biter upin"", i, ", k"n .,

cun"a, th'n !h"... <an be no " gu", ,,n, , h., H"lt"o (1871)

<htly o!iminatro ,h., duub,ful ''''U', ",.king Attr'J~

""",,,,a . ,..lid . od f<Cogni", hl. 'p«I<>.

funher <Viden", ,b.. 11>< nam" Ap""", """"i.... r<f<"'0 'b" &'<a' ,punro kiwi """ b< fuund in ,b. li,mtur<

di"'uS>«i in the hi" o,"'.l ""'lion ,00", It w.. li>toJ ..

di"inct fron, Ap"'pa",,,,,/i,. whio:h "',", 'fum><rly abnnd.",>.11om the lo\\'<,""nb·oo,"",oo disuim of ,h< SoUlh I,bnd'

(Ru'h",hild 1B93, 575). W, nOl<,h. mwnem ,hat A;>""",aw""/i, w.. " 'I"""" <I...,ioo" wh,,,,,, Ap"''l'' """"i....

.... , <>plldtly ,..«d m be from hign, ot wha, <. n b< ''''moJ

., ",h" pin., ......., ""'~ Th, PaP"'"R=~. p ,.,n bySob,,,

& H"d" ''''',, (186 l) .. th" .n" wh,« At""'"""""i.... w..

, ..,oJ '" oc<w, it • p"""n, ""'''gh"ld of ,h, great ,pu<,ookiwi. Th,,~ I",,']i')' d.,.. p"'ift""", fu. high<. <I... ,i" ",.

.od it! i. "" ,iu . i"" id"ntify Ap"'P' m.zxom. wi,h ,he

W<>t ' p", «d k,w,. Tht "'''=I""n' ",f<r"i " f ••poe;",.n

fmm nulth we>t N"h"". •nd th, di,..,;, . " rih,,'io" of, " tho

tim", th" unly two I" g" 'l"'tt«i kiwi,;n ,h. C.nt<tb"trMu",nm to Apt"]~ "'axi.... by Hult oo 11871). ",,,nn,,,0'" "><:»m"m, F"nh"",,,,,,, bu,h Ro,hKhild (]693; 18'19i

."d 1Iu1i<r (1873, I8~8; 1')05) " .",d ' h" Ap" 'l" """""'"wa> 'h"" m... Aptrryx h.=ti;,

Tht ' <gU"",n< "i>«l byIIulkr (]873: 372; 181J.8 ; H l)

th,,' tho"'n>< 'Attrryx"""".... flun,!"" , r<f<rmJ to • kiwi,h" ~,~ of. full grown' uok<y . nd 'ha' i, oould. ,h""fo"' . 00<

bt . ' y""n)'fllofAptrryxInuu,,; i'<a>ily "",lvoJ. Th" mig"

fu, weigh, . nd """.. I.og'h gi,...n in M,«~.m I\< Higg;n,

(l990, 86) fo' I"" f"", .kAp""",h.='ii,and ;n March"n, &

Higgim (199.\; 3 54) fu, adult M<ln<r;riJtalk!"',., lin""""

1758 dearly """rl"p. ka",;ng nu room fo' fun h« ",gum<n'

,ha, . b,go Ap"'l" '-"oi <a" """ bt ,b" , iz< of an . dul,'uok<y. I' i, impofUn' ro c1.rifY ,h" , .l,hough Bull« (1873,

1888) WOS <mpha'i< ,hal 'Apt"J" """"".. Bo"'I"''''w..00< lh. "",." Ap""", h.=tio Po.... h. tq:",doo 'Ap"""

maxi"", HUl,on. 1871' " • synonym of ApI"J" '-",'i. In

,hi" Bulk, w ..«mjnlr "" flea. , i"", 'lo< "n>< 'p«im<u'

w<" ,h"b..~ fo, OO,h I lu, ron, and Poll" """'<s. I low<V«.

