turfgrass growth and water use in gypsum-treated ultisols m.j. schlossberg penn state university
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated
Ultisols
M.J. Schlossberg
Penn State University
![Page 2: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Turfgrass and the SE US
Bermudagrass and Tall Fescue dominate the landscape of the US Southern Piedmont (GA, AL, and the Carolinas)
![Page 4: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Turfgrass and the SE US
Interestingly:• Bermudagrass and Tall Fescue
are the two turfgrasses recognized for generating the most deeply-extending root systems of ALL turfgrass species.
![Page 7: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Turf-type tall fescue roots
Gypsum Control
0-3.5 ”
3.6-7 ”
7-11 ”
Soil chemical or soil physical problem?
![Page 9: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Treatment Options???• Lime
– Agricultural grade limestone is an effective ameliorant of soil acidity
– Commonly incorporated at establishment for production of cotton, soybean, corn, peanuts, etc.
– INCORPORATE is the key word, effective treatment of soil acidity with lime requires tillage into the soil profile
![Page 10: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How Do Turf Managers Like Incorporating Lime?
![Page 11: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How Do Turf Managers Like Incorporating Lime?
They don’t. Turfgrasses are perennial in nature and establishment is not only uncommon, but dreaded!
So how can managers ameliorate the effects of acidity without plowing the lawn?
![Page 12: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Gypsum• Many attributes:
–More soluble than agricultural lime–Doesn’t require tillage or coring–Doesn’t raise pH of the surface soil
• This can cause soil structure and turf disease problems
–Provides sulfate (SO4), the plant essential nutrient form of sulfur
![Page 13: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hydroponic experiment
![Page 14: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tall fescue root growth in Al solutions
Al (mg L-1)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Roo
t mas
s (m
g)
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
![Page 15: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fescue columns (33cm)
ZnO2 paint
![Page 16: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tall fescue root growth column study
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2 5
Gypsum (tons/acre)
0-9 cm
9-18 cm
18-27 cm
a
a
a
b bbb
c c
![Page 17: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Greenhouse Experiment Objectives
1. Construct columns which represent soil profiles indigenous to the SE US.
2. Analyze leachate to confirm calcium sulfate penetration of subsoil, displacement of Al, and/or other soil chemistry alterations.
3. Use installed instrumentation to monitor waterextraction from acidic subsoil by roots, by depth.
4. Simulate drought periods repetitively; mimicking rain patterns, while promoting deep rooting in columns
5. Analyze columns to assess root architecture and calcium saturation of CEC by soil depth.
![Page 18: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Experimental DesignAcidic B Horizon ClaypH w(1:1) 4.9
Exch. Acid 3.9 meq/100g
Mehlich III (M3) exchangeable:
Phosphorus (P) 2.0 lbs/A
Potassium (K) 0.04 meq
Magnesium (Mg) 0.25 meq
Calcium (Ca) 0.65 meq
Total CEC: 4.84 meq
54 cm
8 cm
![Page 20: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Acidic B Horizon ClaypH w(1:1) 4.9
Exch. Acid 3.9 meq/100g
Mehlich III (M3) exchangeable:
Phosphorus (P) 2.0 lbs/A
Potassium (K) 0.04 meq
Magnesium (Mg) 0.25 meq
Calcium (Ca) 0.65 meq
Total CEC: 4.84 meq
Experimental Design
![Page 21: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Experimental Design
![Page 22: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Treatments (5):• Synthetic/FGD Gypsum (Southern Co.)
