turbomachinery & aeroengines coursework 1 latest

8/20/2019 Turbomachinery & Aeroengines Coursework 1 Latest

1/18

FPL3001-N TurboMachinery

& Aeroengines

Coursework 1

Course: B ng Mechanica! ngineering

"#u$en# Na%e: A%ar a'a$ (L10131)*+

Mo$u!e: TurboMachinery, Aeroengines & ocke# "cience


2/18

Mo$u!e Lea$er: .r/ A!e !!in

FPL3001-N T URBO MACHINERY & AEROENGINES C OURSEWORK 1

P AGE : 2 OF 18

P AGE : 2 OF 18

P AGE : 2 OF 18P AGE : 2 OF 18


3/18

CONTENTS

C NT NT"///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

1 2NT . CT2 N////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

1/1 45AT 2" A 6A" T B2N N62N 7////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

1/8 52"T 9 F 6A" T B2N N62N "///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

1/3 C NT APPL2CAT2 N" F 6A" T B2N N62N "//////////////////////////////

1/) 2NT . CT2 N T T5 B A9T N C9CL ///////////////////////////////////////////////////

8 2MP 2N6 T5 FF2C2 NC9 F 6A" T B2N N62N "///////////////////////

8/1 2NC A"2N6 T5 T B2N 2NL T T MP AT "//////////////////////////////////

8/8 2NC A"2N6 T5 FF2C2 NC9 F T B -MAC52N 9C MP N NT"//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

8/3 M .2F92N6 T5 B A9T N C9CL ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////8/3/1 2%;ro'ing #he Bray#on Cyc!e 'ia 2n#ercoo!ing *8/3/8 2%;ro'ing #he Bray#on Cyc!e 'ia e-hea#ing <8/3/3 2%;ro'ing #he Bray#on Cyc!e 'ia egenera#ion 118/3/) 5ea$ing 3 11

LIST OF FIGUR

Figure 1-1 = Cross "ec#iona! iew o> a Tren# /

h##;:??www/a'iaco!/ne#?no#icias-$e!-aire?a'ances?@0-airbus-a3 0-$e-e%ira#es-#en$ran-%o#ores-#ren#- #he Bray#on Cyc!e wi#h #he 2n#egra#ion o>2n#ercoo!ing/ (Learn-Ther%o/co%, n/$/+//////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////

Figure 8-3 = Bray#on Cyc!e ngine wi#h ehea#ing/ (Learn-Ther%o/co%, n/$/+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////

Figure 8-8 = T-s .iagra% o> #he Bray#on Cyc!e wi#h #he 2n#egra#ion o>

ehea#ing/ (Learn-Ther%o/co%, n/$/+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////Figure 8-@///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////

9


4/18

NO TABLE OF FIGURES ENTRIES FOUND.2N 9 . C M NT, " L CT T5 4 ." T 2NCL . 2N T5 TABL

F C NT NT", AN. T5 N N T5 5 M TAB, N. "T9L ", CL2C A 5 A.2N6 "T9L / P AT F AC5 5 A.2N6 T5AT 9 4ANT T

2NCL . , AN. T5 N 2N" T T5 TABL F C NT NT" 2N 9. C M NT/ T MAN ALL9 C AT A TABL F C NT NT", N T5. C M NT L M NT" TAB, N. TABL F C NT NT", P 2NT T A"T9L AN. T5 N CL2C T5 . 4N A 4 B TT N/ CL2C N FT5 "T9L " N. MAN AL TABL F C NT NT", AN. T5 N T9PT5 NT 2 " MAN ALL9/ TABLES

NO TABLE OF FIGURES ENTRIES FOUND.2N 9 . C M NT, " L CT T5 4 ." T 2NCL . 2N T5TABL F C NT NT", AN. T5 N N T5 5 M TAB, N.