W< <a"ooly.poeul"" upo" Ilulld , ..,io"", ro si'" prio'i')'ro 1'0"" no"", wl><n i, h.td b«n publishOO in 1872• • y""

1m, du n HUlton, d<><:'ip'io n. r«h'", Bull" (1873; 371,

1888: 330) purpoo<ly 6'-"" "'" wron8.L« '1871' fo< Ap"""

,"",,,ii Po"" ro1''''''=' n.m. <ha< 00"0 ,,, 00 ,I>< m.mo')'

ofJ ul;'" vo" H"'t, io.t<:uI of. n>m" <"<1,,,>«1 by Hu,wn

aod "I' " n«.",n , ,.,,,,. I" thi. ,0"'''' ...., I>.li"'" ,hatBull, t , (1833: 331) w",d, ' l"",k f", ,h.",,,,,h.,,,, 'ro, <h i,

",,,,,n Ih>v,ooo,;dnOO ;t ""'" ro ,,,,>in,he nan", ,<>1'>'«1

upun i, in complimen, '0 ,h, .n" Si, Juli" . von II ,. '0

whom [h" colony i, ind<b,oo fot ,h, , ,,.bli,hm,,,,, of •

v.lu. hl. "'"",,, mof",i" n", ."d 'll "C.n«rbury, .. wtll.,

fu,,,,,,,, ,] ;mpu.-ton, 'o f'Ot',f.>phiul md grologiul 50"")" i",h.t d ,,,,,,,: Fkm "'g (198 -'1) wro« '~at 11" 11,,, w" i"''''..1wi,h H"tt" n b......... "1',",, p"hii""i"n " f Hutt" n, (I 871)

c..~ ju" bd',,", lb, "f'p=""'" "fBulkt'. (IB731m.oj...

boo. on New Z<...." d bird>. Rdeg. dng 'Ap" 'P "'....-i....

Hu"on. 1671' '0 • iun"" synony"' , <v," jf i, was"0',uuy

ha,,«n on< of B"lId, W'Y' '0 .llni'" hi, irrim ion,

Th. f"a ' hat ,~" n.",. Aptrryx maxi"", """n,..lly f<l l int"

"bl ;yion. Lo",tly " . = ul' uf ll" II,,', <hoi«, .how, ,h.. h,

""" i",.,.j h;, 1''''1"'''' .N« . 11.Tomncludo,w< ,,,,,,,,, ,h", Apm,x"""""'0.'idl«, II<

H"" h" en",. 1861 isan . , >il. bl<",d ",tid ' poei",...m. <hot

r<f<" '" ,h. "".. ' pu<<<d kiwi <ummly know" .. A,w<ryx,"","ii P"",. 1872.

Designation of a nrorype for Apu ryxmaxima Sclarer & Hochsren er, l8Gl

T" <" . bl;')' bq""d J,,,,ht 'h< ...."">m'" "" ill "f"" ....m"Ap"'1" ~i,"", .nd in ,he .b",n", of . tume--b<" ing

'ype h" ing been !iJl<d by s.:h,,,, & Hod"" « ,,, (18611 ~l,

'" th" l>e>, "I' "u' kn~", lodg,. by."y ,u """J u.m . " ,hot,

w. h"""i 'h d" iguat" " "'~'H'. 1'0' ,h. ' ..on Apu 'Jx""""'",,, Sd.«, 6: H""hl1""". 1861. oo"'piying ,," ' h tho

Qo.Jifjing"",diti",u li" ..1 ;" Artid. 7S.3 "I' ,f« c.J< (ICZN

19')9: 84). Th~ oon,l1'" i, . 'poe;m," pe",u o,ndy hdd ,n

,h. <oll"'bon of ,h~ M""""", of New Ze.hnd Te r..,.To"garew:L Thi' ,!",,-im.n ~ lb. p« ",vd oon of. gr""' 1"',,«1 kiwi 1<.,i"g R"gi""" ion Numbt, 216M. wi,h ,h.followi"g.L,,, adul' f, ""', . «>11«,..1 """,Ourl", ,,,,,, >:<;"""

eu..." Su",h ld."d, N<w 7..,01...<1, " n 23 O<u:mbt, 1961,

byO. Gad,h". Tht tOllow;ng",",,,mi<>!d.". " keO"' ,h.' ;m. of it< p"' par" j" n ... " udy 00 0, .... .I", " ""d.,..1

w;,], ,hi, 'p«in",,, : !n'",y , ilt "t'P' o'i"'''dy 11 , 8 tn,n,bill k ng,h 135,9 mm, tmm I.ngch ~'U mm, middl. ,,,.,

