tunneling short course · – reinforcement of the tunnel face ... shaft basics –construction:...
TRANSCRIPT
TUNNELING SHORT COURSE
Colorado Boulder
2016
Breakthrough in Tunneling
Ground Consolidation with traditional methods
World Leader in fabrication and
technological solutions of Steel and
derivatives of wire.
• Founded in Belgian in 1880
• Clients in more then 120 Countries
• 27,000 employees world wide
• Sales combined in 2013: € 4.1 billions
• Plants in more then 80 Countries
Who we are?
Every year
more then 500
milliones of
Champange
Bottles are
locked with a
BEKAERT cable
5 milliones m3
of reenforced
concreto are
made with
Dramix® fiber
1 of 4 Tires in
the world is
made in side
with the Steel
reinforcement
of Bekaert.
Bekaert
maintains
Allianz's with
Companies on
a global level
worldwide
Did you know we ….?
Market Segments
Ground
Stabilisation
Tunnels Mining Other ProductsExcavatión
Specialists in the markets
• Friction Bolt (SPLIT SET)
• Electro- welded Mesh
• Mesh MFI 3500
• Steel Arches – TH, H ..
• Mechanical bolts & anchors
• Inflatable Friction Bolts (SWELLEX)
• Rebar bolts
• Cable Bolt
• Self drilling Bolts
• Steel fiber “DRAMIX”
• Resin in Cartridges LOKSET
• Resin in containers
• Additives for Shotcrete
• Accessories for Installations
Product Range
Strategic Alliances in Mining and Underground
Creating
more value
for our
clients at
regional
and global
levelsIntegrated
Solutions,
innovative for a
sustainable,
stabilization and
support of the
ground
Technical
assistance in
situ with
qualified
professional staff
International
support from our
global network
strategists
searching for
optimizing the
recourses in the
Mining sectors
We are ready for the global M & U markt
Ground Consolidation with traditional methods
Is always a combination of different methods and products!
But a failure of a single element of the support system could lead to complete failure of
the whole support system.
Therefore the development of yielding support elements are in progressed in the last
years, and different types of yielding rock bolts are now in the market available.
This could be an interesting presentation for next year
But also elements used with our current conventional methods must be modified such
as fiber reinforced shotcrete and wire mesh, with specifically designed energy
absorption or yield capability.
With projects around the world in Mines and Infrastructure and overburden of 800-1200
meter it is important the we know how to solve rockbursts or at the minimums reduce
risk and damage.
Long forpoling Systems
Self drilling Pipe casing
Short forpoling System
Self Drilling-Tube Spile
Special Products
Line Stress Control Elements
Self-drilling Hollow bar
injection bolts
Selfdrilling friction bolt
Power set
Ground reinforcement, ground stabilization
Reinforcement Material
Pantex Lattice Girders
Distance [m] 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30Repeat
Factor
Spiles 10
Self drilling spiles 3
Pipes 1
Drill accuracy +/- 3% , needs
a stable borehole, suitable
only for small size failur, low
effectiveness,
Drill accuracy +/- 2% , needs a stable
borehole for complete injection of
the ring room, injection ring room
should be 2x the diameter of the
spile, support only after injection
Drill accuracy +/- 1% , independent of ground situation, post grouting,
improvement of the overall situation, high effectiveness, immediate support,
Demands on forepoling
Forepoling system should provide sufficient stiffness to compensate already
small differential deformations in order to secure a pre failure stress distribution
Short - Forepoling System
The most simple products used in Mining & Underground
- Predrilled and installed manually or
- semi-automatic with simple devices on different equipment
- In combination with mesh, shotcrete, arches, stripes ….
Pusher plates
In soft and sandy ground conditions
In individual length due to suitable equipment
In combination
- with face bolts
- mesh
- shotcrete
• Other dimensions are available on request
• Available with tapered or plane end
• Spiles made from concrete reinforcement steel
– BSt 550 1.) ÖNORM B 4200-7
– BSt 500 S 2.) DIN 488-1
Diameter [mm] 20 1.) 25 2.) / 26 1.) 30 1.) 36 1.)
Standard lengths [m] 3.0 3.5 4.0 6.0
Rebar Spile
Fully grouted concrete reinforcement steel rebar
Concrete Reinforcement Steel
Store-Norfors Anchor (named after the first usage location
Standard-Friction bolt
Split set friction bolt
Swellex inflamabele friction bolt
Swellex 100 kN – 200 kN
Activation pressure 250 bar – 300 bar
Advantages over other bolt-systems
Friction bolt
Swellex
Drilling of the hole
High safety risks + higher costs !