"T9L ", CL2C A 5 A.2N6 "T9L / P AT F AC5 5 A.2N6T5AT 9 4ANT T 2NCL . , AN. T5 N 2N" T T5 TABL FC NT NT" 2N 9 . C M NT/ T MAN ALL9 C AT A TABL

F C NT NT", N T5 . C M NT L M NT" TAB, N.TABL F C NT NT", P 2NT T A "T9L AN. T5 N CL2C T5. 4N A 4 B TT N/ CL2C N F T5 "T9L " N.MAN AL TABL F C NT NT", AN. T5 N T9P T5 NT 2 "MAN ALL9/


5/18

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 D ! "#$% ' #( G)* T+, E / *

Fi!! in

1.2 I ',# + ' # '# ' B,) '# C "

Fi!! in a# en$

• A$$ eDua#ions• Pressure increase u; #o 30 #i%e, e>>iciency u; #o )0-E0• 2sen#ro;ic, G H 0• Back work ra#io• 2sobaric, 4 H 0

h##;:??www/!earn#her%o/co%?T1-#u#oria!?ch0


6/18

2 IMPRO4ING THE EFFICIENCY OF GAS TURBINE ENGINES

There are 'arious ways #o i%;ro'e #he e>>iciency o> #he Bray#on Cyc!e/

.ue #o #he !i%i#e$ use o> an$ a;;!ica#ions o> gas #urbines #hei%;ro'e%en#s ha'e been >ocuse$ in #hree areas:

1/ 2ncreasing #he #e%;era#ure a# #he #urbine in!e#/8/ 2ncreasing #he e>>iciency o> co%;onen#s 'ia %a#eria! se!ec#ion/3/ Mo$i>ying #he Bray#on Cyc!e/

IThe ear!y gas #urbines bui!# in #he 1


7/18

2.1.1 I%$,#! / ' B,) '# C " ! ) I ' , ##" /

An in#ercoo!er is a %echanica! $e'ice use$ in gas #urbines #o coo! #he

air $uring isen#ro;ic co%;ression/ 2n a ca!orica!!y ;er>ec# cyc!e #he air

wou!$ be co%;resse$ a# a cons#an# #e%;era#ure/ 5owe'er as #his

canno# be achie'e$ in ;rac#ice, #he %os# e>>icien# way #o re$uce #he

#e%;era#ure is #o use an in#ercoo!er/ A Bray#on cyc!e using in#ercoo!ing

uses #wo or %ore co%;ressors be#ween s#age A an$ B (as shown in

Figure 1-8+, an e a%;!e o> #his is #he o!!s oyce 4 -81 engine where

i# uses a si s#age in#er%e$ia#e ;ressure co%;ressor a!ongsi$e a si

s#age high ;ressure co%;ressor #o ;ro'i$e #he re$uce #he #e%;era#ure

sys#e%/ ICarrying ou# #he co%;ression ;rocess in s#ages an$ coo!ing

#he gas in be#ween #he !ower an$ higher-;ressure s#ages wi!! $ecrease

#he work reDuire$ #o co%;ress a gas be#ween #wo s;eci>ie$ ;ressuresK/

(Lane, n/$/, ;/ E+/

sing %ore co%;ression s#ages resu!#s in #he co%;ression ;rocess

beco%ing %ore iso#her%a! a# #he co%;ressors in!e# #e%;era#ure/

.ecreasing #he #e%;era#ure be#ween T 8 #o T) (>ro% >igure 8-8+ a!!ows

#he co%;ressor #o achie'e #he sa%e or e'en increase work ou#;u# a#

#he co%;ressor, resu!#ing in Ẃ net increasing/ This can be

$e%ons#ra#e$ using #he eDua#ions be!ow/ Figure 8-8 $e%ons#ra#es #he

e>>ec#s o> in#ercoo!ing in a gra;hica! >or%a#/

F /+, 2-1 5 B,) '# C " E / 6 ' I ' , ##" /. 7L ), -T ,%#. #% . .9


8/18

Ẃ c= ḿC p(T 3− T 2)

Ẃ net

=

´W t

Ẃ c

5owe'er, wi#h #he increase in Ẃ net co%es a $ecrease in #her%a!

e>>iciency/ sing #he eDua#ion be!ow shows how in#ercoo!ing a!one

re$uces #he #her%a! e>>iciency/

ηt =Ẃ net Q́ ¿

As #he 'a!ue o> Q́ in is #y;ica!!y !arger #han #he Ẃ net , ha'ing a

!ower #e%;era#ure a# hea# in $ecreases #he #her%a! e>>iciency/

"o%e in#ercoo!ers reDuire coo!ing wa#er #o o;era#e, #hese #y;es o>

in#ercoo!ers use wha# i# known as #he in#ercoo!e$ regenera#i'e cyc!e/

IThe in#ercoo!e$ regenera#i'e cyc!e (2C + is a##rac#i'e >or na'a!