• d.w I'''g<h lOlA ",m, w<igh' 242S g. Th. diogn""ic

f<a,",", of ,hi, ' poe;""''' .« ",",,.;,,,,,, " i,h ' h" origin"

deo;"p'ion gi""n hy ,,<1m, & Hoch"""", (lUll. • , ""II

.. wi,h th" ',,~n<n' d"."ip,;"n by Hu"on (187l). Al",.

j " «>1I=ing1"",Jj,y it phe<d w;,hi" ,h" grog<. ph" .I tong<

f,<~,<!tI"

'rt ' f'- Of r l t[ 'I~l

{H t i-tHh ~l l ' ~ l l '. li i U .nt s, !iLf

i' 1 ltc- ql 1[< 'a,t~ l~ ! f f'!~ .I ~t~ ..t! ~ ~ [ = i l " 'hq':f l'f' ~r ~II~1 J!;it~f

i , 1... 1 t( i l i t l,• I t , ~ r r , 1 ' >""f' r ~~~ ~ - ~ I

~H h t rr t 1:~ih·1 ' n Hi ~'n' ~ ' - d' < ~ l ! l' nt[n~ii~[ll ;11m,d th, l · b ~ 1. , -. , "' ,t . . s H i H . Htt H

' <i'f 'S :E1 a. ~pg fi, -<;. l: ; .

~ ~ n . ... <ttlt ra "' ~j(' V> II - ~ a. 3 ~ti~!.iH " Lq? >H~! HE; jj ~' l"Ho - ~ _ " , r " I l! f ~t-~E~~1! r t ~c:~ -= ~ 2-" '>'<l-f' ' t r . ~i..~io:";"~~~ r "" 1 a. ~ "j - _ ", i!.. ~ ~ ~ll,, 3

.~J; l- lt Qd t "I qi~9 " " l!q • r-IHHit frJ t ~ ht~Ot- ;.~rj- ~3 ~

~ ,.. ~ ... ,

~r ~= i,151.i: ·I;"l' l"' a.. ~ :r i: r i !ll' l'! ~

1 ~~l . h r " i tjh1 ni l q rf 5 -e-i~t~ a,,," : f ~" "- ~ f _ it- ~~, l 'L~' cOl~ . _ e, l Jt ~ "- ~ ~ _ " - .-", ,~n' l " ! ' Hi,t,l!" 'il'ii;r~ ~~ . g - B;!: i l.:;i f ~ ~ 2:c: ggll.t :S'if", t 1 1"1 ' r".f lH- ,! t ( ~; 'lr~f If 'jt !f' ~ f" t1 ~ i- <,' ni ~ ~ !, . , r t • ",r ,,,. '[t " NO

Ir r -I r l ~ s- ~ ~- 3 t ~ _. ....

HHt Inl ~dl h l i ~ tl u, H ~t'"1 .11r r <,t n ;:;tH! <". ' e-!, ,! I . ' , q,~,."o",l.·~ 0;:;8.. I t g !I 'fI~li.,r;~*"l~~~5 ::l

f f f r:' 3-"l ]: _li ~ "' '' !'!'l ; t J di li i § g ~ l i ~ f ~~!if! i l' !ftti ~. ~! '" tl' tJ'fl!fH "f f t r .,.p.l ~l ~f aIf f * ~p I 'Hltqr.l ·" ,[~ tft fi[ ~ n l r t l

8 r.hi",•. Nvml><, 14 (Z003)

B, II.,. 1>:',1.. I>I'l l, rroc..din!i> 01'"' S<cond Mm;"g. l "d July.

