turbinas de gas fotos desgaste alabes - ingles

8/12/2019 Turbinas de Gas Fotos Desgaste Alabes - Ingles

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Gas Turbine Technology

Gas turbines are a versatile, cost-effective source of electricity, mechanical power, and

propulsion. Gas turbines continually challenge engineers to design, construct, and

operate reliable and efficient turbines that meet maret needs and respect the

environment. !outhwest "esearch #nstitute $!w"#% wors with users, suppliers, and

manufacturers of gas turbines, providing technical services, e&pertise, and research

facilities to meet the challenge. 'ur broad range of capabilities includes:

(aterials )valuation and *esting

+ailure nalysis

ife (anagement, !tress nalysis, and !tructural nalysis

ondestructive )valuation

+luid ynamics and 0eat *ransfer

!ystem and omponent *esting

Gas *urbine (onitoring

*esting, iagnosis, and !upport

omputer-2ased *raining

rtificial #ntelligence ir 3ollution ontrol

+uels, ubricants, and ombustion *echnology

dvanced (aterials and *echnology

*he !olar gas turbine drives a compressor with spiral-grooved dry gas seprovide circulation in the only world-class gas transmission metering rese

facility in the nited !tates. *he e&haust heat recovery unit of the Gas*echnology #nstitute facility provides hot oil as the heat source for a rapi

response gas temperature control system. *he facility was designed by, aoperated and located at !outhwest "esearch #nstitute.

Materials Evaluation and Testing
http://www.swri.org/4org/d18/mechflu/rotating/rotatingspan/brochures.htmhttp://www.swri.org/4org/d18/mechflu/planteng/gtspan/audit.htmhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Materials%20Evaluation%20and%20Testing%23Materials%20Evaluation%20and%20Testinghttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Failure%20Analysis%23Failure%20Analysishttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Life%20Management,%20Stress%20Analysis,%20and%20Structural%20Analysis%23Life%20Management,%20Stress%20Analysis,%20and%20Structural%20Analysishttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Nondestructive%20Evaluation%23Nondestructive%20Evaluationhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Fluid%20Dynamics%20and%20Heat%20Transfer%23Fluid%20Dynamics%20and%20Heat%20Transferhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#System%20and%20Component%20Testing%23System%20and%20Component%20Testinghttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Gas%20Turbine%20Monitoring%23Gas%20Turbine%20Monitoringhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Testing,%20Diagnosis,%20and%20Support%23Testing,%20Diagnosis,%20and%20Supporthttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Computer-Based%20Training%23Computer-Based%20Traininghttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Artificial%20Intelligence%23Artificial%20Intelligencehttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Air%20Pollution%20Control%23Air%20Pollution%20Controlhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Fuels,%20Lubricants,%20and%20Combustion%20Technology%23Fuels,%20Lubricants,%20and%20Combustion%20Technologyhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Technology%23Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Technologyhttp://www.swri.org/4org/d18/mechflu/rotating/rotatingspan/brochures.htmhttp://www.swri.org/4org/d18/mechflu/planteng/gtspan/audit.htmhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Materials%20Evaluation%20and%20Testing%23Materials%20Evaluation%20and%20Testinghttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Failure%20Analysis%23Failure%20Analysishttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Life%20Management,%20Stress%20Analysis,%20and%20Structural%20Analysis%23Life%20Management,%20Stress%20Analysis,%20and%20Structural%20Analysishttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Nondestructive%20Evaluation%23Nondestructive%20Evaluationhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Fluid%20Dynamics%20and%20Heat%20Transfer%23Fluid%20Dynamics%20and%20Heat%20Transferhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#System%20and%20Component%20Testing%23System%20and%20Component%20Testinghttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Gas%20Turbine%20Monitoring%23Gas%20Turbine%20Monitoringhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Testing,%20Diagnosis,%20and%20Support%23Testing,%20Diagnosis,%20and%20Supporthttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Computer-Based%20Training%23Computer-Based%20Traininghttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Artificial%20Intelligence%23Artificial%20Intelligencehttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Air%20Pollution%20Control%23Air%20Pollution%20Controlhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Fuels,%20Lubricants,%20and%20Combustion%20Technology%23Fuels,%20Lubricants,%20and%20Combustion%20Technologyhttp://www.swri.org/3pubs/brochure/d04/turbn/turbn.htm#Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Technology%23Advanced%20Materials%20and%20Technology


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*he #nstitute5s gas turbine materials technology program spans super-alloys, including

directionally solidified and single crystal alloys, coatings, titanium alloys, composites,

ceramics, intermetallics, and polymers, as well as conventional ferrous and nonferrous

materials. !w"# metallurgical laboratories provide scanning electron microscopy,

transmission electron microscopy, acoustic microscopy, atomic force microscopy,

optical microscopy, scanning uger spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, 6-ray diffraction, and specimen preparation facilities.