a;;!ica#ions, where coo!ing wa#er (i/e/ #he ocean+ is rea$i!y a'ai!ab!e/K

("ara'ana%u##o, 800or na'a! a;;!ica#ions/ I4a#er is in ec#e$ in#o #he

co%;ressor an$ 'a;ori es as #he air #e%;era#ure increases/ The hea#

o> 'a;ori a#ion re$uces #he co%;resse$ air #e%;era#ure/ This !owers

co%;ressor workK/ ("oares, 800 +

F /+, 2-2 5 T-* D )/,)% #( ' B,) '# C " 6 ' ' I ' /,)' # #( I ' , ##" /.7L ), -T ,%#. #% . .9


9/18

An e a%;!e o> #his in#ercoo!er being use$ in in$us#ry is #he LM"100

gas #urbine ;ro$uce$ by 6 .is#ribu#e$ Power/ The LM"100 engine

has a #her%a! e>>iciency o> a;;ro i%a#e!y )E /

A Bray#on cyc!e gas #urbine wi#h in#ercoo!ing has 'ery !i%i#e$ uses $ue#o #he high cos# o> bui!$ing an in#ercoo!er, i# canno# be us#i>ie$ >or #he

s!igh# increase in ne# work ou#;u#/ 5owe'er, a !ower #e%;era#ure a# #he

co%;ressor ou#!e# enhances #he ;o#en#ia! >or regenera#ion, which can

increase bo#h #he Ẃ net an$ η t o> a gas #urbine engine when in

con unc#ion wi#h a regenera#or/

2.1.2 I%$,#! / ' B,) '# C " ! ) R - )' /

The ;rinci;!e behin$ rehea#ing is si%i!ar #o in#ercoo!ing, as i#s ;ur;ose

is #o i%;ro'e #he #her%o$yna%ic cyc!e by a!!owing >rac#iona! e ;ansion

o> gases >!owing #hrough #he #urbine/

IFor %e#a!!urgica! reasons, #he #e%;era#ure o> #he gaseous co%bus#ion

;ro$uc#s en#ering #he #urbine %us# be !i%i#e$/ This #e%;era#ure can be

con#ro!!e$ by ;ro'i$ing air in e cess o> #he a%oun# reDuire$ #o burn #he

>ue! in #he co%bus#or/K (Moran, 8018, ;/ )**+/ 6as #urbine engines

achie'e #his by ins#a!!ing a %u!#i-s#age #urbine wi#h a hea# e changer

be#ween #he high ;ower an$ !ow ;ower #urbines/ Figure 8-3 ;ro'i$es

an i!!us#ra#ion o> a gas #urbine using a %u!#is#age #urbine sys#e%/

F /+, 2-3 5 B,) '# C " E / 6 ' R )' /. 7L ), -T ,%#. #% . .9


10/18

As a resu!# o> #his, gases esca;ing #he co%bus#ion cha%ber con#ain

su>>icien# air #o ai$ in #he co%bus#ion o> a$$i#iona! >ue! in #he ne #

co%bus#or (>or e a%;!e, in >igure 8-3 #he ne # co%bus#or is #he

rehea#er+/ The rehea#er increases #he ;ower ou#;u# o> #he be#ween

s#ages 3 an$ ) in >igure 1-1 wi#hou# increasing #he o;era#ing

#e%;era#ure o> #he #urbines/ Figure 8-) $is;!ays #his wi#h a T-s $iagra%

as i# shows #ha# #e%;era#ures T 3 an$ T @ are i$en#ica! >ur#her%ore T )

an$ T E are a!so i$en#ica!/


11/18

IThe #urbine work is increase$ is ob'ious when one re%e%bers #ha#

#he 'er#ica! $is#ance be#ween any ;air o> cons#an# ;ressure !ines

increases as #he en#ro;y increases: #hus (T 3 - T ) + O (T@ - T E+ (T3 =

T)J+K/ ("ara'ana%u##o, 800igure 8-@

shows e'i$ence o> #his #heory/ Likewise i# can be $e%ons#ra#e$ by #he

eDua#ion be!ow/

F /+, 2- 5 C#%$), *# #( T-* D )/,)% (#, S %$" ) R )' C " . 7S),)!) )%+''#200; $. 19

F /+, 2-< 5 T-* D )/,)% #( ' B,) '# C " 6 ' ' I ' /,)' # #( R )' /. 7L ), -T ,%#. #% . .9


12/18

Ẃ t = ḿC p (T 3 − T 4 )+(T 5− T 6 )