Installation of bolts
Connecting of the high-pressure pump
Inflaming of the bolt
120 kN
250 kN
320 kN
Friction bolt
CT Bolt
CT-M20 and CT-M22 170 kN – 290 kN
Rebar diameter 18,5 mm, 21,7 mm
Borehole diameter 44 – 51 mm
Length 1,5 – 6,0 m
• Components
– Expansion shell
– Anchor rod
– Polyethylene sleeve
– Hemispherical dome
• Welded-on cladding tube
• Injection hole
– Bolt plate
• Installation
– Drilling of the boreholes Ø 44-49 mm
– Expansion shell and bolt plate
– Bolt insertion
– Anchor expansion Torque: 200-300 Nm
– Grouting W/C-ration: 0.35-0.40
CT Bolt
CT Bolt
Advantages
Fast and easy installation
Immediat anchorage
Double corrosion protection
Split set
Drilling of the hole
Insert bolt
Bolts and Self-drilling bolt
Resin bolts
Drilling of the hole
Insert resin
Insert bolt
Spin
Mechanical bolts
Drilling of the hole
Insert bolt
Tighten bolt
Check torque
Retorque if required
Advantages over other bolt-systems
Installation steps of Bolt / Anchors
Conventional Bolt / Anchor Instalation steps
Mechanical bolts Drilling borehole Insert bolt Thighten bolt Check bolt Thighten bolt
Resin bolt Drilling borehole Insert resin Insert bolt Spin bolt
Split set Drilling borehole Insert bolt Installation
Selfdrilling Bolt / Anchor
Self Drilling Injection Anchor Drilling + Insert bolt + Grouting Simult. Drilling and Inserting + Grouting
Self Drilling Friction Bolt Drilling + Installation Simult. Drilling and Installation
Time (min)
• Delivery lengths
– 3.0 - 4.5 m
• System components
– Power Set Self-drilling Tube Spile Ø 51 x 3.2 mm
– Single-use drill bit Ø 52 mm with HEX 28 connection
• Button drill bit Ø 53 mm
• Arc-shaped drill bit Ø 52 mm
– Power Set Drill Steel HEX 28 / T38
– Adapter T38 with integrated impact ring
• Advantages
– One-step installation procedure
– Safe and fast installation using standard drilling equipment
– Careful ground treatment due to self-drilling installation
– Easy adjustment to changing ground conditions
– Unproblematic installation in case of unstable boreholes
– Customized arrangement of perforation holes, drainage filter tubes, and threaded couplings
Self-drilling friction bolt
Drill bit
Drill rodSet adapter
Bolt plate
Impact ring
Friction Bolt set
Self-drilling friction bolt
Self-drilling friction bolt
47,5 mm 48,5 mm 49,5 mm
Power set (self-drilling friction bolt)
Self drilling tube Spile system
Outer Diameter Wall Thickness
[mm] [mm]
38 4
51 3.2
• Injection Tube Spiles (B/B)
• Optionally available with steel point (welded on) and
injection boreholes Ø 9 mm
• Other dimensions are available on request
Self drilling tube Spile
Self drilling tube Spile (for drainage)
• Field of application
– Reinforcement of the tunnel face
• Spiles
• Spile umbrella support
• Additional reinforcement
• Supplementary anchor works
Self drilling Hollow Bar - injection bolts
System Components
– drill bit (with threaded piece)
– anchor bar
– coupling
– post-grouting coupling
– anchor plate
– nut (with threaded piece)
Self drilling Hollow Bar - injection bolts
Hollow Bar Inside / outside threats – for loos and soft ground
Simultaneous or multiple Injection
Self drilling Hollow Bar - injection bolts
Anchor type 1.) Unit R32L 2.) R32N 2.) R32S 2.) R38N 2.), 3.)
Outer diameter [mm] 32 32 32 38
Max. tensile load [kN] 200 280 360 500
Yield load [kN] 160 230 280 400
Weight [kg/m] 2.7 3.4 4.1 6.1
• Field of application
– Reinforcement ahead of the tunnel face
• Spiles
• Spile umbrella support
• Additional reinforcement
• Supplementary anchor works
Self drilling Hollow Bar - injection bolts
Anchor type 1.) Unit R51L 3.) R51N 3.) T76N 3.) T76S 3.)