1 ~90. r........,,",."" !'ro<<<J,w 'f thoN"" z....""I."i,." n soa-sos.

8ulk" W1. Isn On ,he 1"1;< k;w; f""" 5"w." h ..<>d Vip",?"

"""'...). T.."""·,,,,,,, , oJ """''''''''t' of""N,.,. 7nn,,";I.";",,, 14 91_92,

8ulk,. IV. L I!95, 1II"'"....m oID.".-in;, oo ;m, Tho» ifm",of

Nt" l<>hrul ",,,.lomJ i" m.t.m t<> ,ho, fur.j"",.." olhw

,-,(<1««0' ""h "••Ma'"", l;"•..m, ." ..J !'ro<miiWif'" ;"",7nd."" 10m'"",n , 7J._Io.<

8ull.. ,WL I90S. .c",N"<-""" 'Bi"J,ofN..,7....J.""·-volwn<""" und mi, kri,;",b<n An"",""un!>,"

""",,1><", lou-'ji;, Orni~i V" ' 0"" ~",d, 01 N,,, h,l.ndT",""""",,, ..J ",",""inf:' 'f<h< N". h ..."; I",,,,,,,,

~, 11l6--lll.

Fltm,,,!<, CA. I ?l<~ , Bulk " Hu"',"" H..., ,00 H« "," . ~o<m

in , Vioro,,,n ....."p. -..." 3i~J), 7_14

Fi<m;"!<. C A. 19R6. T. R. H", i<t<..,J,h"Obriro kiwi•. •~;,,,.."

B!~), 1.,\--148.

CaJb",..h, Po. 1989, W,n"" Boll..- ,,,- ",",,,~, ",,,,,,,,,,,,MO"'.

W<ll ;n~un, cr Bonk., J36 pp,

<;"1' G.R- 1862. ~ I", or ,h, ""d. orNe. 7-",,,od , od ,I><><Ii"",n, v,,""'.Th< lhit (1"~) -I, 21-1---2S2.

G"y,C R. 1871 H.",j-""of!"""'" .Ni""""flt",i"itst",P''!';''!..."",."",.4i. th< Bn·mhM""",". r.rt l . London, Tho

1" .. "".";;.3\0 rp,1--IvoJ,,,,,,,... F. ""n I>«,7,~7""""",.~~~

"oJ ,.",,-.1 """'" """' '!"'''', ".!"""" .. ,,,- ","k of&.0...""", """"'..'"", i. th< ".wi""" .fA.d,"''''' "..JN""'~. S"mgm' ).G , eo.", rn • S\S pp-

Hut"'n. f,W. IS?I .~ of<h< ~i"" of .II"" Zn."''''' ",i,j,kt-'" _j<h< '1'«'<' 1>:'<l I ;n~,""; GroIup",1So"")' vfNow h al,n.]. 81 pp.

Im' '"''' mal C"moo""v On Zonlos.... No m<ncl",..., II(7.N].

I'"'. I"""",,",,,,,, (:.J<of~1N"""",,""-. Founh

roi,i"", Lon""n : 11>< In'''"''''n>lliw, fo, l-""IopealNv"",,,,bN'C. ' ''' • 306 pp,

M,,<lum . S, , od H if;l:i",. Pj. k"·-<>min",,,,) 19'I(l. H.o<dJ>N.>.'fA""",",., .II"" h.l..J &"1.",,.., Bi"". YoIwn< I.

fI." i,,, '" D..-h, M.-I"'u,,,,, o.f",d U" i,,,,;ty P"",.l WO pp.

M,,,,,,",. S., Hiw.... P). ("I<) I'1'13. ~_ofA"""",,. ,

•,*", 7 1.."'" ."" "l.",,,.,;,- &"J, . Volu"" 2. fI.,p_ ..'-'twIT. Iklhoum, ; o.foK! Un;V<""y P"". 9S4 pp.