Ẃ net

=

´W t

Ẃ c

5owe'er, #he increase in en#ro;y resu!#s in #he $ecrease in e>>iciency/

Fur#her%ore #o using a rehea# cyc!e on i#s own is #ha# i# has no e>>ec#

on #he #her%a! e>>iciency o> #he gas #urbine engine so Q́ in is

una>>ec#e$ (as shown in >igure 8-@+/ This can be shown using #he

eDua#ion be!ow/ There>ore #he cos# #o in#egra#e a rehea#er a!one canno#

be us#i>ie$ >or #he s%a!! increase in Ẃ net /

ηt = Ẃ net Q́ ¿

5owe'er, a higher #e%;era#ure a# #he #urbine in!e# increases #he

;o#en#ia! >or regenera#ion as i# increases Ẃ net o> a gas #urbine

engine when in con unc#ion wi#h a regenera#or/

2.1.3 I%$,#! / ' B,) '# C " ! ) R / ,)' #

egenera#ors are use$ in gas #urbine engines #o i%;ro'e #he e>>iciency

o> #he Bray#on cyc!e/ The e>>!uen# e haus# gases >ro% #he #urbine are

>e$ in#o a coun#er->!ow hea# e changer/ This is $e%ons#ra#e$ in bo#h

>igure 8-E an$ 8-*/


13/18

The coun#er >!ow hea# e changer o;era#es by ha'ing #he coo!er

co%;resse$ an$ ho# #urbine e haus# gas >!ow in o;;osi#e $irec#ions #o

ensure #he #e%;era#ure is uni>or% be>ore en#ering #he co%bus#ion

cha%ber/ I ne way o> u#i!i ing #his ;o#en#ia! is by %eans o> a hea#

e change$ ca!!e$ a regenera#or, which a!!ows #he air e i#ing #he

co%;ressor #o be ;rehea#e$ be>ore en#ering #he co%bus#or, #hereby

re$ucing #he a%oun# o> >ue! #ha# %us# be burne$ in #he co%bus#orK(Moran, e# a!/, 8018, ;/ @81+/ e$ucing #he a%oun# o> >ue! reDuire$ #o

reach #he $esire$ #urbine in!e# #e%;era#ure re$uces #he ca;i#a! as we!!

as increasing #he #her%a! e>>iciency o> #he gas #urbine engine/

As a resu!#, G C (G in+ an$ G 5 (G ou#+ shown in >igure 8-* are re$uce$

#here>ore #he sa%e work ou#;u# can be achie'e$ a# a !ower

#e%;era#ure, resu!#ing in a re$uc#ion in o;era#ing cos#/

The #urbine e haus# gases are coo!e$ $own a# T @ an$ re$uce$ #o T 3,

whi!s# #he air e i#ing #he co%;ressor ou#!e# is hea#e$ >ro% T 8 #o T) /

Fro% #his in>or%a#ion #he hea# a$$e$ ;er uni# o> %ass can be

ca!cu!a#e$ using #he >o!!owing eDua#ion/

F /+, 2-= 5 B,) '# C " E / 6 ' R )' / 7L ), -T ,%#. #% . .9

F /+, 2-> 5 T-* D )/,)% #( ' B,) '# C " 6 ' ' I ' /,)' # #( R / ,)' #''$:??666." ), ' ,%#. #%?T1-'+'#, )"? 0;?" **# -F?$/02.$ $