Outer diameter [mm] 51 51 76 76
Max. tensile
load[kN] 500 800 1600 1900
Yield load [kN] 450 630 1200 1500
Weight [kg/m] 7,0 8,4 15,0 19,7
•Tunneling and Mining
Reinforcement of the face
Reinforcement for large underground
structures
Widening of tunnel cross-sections
Face anchoring
Foot piles
Tunnel portals, cut and cover areas
Self drilling Hollow Bar - injection bolts
Bolting feeds mounted on standard TBM-booms
Self drilling bolts
Bolting feed mounted on standard TBM-booms
Self drilling bolt
Distance [m] 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30Repeat
Factor
Spiles 10
Self drilling spiles 3
Pipes 1
Drill accuracy +/- 3% , needs
a stable borehole, suitable
only for small size failur, low
effectiveness,
Drill accuracy +/- 2% , needs a stable
borehole for complete injection of
the ring room, injection ring room
should be 2x the diameter of the
spile, support only after injection
Drill accuracy +/- 1% , independent of ground situation, post grouting,
improvement of the overall situation, high effectiveness, immediate support,
Demands on forepoling
Forepoling system should provide sufficient stiffness to compensate already
small differential deformations in order to secure a pre failure stress distribution
Forepoling methods
Jet grouting method
Spiling method
Pipe roof method
Demands on forepoling
Forepoling system should provide sufficient stiffness to compensate
already small differential deformations in order to secure a pre-failure
stress distribution
Injection material is penetrating in narrow friction
Pipe roof umbrella
Pipe roof umbrella
Drainage systems
Injection systems
Long - Forepoling System
Tube Injection Systems
Tube Drainage System
Standard System
- Tube-outside diameter 76mm
- Tube-outside diameter 118mm
Tube Drainage System
Total integration with shotcrete
Become part of the reinforcement in the shotcrete lining
Lattice Girders
Underground profile reinforcement
Providing support in combination with spilling systems
Lattice Girders
Longitudial wall plates used for heading and bench advances
to reduce movements
Lattice Girders
With spaced diagonals
In form as spider + bars
becomes a stiff element
are supports for a wide range of ground conditions
are easy erected without special handling equipment
Providing support in combination with mesh
Thank you for your attention
Questions ??
Fibers for Ground Support:4
9
Fibers, Which One?
Fibers 101
Fiber types commonly used:
Micro polypropylene – early age shrinkage / fire resistance
15 TO 30 MICRONS IN DIAMETER
6 TO 20 MM IN LENGTH
Macro polypropylene – provides some ductile behaviour
0.5 TO 1.0 MM IN DIAMETER
30 TO 65 MM IN LENGTH
Steel – provides high ductile behaviour
0.5 TO 1.0 MM IN DIAMETER
30 TO 65 MM IN LENGTH
Practical Applications of fiber reinforced concrete
• The mathematical description of an object tendency to
be deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when
a force is applied to it.
Young’s Modulus (E)
HIGH LOW
ELONGATIONAREA
FORCE
STRAIN
STESSE
Low Young’s Modulus Lead to Large Crack Openings
BACKGROUND
+
• Global Joint Venture formed October 2014
• Bekaert Dramix ® Steel Fibers and Macro/Micro Synthetics
• Dramix 3D 65/35BG and 4D 65/35BG – Shotcrete
• Dramix 4D 80/60BG – Precast Segments– Crack Width
Control
• Dramix 5D 65/60BG – “Game changer” for CIP
applications
• Duomix M6 Fire – micro-synthetic pp fibers for SFRC tunnel
segments
• Syn-mix macro-synthetic fibers for temporary and mining
support
5
3
Steel Fibers in Shotcrete
5
5
Steel fibers can be use in:
Dry
mix
Wet
Mix
Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete:
Shotcrete – East Side Access – New York City
Photo Courtesy King Package Material
Flickr License Photo Use Approval -- Patrick Cashin MTA Staff Photographer.pdf
The MTA's East Side Access Project is a multi-billion dollar infrastructure
project designed to bring Long Island Railroad to Grand Central Station in
New York City. East Side Access is one of the largest transportation
infrastructure projects currently underway in the USA.
OWNER: NYC MTAN
CONTRACTOR: Frontier-
Kemper Constructors, Inc.
START DATE: March 2014
END DATE: February 2017
BUDGET: $10.178 billion
SFRC for Cast in Place Ground Support
Jansen Mine Shafts – Saskatchewan, Canada5
8
Shaft Basics – Construction:
• Shaft walls range from 800 mm (2.6 ft) thick
up to 1.1 m (3.6 ft) thick
• Interior Diameter of 8.5 m (27.9 ft)
• Shaft walls are slip formed with a scheduled
production of up to 3 m (9.8 ft) per day.
• Concrete strength 60 MPa (8700 psi)
• Dosage rate 40 kg/m³ (67 lb/yd3)
Questions ?
Thank You!!