Md.,, "".n, 1-", 19'10, Th, g«" 'po,l«! 1Uw;, Ap<nyx"'=,ii.10: Pulk,. E. Iol) A --'" of,,,- fi<m;J, "l1"NJr.id-t_ IG.. ... Aud<llnd : Sf", l'ul>li'";n~ I,d. 1 8~ PI'-

1'<>"" T.H, 1 ~72. Nn'.. "" • """ "1""0..of At"'?"Vi H...,lii,Po",), T.."""",,", ,,"" """",,i,,[;,.f tit< N",'7__1.""I""""" . , It>4---10\

1\.<... T.H, )87) 0" th, b;.l. ofN", b.l.".j , T..""""""u""!'ro<mii'T of"" .~',.,. Z"I."" 1","""15: 171_20\

Ra.:hk. " J. 18\9. 70;."" '"' •~'", C"... <opln"''''n. •1.",,,-,,," ,,,- N<IMm &',"iM', Nd.ov, 2< Au~. p"!>' L

Ro<h"h;kl, 1>:'. 1~9) . Nv,,, on ,I>< g<""' Arl<'l'" n.. Ib~ (6<h

s..-...) S, S?>-S'6.

R<"h"'h;kl, W. IS9'J, '1'1>< ~"W AfI<rtx, Mwi.""~·u 6,361----402

Rowlty. G.D. IS7', E./I;o;,Ooo~md t<mub"f"'" """' .." bi.lo

frum Now t.<.I",d, 1'roc<uIi'f:' 'f'!>. "".,ift< """iof:' of""~".I .'W>.·i", .j u """. IS14, ~97---49R

R....1t}-. G.D. 18?S /\po«)'>. m"'; ... V"" &.it1otlup'..JM..tIIo<",

- V"lu"" 1,2),s..Jv,"" , i, T. 1~91 . (:m.J.p. .fth< C"->""""",, IM""""__,

f'/w.i"" ..... "l.......,t 0"",,.;,"" ru,,,,,,io ,,,-,..__j,,,- B~"'" M""".._Y"lu"" 27. 1.<",<10" ;ThoTru,<=.rn • 6.)6 PI'

Sc~ ",. P.l. ,'Id H",h",,,,,. f. YO" 1561. R<pvr< 0" ,II< p....-n,""" of,.It knuwl<Jtt of ,I>< '1"'-'"" of~ Ii'; "" ;vNow l",hod . T!>. N.,.",I H"",'Y _,..., 10«0["",1:

-~,<I"".~L .od HodlSlt1,<t, F "'" 186l . "'put, on AfI<rtx ;"

Now l"aI.<>d. n.. N" . 7....J.nJ (i.=", 2\, I ~"-I\IO

', ,,,,,m'nn, f. 1 9?~ . '""""""'0 fro'" A";,,,,,j, '" <h< f+<~,,,.

Clm~<id", . M..-'u..'" 1< l"ndoo; H. "", td Un,,,,,,,,)'Pm , . xi; + -1.11 pp

Appendix 1USt of 30 references where

Apteryx hdJwii has been used as a validname for the great spOiled kiwi

in the last 50 yeats& 1«" ."-/-. D.au~<ITf' C.H., CoIbon m" R-, . 'Id ~kl<n ",n.

).1. 19'JS. FJjsh' bo b..... n lU,,~ ofNow 7..... . od 1"''''''""«",,Ir ,oWi..doJ 1"'1"'1,,"," ","',"" ,.d <owti<

'f"'''' 1;0, ,moll ....mm.~, !'ro<ndiop .f,!>. N""",""

~of.I<U"".V .IA 92, 81\4---82\R

Bull. P.C.. G"",. P.D" ,"d Roho""on. C-J-R I?~S. n...,"".f ,,,- 'i.4 Ji<,,;b. ,i,. i . N"", z..1.."", Wdl;ng"'" ;O m;,ho k>j;K.J Soc;"')' of Now u .bod. 2% PI'

C,,,,,,,,n, A-D. .nJ 11m ;""', C-).O. 1975. Hi..1"",;1;., 0/""....rld. N.... y",., 1iI" 1 N, Ab,1IIIU In<. 16:1 pp,

Co<tp<-I,A-",,,,,Ii< =om of , I'"" ,m; ",",",nOlI

<1"'".~'''t.' of<h< /I.,..JS«;,ry 0/"""""" B 261:193-101.

