tumor biomarkers are high lightened once again cancer facts cancer etiology tumor genetics tumor...
TRANSCRIPT
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Tumor Biomarkers are
high lightened Once Again
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Cancer FactsCancer etiologyTumor Genetics
Tumor Markers Location
Classification Uses methods of detection
Examples Drawbacks
Agenda
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Overall cancer burden according to GLOBOCAN
database 2013
Cancer was estimated to account for around 14% of all deaths (due
to any cause) worldwide in 2012
It is estimated there will be almost 22.2 million new cases
diagnosed annually worldwide by 2030.
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Etiology of Cancers
Cancer
Genes
Viral
Chemicals
Radiation
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Molecular Etiological
Mechanism of Cancer
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1-DNA AbnormalitiesPoint Mutations
Microsatellite Alterations
Promoter hypermethylation
Viral DNA incorporation
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2-RNA Abnormalities
Point mutations in RNA
Over/under expression of RNA
Transcription miscoding
DNA mutations in mitochondria
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3-Protein Abnormalities
Structural alterations in proteins
Changes in enzymatic activity
Mislocalization of protein
Altered protein expression
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It may be surprising that about one-
third of all cancer cases could be prevented if
Detected at an early enough
stage.
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Cancer Diagnosis
Pathological examination
Tumor marker
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What are Tumor Markers?
Biological substances synthesized and released by cancer cells themselves or
Produced by the host in response to the presence of tumor
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Tissue
Biological fluid
Location of tumor marker
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Tumor markers on the cell surface Involved in adhesion, motility, metastasis Can induce immune response Expressed early in malignant
transformation Shed by cancer cells into serum
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Tumor Markers classification
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Nucleic
aci
d
Protei
n,
Carbohydrate
or
li
pi
d
Hor
mones ,
Enzy
mes,
Receptors
Small
molecules
TUMOR MARKER
S
Tumor Markers classification
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16
Tumour Markers: -
• Criteria of an Ideal Tumour Marker: -– Specific – Sensitive– The method of assay must be cheap & easy
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When are they useful ?
Screening Early Detection
Diagnosis Monitor
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How to Detect Tumor Markers?
Quantitative
•a link between quantity of the marker and disease
Qualitative
•a link between existence of a marker and disease
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Methods of Analysis
Bionanotechnology
Expression of proteins
Expression of gene either at DNA or RNA
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Methods of Analysis
Bionanotechnology
Proteomic approach
Genomic approach
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Common Tumor Markers
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Tumor Markers Drawbacks
Lack of specificity Cancer heterogeneity False negatives Benign diseases positive CA 125 or CEA Smokers have raised CEA
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The 12-Gene Oncotype DX® Colon Cancer Recurrence Score®
7 CANCER RELATED GENES
Ki-67C-MYCMYBL2
FAPBGN
INHBA
GADD45B
Cell Cycle Stromal
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Thus, discovery of novel specific biomarkers are
needed that may provide informative clues for early diagnosis and treatment of
cancer.
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New Advances
in Tumor
Biomarkers