(echanical testing facilities include servo-hydraulic, servo-electric, creep, and impact

machines, augmented by computeri7ed control and data acuisition. *he #nstitute can

perform the most e&acting high temperature testing, including thermo-mechanical

fatigue, creep crac growth, and effects of aggressive environments. !tandard and

advanced fracture mechanics, fatigue, creep, and impact tests are conducted to !*(

standards over a temperature range from the cryogenic regime to more than 9,

degrees +ahrenheit $1,;


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(etallurgical failure analysis of broen blades to determine cause and

seuence of fracture is supplemented with mechanical analysis todetermine the root cause of failure.

*his crac e&tends from the leading edge to the inside cooling surface a

follows the grain boundaries of the cast nicel-base superalloy. )&aminby optical and scanning electron microscopy showed that cracing was

assisted by environmental attac. nalysis from the )lectric 3ower "ese#nstitute gas turbine life management system, developed by !w"#, show

cracing was due to thermal fatigue caused by e&cessively hard engine

operation.

Life Management, Stress Analysis, and Structural

Analysis

*he #nstitute develops algorithms and computeri7ed programs for life prediction, life

management, and life e&tension of gas turbine engines to increase component usage,

ma&imi7e engine availability, and reduce maintenance costs. =e apply the most current

technology, including finite element and boundary element methods, to the stress

analysis of gas turbine components. *he #nstitute is a pioneer in probabilistic structural

mechanics, which integrates computational mechanics and probabilistic methods to

manage distribution of material properties, dimensions, and loads. omputational

facilities include a central >6 computer, distributed worstations, and access to

"? supercomputers. vailable numerical codes include 2@!, !?!, and

!*".


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ir-cooled gas turbine blades have comple& temperature and stress pro

*emperatures are shown in the upper figure and longitudinal stresses arbelow. *his analysis, performed for the )lectric 3ower "esearch #nstitu

$)3"#%, uses a generali7ed plane strain finite element methodology.

+low diagram shows the tass reuired to develop a life management

system for determining the life of gas turbine components. !w"# isone of the few organi7ations capable of performing each step in the

development of these systems.

3redictions of thermal-mechanical fatigue life of first stage bladfrom the )3"# life management system, developed by !w"#, co

well with field data. "esults are used to determine inspection inand to modify engine operation for longer blade life.

Nondestructive Evaluation

*he #nstitute continues to develop new techniues and improved euipment for

nondestructive evaluation of gas turbines and Aet engines. =e apply acoustic emission,

ultrasonics, eddy current, electric current perturbation, magnetic flu& leaage, and

radiometrics to detect flaws in turbines for power and propulsion. *he #nstitute designs

speciali7ed sensors for difficult geometries or confined spaces and maes full use of

computer-controlled scanning, data acuisition, and display to achieve efficient and

reliable detection and discrimination.


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n eddy current inspection system developed by !w"# uses a ta&is scanner to inspect small blades of space shuttle 3s.

space shuttle 3 blade crac is imaged and measured by an eddy current inspection system developed at !w"#. *wo-dimen

display of the processed eddy current signal is shown at left.

Fluid Dynamics and eat Transfer

+luid dynamics, heat transfer, and fluid-structure interaction are essential disciplines to

the effective design, application, and performance evaluation of gas turbines. *he

#nstitute maintains a variety of commercial and !w"#-developed computational fluid

dynamics codes to meet specific needs. number of flow facilities are used in

conAunction with computational methods to support comprehensive simulation and

understanding of fluid flows and their interactions with structures. +low visuali7ation

techniues enhance this capability. +acilities include:

0igh pressure $B,


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3ressure contours and velocity vectors for flow through first stablades are determined from computational fluid dynamics code

2oundary element codes determine heat transfer coefficients ththen used in thermal and stress analysis of the blades. "esults swere obtained with the +'=-9 computer code modified by

omputational modeling is used to analy7e temperature distribution infuel no77les.

