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THE DRUG PROBLEM IN TURKEY AT A GLANCE
NB: Data presented here are either national estimates (prevalence of use, opioid drug users) or numbers reported through the EMCDDA indicators (treatment clients, syringes, deaths and HIV diagnoses, drug lawoffences and seizures). Detailed information on methodology and caveats and comments on the limitations in the information set available can be found in the EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin. Outpatient treatment demandsare not included.
TurkeyTurkey Country Drug Report 2019
This report presents the top-level overview of the drug phenomenon in Turkey, covering drug supply, use and public health
problems as well as drug policy and responses. The statistical data reported relate to 2017 (or most recent year) and are
provided to the EMCDDA by the national focal point, unless stated otherwise.
Drug use
in young adults (15-34 years) in the last year
Cannabis
1.8 %
Other drugs
MDMA 0.2 %Cocaine 0.1 %
0.2 %
3.5 %
Female Male
All treatment entrants
by primary drug
Cannabis, 6 %Amphetamines, 6 %Cocaine, 4 %Heroin, 58 %Other, 25 %
Opioid substitution treatmentclients
12 500
Overdose deaths
941
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
New HIV diagnoses attributed toinjecting
Source: ECDC
141414
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
0
3
6
9
12
15
Drug law offences
118 482
Top 5 drugs seized
ranked according to quantities measured inkilograms
1. Herbal cannabis2. Cannabis resin3. Heroin4. Cocaine5. Metanphetamine
Population
(15-64 years)
54 237 586
Source: Eurostat Extracted on: 18/03/2019
Page 1 of 24
Focus of national drug strategy documents: illicit drugs or broader
National drug strategy and coordination
National drug strategy
Launched in 2018, Turkey’s National Strategy and Action to Combat Illegal Drugs (2018-23) is the country’s fifth strategic drugpolicy document. The strategy and action plan were developed and endorsed in conjunction with a range of key stakeholdersand are based on the two pillars of drug supply reduction and drug demand reduction, and the two transversal themes ofcoordination and communication, and monitoring and evaluation. Alongside overall aims and objectives for the strategy, keyactions are defined for each pillar, alongside the responsible implementing parties, targets and indicators.
In Turkey, drug policy and the National Anti-Drug Strategy Paper are evaluated through ongoing indicator monitoring andspecific research projects.
National coordination mechanisms
The High Council for the Fight Against Addiction has been responsible for interministerial coordination on drug and addictionpolicy issues in Turkey since 2017. It is tasked with high-level strategy development, the development of inter-institutionalcoordination and monitoring of strategy implementation. The High Council includes ministers from all relevant ministriesinvolved in delivering the objectives of the national drug strategy. The Board for the Fight Against Addictions supports thework of the High Council. It is responsible for national strategic and operational coordination and is one of several structuresthat has responsibility for overseeing the implementation and monitoring of the national drug strategy. The Technical Board forthe Fight Against Addictions is an advisory body that assists the Board in its work and includes a range of specialisedmembers. The Turkish Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction is attached to the Ministry of the Interior/TurkishNational Police/Counter-Narcotics Department. The Department of Smuggling, Intelligence, Operation and Data Collection isalso attached to the Ministry of the Interior and is responsible for the coordination and implementation of the national drugstrategy on behalf of the institutions that are attached to the Ministry of the Interior and for monitoring the drug situationthroughout the country. The Ministry of Health is also involved in the coordination and implementation of the strategy andaction plan. There are currently 81 provincial and district Boards for the Fight Against Drugs, as part of local health authorities,covering all provinces of the country.
NB: Data from 2017. Strategies with a broader focus may include, for example, licit substances and other addictions.
Illicit drugs focusBroader focus
Page 2 of 24
Public expenditure
Understanding the costs of drug-related actions is an important aspect of drug policy. In Turkey, the financing of drug-relatedactivities is decided annually by the entities in charge of their implementation.
In 2017, drug-related expenditure was estimated at TRY 936.2 million (EUR 157.2 million), amounting to 0.03 % of grossdomestic product (GDP). Estimated drug-related expenditure increased 19 % compared with 2016 (after taking inflation intoaccount); however, as a proportion of GDP, it had decreased since 2013, when it was estimated at 0.05 % of GDP.
