turbo taks
DESCRIPTION
Turbo TAKS. Week 2 Lesson 1- Cells Lesson 2- Taxonomy Lesson 3- DNA Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis. Lesson 1: Cells. 2 Types of Cells. Prokaryote- “pro”= before; “kary”- nucleus CELL DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES Example: Bacteria - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Turbo TAKS
Week 2
Lesson 1- Cells
Lesson 2- Taxonomy
Lesson 3- DNA
Lesson 4- Protein Synthesis
![Page 2: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lesson 1: Cells
![Page 3: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
2 Types of Cells
Prokaryote- “pro”= before; “kary”- nucleus CELL DOES NOT CONTAIN A NUCLEUS OR MEMBRANE
BOUND ORGANELLES Example: Bacteria Study Trick: Remember that pro rhymes with no nucleus
Eukaryote- “eu”= true; “kary”- nucleuCELL CONTAINS A NUCLEUSCELL CONTAINS MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLESExamples: Plant, Animal, Protist, Fungus
![Page 4: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
MAJOR ORGANELLES
![Page 5: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CELL PROCESSES OVERVIEW
• Permeability– Diffusion– Osmosis
• Cell Division– Mitosis– Meiosis
• Energy Conversion– Photosynthesis– Respiration
• Storage & Transport
![Page 6: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Permeability (all cells): Cells contain a semi-permeable membrane that allows certain things in and out of the cell
![Page 7: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Diffusion (all cells): •Movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration,•Disposes of wastes and brings in nutrients
![Page 8: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 9: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 10: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 11: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 12: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 13: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 14: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 15: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Membrane
Osmosis (all cells): Movement of water across a membrane from an area of more water to less water (high to low concentration)
![Page 16: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Photosynthesis (happens in plant cells): •Converts light energy (radiant energy) to chemical energy (glucose)•Light energy is used to convert CO2 to glucose in plants•Happens in the chloroplast
![Page 17: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Respiration (happens in all cells): Converts glucose into cell energy (ATP) in the mitochondria
ATP
![Page 18: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Process: Photosynthesis
Organism: Plant
Place Occurs: Chloroplast
Glucose and O2
Process: Respiration
Organism: ALL
Place occurs: Mitochondria
CO2 and H2OATP
The products of Photosynthesisare the reactants of Respiration
![Page 19: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Mitosis (happens in all cells): Cell reproduction for growth, repair, and maintenance of somatic cells. Somatic cells are body cells (ex: liver, skin, kidney, etc.)
![Page 20: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Meiosis: Cell reproduction for the production of gametes (sex cells)
![Page 21: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Storage: •Vacuoles store water, food, and minerals (all cells)•Central vacuole in plant cells
•Becomes flaccid if cell loses water•Becomes turgid if cell gains water
![Page 22: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Transport (all cells): •Endoplasmic reticulum transports proteins to the Golgi bodies to be packaged and processed
EndoplasmicReticulum
Golgi Body
![Page 23: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lesson 2: Taxonomy
![Page 24: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ClassificationThe largest and least specific category is a Kingdom
There are 6 kingdoms: 2 prokaryotic and 4 eukaryotic
Organisms are then placed into more specific groups in a particular order (KPCOFGS – see diagram)
Organisms are called by their Genus and species name
Ex: Homo sapiens
![Page 25: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
ClassificationAnimals most closely related will be in the same levels of classification
Test tip: Most closely related organisms will have the same genus
Group Domestic Cat Leopard Deer
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
Order Carnivora Carnivora Artiodactyla
Family Felidae Felidae Cervidae
Genus Felis Panthera Odocoileus
Species Felis cattus Panthera pardus Odocoileus virginianus
Which 2 are most closely related? How do you know?
![Page 26: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Kingdoms of Life
Prokaryotic Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria
– Live in harsh conditions (without oxygen, extreme temperatures, in different chemical environments)
• Eubacteria
– Bacteria found on and around us
– There are good and bad bacteria
![Page 27: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• Fungi– Decomposers/
heterotrophic– Mushrooms
• Protista– Heterotrophs & Autotrophs– Mostly single-celled– Live in water– Amoebas, paramecium,
euglenas– Has pseudopodia, cilia
and/or flagella for movement
• Plantae– Multicellular– Autotrophic– True roots, stems, and
leaves
• Animalia– Motile (can move)– Multicellular– Heterotrophic
Eukaryotic Kingdoms:
![Page 28: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Lesson 3: DNA
![Page 29: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid StructureC
P
D
C
P
D
C
P
D
P
DG
P
D
G
P
D T
P
DA
P
DT
P
D AP
D
G
Nucleotide
DNA is made of Nucleotides
NitrogenBase
Phosphate group
Deoxy-ribose
There are four kinds of nitrogen bases, so there are four kinds of nucleotides...
Adenine,Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine
![Page 30: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
C
P
D
P
DG
Adenine pairs with Thymine
P
D T
P
DA
DNA is shaped like a Double Helix (twisted ladder)
![Page 31: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE The order of the nucleotides forms the unique genetic code for the organism
The more closely related two organisms are, the more alike the order of their nucleotides will be
![Page 32: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
DNA replication– DNA makes an exact copy of
its self– Happens before mitosis and
meiosis
Mutation– A change in the sequence of
nucleotides– Can happen in any cell, but
can be passed on to offspring only if it occurs in a gamete cell
![Page 33: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Lesson 4: Protein Synthesis
DNA RNA Protein
![Page 34: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Transcription (DNA mRNA)
DNA codes for proteins
The order of the nucleotides is the code for which a protein will be made
TRANSCRIPTION is making o copy of DNA into mRNA
(A = U; C=G)
Occurs in the nucleus
![Page 35: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Translation (mRNA Protein)
The message on the mRNA is read by a ribosome
The message is translated into a protein
Occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes
Video:http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/translation/movie.htm
![Page 36: Turbo TAKS](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56812c71550346895d910a29/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Genetic Code
• Every three letters on mRNA is a codon
• A codon codes for an amino acid
• Ex: CCC codes for Proline