System and !om"onent Testing

'ptimum performance and reliability of gas turbines in aeropropulsion, electrical power

generation, and compressor or pump drives is achieved by careful balancing of

conflicting demands that include low seal leaage without rubs, low weight without

e&cessive vibration, high temperatures with long life, and blades free of vibration over a

range of flow and speed conditions. *he ability to test components and systems is

important to achieving this balance.

!w"# has a variety of vibration, flow, noise, and environmental ualification testing

facilities that are effectively used, often under conditions of realistic pressure, flow,

speed, and si7e, in a variety of applications of critical concern to users and

manufacturers of gas turbines. )nvironmental test facilities investigate the effects of

vibration, shoc, temperature, fire, salt fog, and sand and dust erosion on componentsand systems. #nstitute analytical resources complement test facilities.

Gas Turbine Monitoring

Gas turbines are the power source of choice in many applications for mechanical drive

of machinery and for electrical power generation. =hen aero-derivative or large

industrial gas turbines e&perience mechanical vibration, unsatisfactory performance,

surge, stall, or thermal distortion, there is need for effective remedies applied on-site.

!w"# has developed capabilities for measuring, acuiring, and analy7ing the parameters

critical to defining and correcting such problems. *he #nstitute5s remote data acuisition

optimi7es the testing process that can reuire wees or months to assure coverage of


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varied operating conditions. !w"# provides all euipment needed on-site, with rapid

response, to solve critical availability problems.

n !w"# field measurement team installed a specially designed

instrumentation system on a


8/15

!w"# instructional designers integrate >#F with other advanced technologies to

complete a dynamic informational resource for diagnostic training, visual databases,

post disturbance analysis, and blade inspection. *hese resources can be applied as on-

site training.

Artificial %ntelligence

*he #nstitute applies artificial intelligence techniues to the gas turbine industry.

number of nowledge-based, or e&pert, systems has been developed to support the

maintenance and life assessment of gas turbine engines, including a system used to

recommend protective coatings for gas turbines. nother !w"# system predicts the

remaining life of gas turbine no77le vanes, including estimated crac length, number of

hours remaining, and the number of starts left for the no77le. *hese systems run on 3s

as well as larger computers.

Air &ollution !ontrol

*he many emissions produced by turbines are of great concern environmentally. *he

#nstitute has developed, uantified, and validated procedures to characteri7e and

measure regulated emissions that include '&, !'&, ', 'B, 'B, total hydrocarbons,

particulates, and more than B unregulated emissions. *ypical proAects involve:

ew procedures development

3articulate characteri7ation

)ngine modifications evaluation

+uels and fuel properties evaluation

ompliance testing

)&haust catalyst and particulate trap development and evaluation

urrent emissions control technologies application

'n-site tests of propulsion and stationary turbines are performed conveniently with a

mobile emissions laboratory designed and constructed by !w"# that provides

continuous hydrocarbon, ', '&, 'B, and 'Banalysis, with additional capabilities for

individual hydrocarbon, smoe, and particulate analysis.

Fuels, Lubricants, and !ombustion Technology

*he #nstitute, through fundamental and applied research, sees to better understand how

physical and chemical properties of fuels influence emissions, performance, and

durability of engines and fuel systems. !w"# programs support military and civilian

aviation and have additional applications for marine and stationary gas turbines.


9/15

*his gas turbine combustor facility was developed to study the

of fuel properties on flame radiation, liner temperature, e&haustsmoe, gaseous emissions, cold weather and altitude ignition, a

flame stabili7ation. 3ressure capabilities range from 1/4 to 1;atmospheres at temperatures from -4 degrees to 1,


10/15

erospace

'il, gas, and chemical

(anufacturing and transportation

(edical

=ith 11 technical divisions and hundreds of fully euipped laboratories, !w"# uses amultidisciplinary approach to solve problems for maAor industries and small businesses

alie.