Page 3 of 24
Legal penalties: the possibility of incarceration forpossession of drugs for personal use (minor offence)
Drug laws and drug law offences
National drug laws
The Turkish Penal Code specifies prison sentences of 1-2 years for those who buy, receive, cultivate or possess drugs forpersonal use. There is also the option of treatment and/or probation of up to 3 years. If drug users refuse treatment or do notcomply with their probation requirements, the courts can impose a prison sentence. No punishment will apply if a dependentuser requests treatment before investigation; in such cases, healthcare professionals are not obliged to report the offence.
The production and import or export of drugs are punishable by a prison sentence of not less than 10 years, and sale orsupply by a sentence of 5-15 years. Punishments are linked to drug type, with a specific requirement to increase thesesentences by 50 % if the drugs involved are cocaine, heroin, morphine or morphine base, or synthetic cannabinoids; a similarincrease is imposed in cases in which a group of people is involved or in which those convicted hold a position that areregulated by law, such as doctors, pharmacists or other health professionals. If organised crime is involved, the penalty isdoubled.
Since 2015, seven generic groups of substances have been included in the main drug control law, which covers thetrafficking of new psychoactive substances in Turkey.
Drug law offences
Drug law offence (DLO) data are the foundation for monitoring drug-related crime and are also a measure of law enforcementactivity and drug market dynamics; they may be used to inform policies on the implementation of drug laws and to improvestrategies.
The data on DLOs in Turkey indicate a significant increase in the number of DLOs reported in 2017 compared with theprevious year (45 %). The majority of offences reported were related to drug use or possession.
NB: Data from 2017.
For any minor drugpossessionNot for minorcannabispossession, butpossible for otherdrug possessionNot for minor drugpossession
Page 4 of 24
Reported drug law offences and offenders in Turkey
NB: Data from 2017.
Drug law offenders
170 175
Drug law offences
118 482
Use/possession, 91876Supply, 26606
Page 5 of 24
Estimates of last-year drug use among young adults (15-34 years) inTurkey
Drug use
Prevalence and trends
The most recent data on illicit drug use among the adult general population in Turkey are available from a general populationstudy conducted in 2017. The reported use of illicit substances among the general population in Turkey remains low. In 2017,cannabis was the most common illicit drug used by adults aged 15-64 years, followed by MDMA/ecstasy and cocaine. Thehighest rates of illicit drug use were reported among young males aged 15-34 years.
Drug use data among students were reported in a 2011 attitude and behaviour survey on tobacco, alcohol and drug useamong 14- to 19-year-old students in high school. About 1 % of 15-year-old students reported lifetime use of any drug, whilethe proportion increased to 1.5 % when all respondents were considered. About 0.3 % of all respondents reported havingever used cannabis, although this figure should be treated with caution, as it was calculated based on responses to open-ended questions and, given this, the results are not comparable with those of other similar studies in Europe.
Istanbul participated for the first time in the Europe-wide annual wastewater campaigns undertaken by the Sewage AnalysisCore Group Europe (SCORE). This study provides data on drug use at a municipal level, based on the levels of illicit drugsand their metabolites found in sources of wastewater. For Istanbul, the collected data are from one of its 14 treatment plants.Results were available for amphetamine and methamphetamine, with higher levels detected at weekends.
CannabisYoung adults reporting use in the last year
0.2 %
3.5 %
Female Male
1.8 %
2.4 %
1.3 %
0.7 %
0.3 %
0.5 %
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
Prevalence by age
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Trends
CocaineYoung adults reporting use in the last year
0.2 %
Female Male
0.1 %
0.1 %
0.1 %
0 %
0 %
0 %
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
Prevalence by age
Page 6 of 24
National estimates of last year prevalence of high-risk opioid use
NB: Estimated last-year prevalence of drug use in 2017.
High-risk drug use and trends
Studies reporting estimates of high-risk drug use can help to identify the extent of the more entrenched drug use problems,while data on first-time entrants to specialised drug treatment centres, when considered alongside other indicators, caninform an understanding of the nature of and trends in high-risk drug use.