• Tech. Grade Gypsum (CaSO4•2H2O)
• Calcium Chloride (CaCl2•2H2O)
• Calcitic Lime (100% CCE)• Control
90 columns total; 60 Bermudagrass (‘Princess’ or ‘Sultan’) and 30 turf-type Tall Fescue ‘Rebel’
Half of each instrumented for real-time soil moisture, three replications of six
Experimental Design
![Page 23: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Southern Co. SynGyp, is generated by a ‘wet’ spray-dryer scrubbing process, and contains 23.3% Ca by mass (+/- 0.65), and has a calcium carbonate equivalency of 2.7% (+/- 0.14). Trace element and heavy metal analysis show few impurities
Experimental Design
![Page 24: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The Southern Co. SynGyp is 23.3% Ca by mass (+/- 0.65), and has a calcium carbonate equivalency of 2.7% (+/- 0.14). Trace element and heavy metal analysis show few impurities
Application RatesTreatment lbs/Acre (Ca)Lime 4,332 (1,735)FGD and TG Gypsum13,796 (3,224)
CaCl2 11,825 (3,224)
Experimental Design
![Page 25: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Southern Co. SynGyp is 23.3% Ca by mass (+/- 0.65), and has a calcium carbonate equivalency of 2.7% (+/- 0.14). Trace element and heavy metal analysis show few impurities
Application RatesTreatment Mg/ha (Ca)Lime 4.86 (1.94)FGD and TG Gypsum 15.46 (3.61)
CaCl2 13.25 (3.61)
Experimental Design
![Page 26: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cultural MethodsTF columns mowed every 9±3 days @ 3”
heightNo signs/symptoms of pest activity observed
over the 2-year study, hence no pesticides were applied (tall fescue is good like that)
When >half the TF columns showed stunted growth & leaf firing, all were irrigated with 4” in 1” pulses over 24 hours (every 20-35 days)
Post-estab: ¼ lb N & K2O / 1000 ft2 / month
![Page 28: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cultural MethodsBermudagrass columns mowed every 7±3
days @ 1.4” height
Insect activity was chemically controlled when necessary
When >half the bermuda columns showed stunted growth/dormancy, all were irrigated with 4” in 1” pulses over 24 hours (every 30-50 days)
Post-estab: ¾ lb N & K2O / 1000 ft2 / month
![Page 29: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Leachate chemistry and composition
![Page 30: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Solute transport through 54 cm of red clay, by time after treatment
Months After Treatment (MAT)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Leac
hate
Ele
ctric
al C
ond
. (E
C m
S/c
m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 31: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Aluminum concentration in leachate, by time after treatment
Months After Treatment (MAT)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Leac
hate
Al (
mg/
L)
0
1
2
3
4ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 32: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Calcium concentration in leachate, by time after treatment
Months After Treatment (MAT)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Le
ach
ate
Ca
(m
g/L
)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 33: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Sulfur concentration in leachate, by time after treatment
Months After Treatment (MAT)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Le
ach
ate
S (
mg/
L)
8
16
24
32
40
48
360
390
420ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 34: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Magnesium concentration in leachate, by time after treatment
Months After Treatment (MAT)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Le
ach
ate
Mg
(mg/
L)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 35: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Potassium concentration in leachate, by time after treatment
Months After Treatment (MAT)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Leac
hate
K (
mg/
L)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
13
14
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 36: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Soil nutrient levels by depth
![Page 37: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Extractable Ca (meq/100 g soil)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
So
il de
pth
(cm
)
48
43
38
33
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 38: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Extractable S (mg/kg soil)
150 200 250 300 350 400
Soi
l dep
th (
cm)
48
43
38
33ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 39: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Ratio of Extractable Base Cations to Al (meq/100 g soil)
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
So
il de
pth
(cm
)
48
43
38
33
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 40: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Leaf/shoot biomass production
(generally analogous with quality/vigor)
![Page 41: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Tall Fescue Shoot Biomass Production by TreatmentPenn State Univ. 2003-2005
Control FGD TG-Gypsum CaCl2 Lime
Clip
ping
Yie
ld (
kg h
a-1 d
-1)
10
11
12
13
14
15
![Page 42: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Mean Shoot Biomass Production by Treatment and TurfgrassPenn State Univ. 2003-2005
Princess Sultan Tall Fescue
Clip
ping
Yie
ld (
kg h
a-1 d
-1)
10
11
12
13
14
15
32
34
36
38
40
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 43: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Drought-Stressed Bermudagrass Shoot Biomass Production by Treatment(18 out of 45 CY events) Penn State Univ. 2003-2005
Princess Sultan
Clip
ping
Yie
ld (
kg h
a-1 d
-1)
25
30
35
40
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 44: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Turfgrass water useby soil depth
![Page 45: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
CaCl2
Lime
Gypsums
Control
Top 13-33 cm
Bottom38-58cm
Tall Fescue H2O-use by depth over (14) 10-35 d dry down periods
cm water / day
![Page 46: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Turfgrass nutrient concentration and uptake