14/18

Q́ ¿ḿ = h4− h3

The hea# #rans>erre$ by #he regenera#or is ca!cu!a#e$ by #his eDua#ion/

q reg,actual = h3− h2= h5− h6

The %a i%u% a%oun# o> hea# #rans>er is $e$uce$ >ro% #he >o!!owing

eDua#ion/

q reg, max = h5− h 2

sing bo#h eDua#ions #he regenera#orJs e>>ec#i'eness ( η reg ) can be

ca!cu!a#e$/

ηreg=h3− h2h5− h2

The ai% o> #he coun#er >!ow hea# e changer is #o ;ro$uce a >ini#e

#e%;era#ure $i>>erence be#ween bo#h ho# an$ co!$ s#rea%s/ This is

achie'e$ by increasing #he area o> #he hea# e changer as i# ;ro'i$es

bo#h s#rea%s %ore o;;or#uni#ies #o #rans>er hea# in a uni>or% %anner/

Figure 8- b $e%ons#ra#es #his #heory/ I2n #his !i%i#, #he e i# #e%;era#ure

o> #he co!$er s#rea% wou!$ a;;roach #he #e%;era#ure o> #he inco%ing

s#rea%K/ There>ore #he %a i%u% #e%;era#ure T 3 can achie'e is T @/

F /+, 2-8 5 T %$ ,)'+, D *', +' # * C#+ ' ,-("#6 H )' E@ ) / ,* 7)9 A '+)". 7 9R ! ,* " . F+ )% ')"* #( T ,%# 7P)/ 229


15/18

The #her%a! e>>iciency o> a regenera#or is ca!cu!a#e$ by #he eDua#ion

be!ow/

ηt =Ẃ total

Q́ ¿= Ẃ t +

Ẃ cQ́ ¿

sing #he >irs# !aw o> #her%o$yna%ics i# can be shown #ha#:

Q ¿= ḿ Ć p(T 4− T 3)

− Ẃ t = ḿ Ć p(T 5− T 4)

− Ẃ c= ḿ Ć p(T 2− T 1)

2n an i$ea! regenera#or wi#h a ca!orica!!y ;er>ec# gas T 3 H T@ ∴

Q in = Ẃ t / There>ore i# can be shown #ha#/

ηt = 1+Ẃ cẂ t

= 1− (T 2− T 1)(T 4− T 5)

ηt = 1−T 1(T 2T 1 − 1)T 4(1− T 5T 4)

sing #hese eDua#ions $e$uces #ha# η t increases wi#h #he use o> a

regenera#or/


16/18

2n a rea! wor!$ a;;!ica#ion, regenera#i'e e>>ec#i'eness ranges >ro% E0

#o 0 / There>ore T 3 is #y;ica!!y !ower #han T @/ To achie'e #he

%a i%u% e>>iciency a grea#er hea# #rans>er area is reDuire$, which %ay

nu!!i>y any >ue! sa'ings $ue #o #he increase in eDui;%en# cos#s/

I2n$us#ria! gas #urbines range in si e >ro% #ruck-%oun#e$ %obi!e ;!an#s

#o 'ery big an$ co%;!e sys#e%s/ 2> was#e hea# >ro% #he gas #urbine is

reco'ere$ by an 5 "6 #o ;ower a con'en#iona! s#ea% #urbine in a

co%bine$ cyc!e, #he #her%a! e>>iciency %igh# be u; #o E0 /K ( ansohn,

8013, ;/ 8)1+/ 2# is no#e$ #ha# 5 "6 s#an$s >or hea# reco'ery s#ea%

genera#or/ A co%bine$ cyc!e is $e>ine$ as #wo or %ore #her%o$yna%ic

cyc!es %erging #oge#her #o i%;ro'e #he e>>iciency o> a gas #urbineengine #y;ica!!y #his is a co%bina#ion o> #he Bray#on an$ ankine

cyc!e/ 4i#h sing!e-cyc!e #urbines #hey can ha'e a #her%a! e>>iciency o>

u; #o )0 wi#h a hea# e changer/

2.1.< I%$,#! / ' B,) '# C " ! ) R / ,)' # 6 ' R )' / )

I ' , ##" /

2.1.4.1 Heading 4

a%;!e #e #/

F /+, 2-;

T) " 2-1


17/18

BIBLIOGRAPHY

W * ' *

h##;:??www/%;oweruk/co%?gasQ#urbines/h#%

h##;s:??;owergen/ge;ower/co%?resources?know!e$ge-base?wha#-is-a-gas-#urbine/h#%!

h##;:??c$n/in#echo;en/co%?;$>s-w%?88 - Ma#eria! "e!ec#ion

h##;:??www/!earn#her%o/co%?T1-#u#oria!?ch0


18/18

3 REFERENCES• ansohn, P/, 8013/ Modern Gas Turbine Systems: High Efficiency, Low

Emission, Fuel Flexible ower Generations! 8n$ e$/ >or$:4oo$hea$ Pub!ishing/• Lane, ./, n/$/ Section "!#$%& The 'rayton (ycle with )egeneration,

*ntercooling, + )eheating, s/!/: s/n/• Learn-Ther%o/co%, n/$/ (h", Lesson F, age " $ The 'rayton (ycle:

*ntercooling! R n!ineS A'ai!ab!e a#: h##;:??www/!earn#her%o/co%?T1-#u#oria!?ch0

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