Coop'" A- . M""",-Ch." , il<, c.. O a m"""" G K, 11.e><l<r. A..

~.'Ii""" A.C,.od PiU.OO. S. 19'!l.lnd<-p<n<!<n, "';~i", ~

N"" I....bnd """" , nd liw~. Pm",,",.!' .f t'" N.""... Ik.........,.o/.\&o=. 11."-' N R7~HI7·H.

, .no",,,.A.. b ln<u_m., C. A"""""n , S.. Rom!>,,,,, A.. A,,~ in .

I.. ;nd W".1, R. 200 1 C-"mpb< m"""lKondri"l'I""'"'"

"'1 "" n"" of """ " ,in" ......... d 'rify " ,i« ..... lntK>nN,,,,,, 40'), 7ll4---707.

E""'n. D. 19" , ~,«Jillf; '" GN" Sp..><l,..j Kjwi> in "'f'Cvi,y.N......# jj: 191_19l,

h i.... KA.. S''''n. Ro B.. '00 luroo«. U;. 1979. Tb< MW !,,""

'" ,;" .,ot. .fNr.u?AOI.<.J.1Ui _ t/)y"! ;,L,ok. '",d I, nd

C..II,"" l47 pp,FlommlC e..... 19S1, G.. 'l' Ed...,"" lodt< _ I.. • ",.bI~""

IV"" bal."" Iti""J>4i.,;"!', 'Il;d lin~'on, N""" Paci,;", in

..,00,,1"," with th, N"",,.) M_ urn of N<w I ....und., ;v ••(>9 pp

GiU. B 1999. Tb< k,.,;.M " ,,"j1~,,,,, b;,tJ,. Audu"," D"OdB"t<m, n Ltd in ..""i"ion wi,h Auckl,nd Mu" um.

J2 wH.ddmh.o. ,00 &k,.,. "'-J 200 1 Cmnp/= mi,oo,.,ndri.J l1N ...

_ seqce ncesof""ina "i<do, ,,, it<phv\og<""K< .od

,h, .-;..,.i....,b~"phy hYI'",""i,. f'm<Ndi"f;' oj';"R.y<d.~ Lo.oJ". B 21.11, 939- 9-l\ .

11<" ",, , B.D.•nd RoI:><"",n. 11.,0,. 1?%. n,.,jUJ./1""" .. ,;"b''';'' .( N<..7.-14"", AuckLnd, V"in~ , 4n pp

1\oId;>..., y.. RN.. Wo" hy, Hi.• , nd T,n n""n. A,J.D. 100 1. A

w'>r,m~ Ii" orbt=l'"~ lol'" '1'"'" <>f I"' N...- 7........

"1\,"n "Ii ,,, hn""n ron"". IV"" 7......"" !-"",I of7~28(1) : 119- IR7.

M..<hon" S. ' 00 H i~",. PJ (",-<ooji..",..) 19'JO. II. ""'....

.f ~""., ,'In.' 7........ 6- ,.4",-",,< &,tJ, . V.-Jwn< 1,1<.,;", .. D,,*-. Md ","" "" o. fokl U.i,,.,~')' ""'-'.

10\00 pp.

M, I.nn,n , j.A. 19"1). Th, ~..." 'P""N kiwi, A,,,?,, iw4>ni

Ipp, 72-Rl), I" , Ftlll,." E. (<dirM) A ""'"",,",ph of*.1""'" -V""pM' - K;f<'"', AocU" ul , St,,, Pulo h,h in~

tn:!. HI" pp

Md~",n.I-A·.O<1 M"--'oo. T, j. 19"~. ''''',,''''....n by I<m,1<C; , <;poned Kiw~. N_",~ 36 3JI_326