![Page 47: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Princess Sultan Tall Fescue
Leaf
Ca
(g k
g-1)
3
4
5
6
7 ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 48: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Princess Sultan Tall Fescue
Lea
f K (
g k
g-1
)
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 49: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Princess Sultan Tall Fescue
Lea
f Mg
(g
kg-1
)
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 50: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Princess Sultan Tall Fescue
Leaf
S (
g kg
-1)
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.6
ControlFGDGypsumCaCl2Lime
![Page 51: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Visual qualityor
percent green coverage
![Page 52: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Princess Bermudagrass Overlay Representing Turf
(60 days after planting, DAP)
Of the 3.8 x 106 pixels in this image, 881,598 are green, exactly 23.2 %
![Page 53: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Princess Bermudagrass Sultan Bermudagrass
300 DAP 300 DAP
![Page 54: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Princess Bermudagrass % Green Cover
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
70 120 170 220 270 320 370
CaCl2ControlLimeGypsum (FGD + TGG)
![Page 55: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Princess Bermudagrass % Green Cover
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
70 120 170 220 270 320 370
CaCl2ControlLimeGypsum (FGD + TGG)
![Page 56: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Princess Bermudagrass % Green Cover
0.25
0.35
0.45
0.55
240 260 280 300
CaCl2ControlLimeGypsum (FGD + TGG)
aa
ab b
b
![Page 57: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
% Green Cover by Treatment of Bermudagrasses in Drought Stress
Princess and Sultan % Green Cover
Gypsums v.Control +9.0 %Lime +7.2 %All others +21.6%FGD v.Control +6.0 %All others +17.2%
![Page 58: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Turfgrass root growth by soil depth
![Page 59: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Tall Fescue root length in the 38 –62 soil depths
![Page 60: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Greenhouse Study Summary• Gypsum trts effectively penetrated 60 cm of
clay soil 1 year after a ~7 ton/A application
• Differences between mined & synthetic gyp were slight, allowing pooled analysis
• Benefits to TF were stark: enhanced growth, total & deep water uptake, deep roots, and leaf S; compared to both Lime and Con trts (with no resulting base cation deficiencies)
• Benefits to bermudagrass include: enhanced growth & color response under drought conditions (deeper roots?)
![Page 61: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Griffin field experiment
![Page 62: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Griffin field experiment
• TurfBermuda
Zoysia
Bentgrass
• TreatmentsControl
Lime
Gypsum (low and high)
Lime + gypsum (low and high)
![Page 63: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
TDR soil moisture meter rods
![Page 64: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Soil profile beneath zoysia
![Page 65: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Zoysia soil moisture use at 8 -23 inches depth (9-23-2004)
1: control2: lime + gypsum
1 2
soil
moi
stur
e (%
)
22
24
26
28
![Page 66: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Turf field demonstrations
usace.army.mil/
![Page 67: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Lane Creek – Athens, GA
•Piedmont region
•Heavy red clay
•Acidic soil
•Bermudagrass
![Page 68: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
The Farm – Dalton, GA
•Ridge and Valley
•Yellow clay
•Neutral soil
•Zoysiagrass
![Page 69: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Waterfall – Clayton, GA
•Blue Ridge Mtns
•Rocky, thin soil
•Acidic
•Bentgrass
![Page 70: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Grand Hotel – Mobile Bay
•Coastal Plain
•Sandy soil
•Close to neutral
•Bermudagrass
![Page 71: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Musgrove – Jasper, AL
•Ridge and Valley
•Yellow clay
•Acidic soil
•Bermudagrass
![Page 72: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Chateau Elan – Buford, GA
•Piedmont region
•Heavy red clay
•Acidic soil
•Bermudagrass
![Page 73: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
UGA soccer fields – Athens
•Piedmont region
•Heavy red clay
•Acidic soil
•Bermudagrass
![Page 74: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Taqueta Falls – Lookout Mtn.
•Ridge and Valley
•Yellow clay
•Acidic soil
•Bermudagrass
![Page 75: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Grapevine researchChateau Elan
![Page 76: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Full Size Pilot Study, Apr 04
• East Lake G.C., Atlanta GA
![Page 77: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Root sampling
![Page 80: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Root Yield (lbs/acre)
Depth
(in
ches)
Control
Gypsum Treatment
Effect of Gypsum Addition on Root Growth at East Lake Golf Club
• Gypsum treatment = 4 tons/acre, April 11, 2005• Samples collected May 19, 2006
![Page 81: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Summary• Large (>5 ton) gypsum apps to turfgrass did
not induce salt or phytotoxic injury
• More significant advantages of gypsum applications are associated with turfgrasses poorly adapted to weathered, acid soils
• Continuing turfgrass root analysis should demonstrate advantages of increased Ca:Al ratio in acid subsoils
• Leaf Ca and S were not always correlated to root length and water use benefits
![Page 82: Turfgrass Growth and Water Use in Gypsum-Treated Ultisols M.J. Schlossberg Penn State University](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062421/56649cf65503460f949c5732/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Acknowledgements• Lamar Larrimore, Southern Company
• Dr. Bill Miller, University of Georgia
• Dr. John Kruse, University of Georgia
• Dr. Malcom Sumner, University of Georgia
• Michael Wolfe, Southern Company