Systematic Failure Analysis

!w"# investigators use systematic failure analysis to help industry and government:

#dentify design and process deficiencies

ower operating costs

#mprove safety "eceive impartial evaluations

)&tend component service life

&o'er Generation

+ossil fuel, nuclear, and combined-cycle power companies use materials and structures

under demanding environmental conditions for long periods of time. s the years of

service increase, the possibility of failure grows.

!w"# has e&tensive e&perience conducting power plant investigations. 3rograms rangefrom identifying the cause of boiler tube, comple& compressor, and turbine component

failures, to investigating radioactive components such as vent lines, pipes, and valves.

*his e&perience and an in-house radioactive materials laboratory mae !w"# a leader in

power industry failure analysis.

#n the #nstitute5s radioactive materials handling

laboratory, failed radioactive components,materials, and euipment are investigated in

accordance with radiation safety standards.

Aeros"ace

#nvestigation of failed, craced, and damaged aerospace structures is crucial to thecontinued safe operation of the nation5s aging fleet of civilian and military aircraft.


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#nstitute staff members are e&perts in identifying fatigue, a maAor failure mechanism in

aircraft materials, and are schooled in manufacturing practices and codes relevant to

military and commercial aircraft. !w"# methods allow early identification of cracing

to provide a greater margin of safety and more accurately predict service life.

#nvestigations have been conducted on commercial and military aircraft, including the

-


12/15

*he automobile, te&tile, and shipping industries fabricate products using both

conventional and advanced manufacturing technologies. +ailures can occur during

manufacturing or while the product is in service. !w"# has conducted failure

investigations for numerous product support and manufacturing operations, studying a

wide variety of components and euipment, such as springs, pistons, forged parts, and

conveyor systems.

!w"# characteri7ed cracs in the storage tans of

this liuid natural gas taner. fter performinganalyses, the #nstitute recommended repairs to

e&tend the service life of the taner.

#nstitute failure analysts investigate ways to improve product life with the latest

technological developments. )&amples include fuels and lubricants research and new

coatings for improved lubrication and reduced wear. !w"# e&perts also refine

fabrication practices, ranging from welding techniues for submersible pressure vessels

to the superplastic forming of parts.

!cientists e&amined this paper mill bearing todetermine if a catastrophic failure was caused by

operating conditions or by a material flaw.

Medical A""lications

dvances in medical euipment and biomedical technology have generated a variety of

uses for common materials and new, biocompatible materials for euipment and

implanted devices. *he comple& interactions of stress, friction, wear, and chemical

attac that occur in the human body can cause material-related failure. #nstitute

researchers investigate failure mechanisms in biomedical implants and medical

euipment, such as wear and delamination in orthopedic service. #n addition, the

material, mechanical, and chemical properties of devices are characteri7ed followinglong-term service.


13/15

*he #nstitute conducts failure analyses of medicaleuipment, such as this catheter wire and needle

used in a radiation therapy device.

Facilities

*he #nstitute5s modern laboratories are euipped to handle all aspects of failure analysis.

#nstrumentation includes:

!canning electron microscopes for fractographic and metallographic analysis

n 6-ray diffraction system for deposit analysis

)nergy-dispersive 6-ray systems to identify aggressive corrosion products

transmission electron microscope for fractographic and microstructural

analysis

scanning auger microprobe to identify surface contaminants and

microstructural phases

!canning tunneling and atomic force microscopes for nanoscale surface

topography

(etallographs for heat treat verification, microstructural e&amination, and

material characteri7ation

photographic laboratory to document investigations

portable microscope and hardness unit for field investigations

!i&teen closed-loop, servo-hydraulically controlled mechanical test systems utoclaves for high-pressure and high-temperature corrosion investigations


14/15

!w"# uses metallographs to determine crac

morphologies, microstructural anomalies, andheat treatments. 0ere, a staff member e&amines

the microstructure of a failed steel Aournal.

scanning electron microscope coupled to

energy-dispersive spectroscopic and imageanalysis systems determines fracture

morphology, microstructural anomalies, and

chemical compositions of failed components.

+acilities and laboratories are augmented by a networ of computeri7ed data acuisition

and analysis euipment and a technical library containing more than 44, boos and


15/15

!w"# analy7es thermal and pressure stresses to

determine what caused failure of a cracedstainless steel isolation valve from a nuclear

power plant.

turbinas de gas fotos desgaste alabes - ingles

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