M<I-<n IA .nd M,C.,," . T, j. 19'13. a .w "'""" in C"",, ,,.,., ed Ki... No,.".;, -10, 7(,..78,

Md .,"," , j. ....> 1'00«" M,,\ .. !l.<oh."~'n . H, A.. Ihk" (;.C"Cclooum<. R.. 1_. L Jo:,u. L. Mel:"' n. A.J., Miko,J.•Mil"'- Pj. . ,0<1 R<K!. J. 19%. RoI<.-.! ~r<d.>, .... in ffi<docl,","' k,Wl.~'PP " i" _7<>1,....,NN'?~ft"""" 'f f:<''''o :m27_3~

M,llon« . I'R. IW1, n" Qu,,,,,,,')', vi",un, nn N"" 1",I,nd

11'1" lJ17-1 ,144). ln, Vock=-R""" P.Y.. Monog>, n, I-M.,fIoi", R.E. ",.1 ROch. T H. led,) V""","" ,.J..","~

-rA.._I.." • . M< I""o ' "<, r",,,,,, [)<, ign So-odi", in

<oop<"' ;"" wi,h ,h, M"n,'" Un i."'ity Publi,,,,,,n,Committ«, 1437 f'l'

Olivo" ~'. R.B. I~~~. .'I,.., 7~."d o;,tJ,. Wd li"S',,", ,\ .H. "\ .WR=I. 6(,1 pp

1'<" . N . 19'JO. n,., ,."""u. 'i"". Ao<kb nd: R.moom C. " ,"')'in A"",~ ,,,," wi,h TYNl. 124 W

RoOd, B, ;nd W;lIi"",. G,R 1 97~. Tho au IPI' 301_3301. I" ,

KnKhd, G, {<di",, ) Dwt""..,Iry ",IT i • .'I,,"z..J.."". Tho H'II""' Jo"l,- 689 PI'-

Rohm ."n, CI .R. (edi",r! 1 98~. fWb.l D,~' m .plm .... of,~._ 7..1.<"" k; ,.J,. Syd"'l" Ro>dd, 1);""".320 Pf'

S,bky.e.G .. .... Mo""".B,L J,. I9'JO. D;,rriO.,'." ...._..,ofb;.d,of';" """"- N....H""" I< u,"<I"n, Y.l<t:nivoni')'P..... ",i.. 1111 rr

ThoCl,<ckIiorComm i",:<! E.(;. Tucl>on, Con","",) 1'190. Ch.<1.IUt

. ( ,I>. .,"", .f IV,," h.J.."'" • • J ,I>. R... £k~"?A..,,,,i,.. 3..J <.1i,""" A..dl , RoM.'" C",o,,,')' . ndOmi,l>oIop.... So.'~')' of 1'1 b,I, ...., ,vi • J47 pp,

Toroon, E,G. I% 7. JJ..lh~ /J;,.J,.fNn. :b.l.";, Chri,n·hu,,-h.

Syd"'l' l< London, \l;-'h i,,"n1h. 261 pp-Wonhy, TIl. 1989. M<>U of ,k ",Upi... wn,. N"""",, .l6,

191-1%

Wonh" TH. 1998. Quo",n''1'"",,1 fo."" o[So u,hl, od. Son,hI,], nd. N... z..J.nd. 1-_1of';" R.y<d SM',,! ofIV....bal."" J8(1): ~37_~89 ,

W"nhy,TH , ..... HoW",,~y, R.N. rwa Qu"''''''l' ro..~ h un..

IIDm '""" in rh<rw...Ju.iIU "'.. W"" (:0.... Sou," hland,~7~. J'•.-Iof';" R.y41~ .f N"" 7"",,-,23(}), 147- 2\ 4.

Womh,. '[ H, . n.l HoId...-, y. R- N, I '>'?t, Q..."",.')' ""il r.o ....from " .... in T""-... v..lq , .... on Tokili Hill, nort".....No""", Snurh 1.1"';.~ "'.....;, }",,,,,,Iof';" R.y<d''»<'''7'fN"" Z..J..ntl 24{}I, "97- 391.

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