High-risk drug use in Turkey is mainly linked to the use of opioids. In the last 5 years, the number of inpatient treatmentdemands reported in Turkey has increased; this is mostly attributed to increased coverage of data reporting. Data fromspecialised inpatient treatment centres indicate that heroin was the most commonly reported primary substance for first-timeclients entering treatment in 2017.
Injecting drug use was reported by about one fifth of all clients entering treatment, and there are indications of a continuousdecline in the levels of heroin injecting in Turkey. The majority of drug treatment clients are male.
MDMAYoung adults reporting use in the last year
0.3 %
Female Male
0.2 %
0.2 %
0.2 %
0 %
0 %
0.1 %
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
Prevalence by age
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Trends
NB: Data from 2017, or the most recent year for which data are available.
Rate per 1 000 population0.0-2.52.51-5.0> 5.0No data available
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Characteristics and trends of drug users entering specialised drugtreatment in Turkey
Cannabisusers entering treatment
3 %
97 %
Female Male
745520
All entrants
First-time entrants
18
27
Mean age at first use
Mean age at firsttreatment entry
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0
200
400
600
800
Cocaineusers entering treatment
6 %
94 %
Female Male
456247
All entrants
First-time entrants
28
31
Mean age at first use
Mean age at firsttreatment entry
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0
50
100
150
200
250
Heroinusers entering treatment
5 %
95 %
Female Male
67382422
All entrants
First-time entrants
21
25
Mean age at first use
Mean age at firsttreatment entry
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
Page 8 of 24
NB: Data from 2017. Data are for first-time entrants, except for the data on gender, which are for all treatment entrants. Outpatient treatment demands are not included.
Amphetaminesusers entering treatment
5 %
95 %
Female Male
751549
All entrants
First-time entrants
23
25
Mean age at first use
Mean age at firsttreatment entry
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0100200300400500600
Page 9 of 24
Newly diagnosed HIV cases attributed to injecting drug use
Drug-related infectious diseases
In Turkey, information on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is provided by the Public Health Agency of theMinistry of Health and the Directorate-General for Health Services of the Ministry of Health and is complemented by the resultsof hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV testing among people who inject drugs (PWID) who have beenadmitted to specialised treatment centres.
Prevalence of HIV and HCV antibodies among people who inject drugs in Turkey (%) Region HCV HIV
Data from 2015 (HIV) and from 2017 (HCV).
National 45.77 0 Sub-national : :
The available data indicate that there were 14 newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection linked to injecting drug use in 2017,corresponding to 1 % of new cases with information on the route of transmission. None of the almost 3 000 drug treatmentclients who were tested in 2015 was HIV positive, while 4 out of 10 treatment clients tested positive for HCV antibodies.
The prevalence of HBV infection among PWID who are in treatment is within the range of HBV prevalence among the generalpopulation: around 3 % of females and 4 % of males are HBV positive.
Drug-induced deaths and mortality
Drug-induced deaths are deaths that can be directly attributed to the use of illicit drugs (i.e. poisonings and overdoses).
In 2017, the number of drug-induced deaths reported through the special death registry of the Turkish Ministry of Justicestabilised following large year-on-year increases that had been observed since 2012. The vast majority of the deceased weremale, and the mean age at death was 32 years. Toxicological analysis was available for all confirmed drug-induced deaths.More than one substance was detected in the majority of deaths. Synthetic cannabinoids were present in two thirds of casesand, in half of these, synthetic cannabinoids were the only substances detected. Opioids, mainly heroin, were involved in lessthan a quarter of the deaths. MDMD/ecstasy, amphetamines and cocaine are other substances regularly involved in drug-induced deaths in Turkey.
The estimated drug-induced mortality rate among adults (aged 15-64 years) was 17 deaths per million in 2017, which is lowerthan the most recent European average of 22 deaths per million.
Data from 2017. Source: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (www.ecdc.europa.eu).
Cases per million population<33.1-66.1-99.1-12>12
Page 10 of 24
Drug-induced mortality rates among adults (15-64 years)
NB: Data from 2017, or the most recent year for which data are available. Comparisons between countries should be undertaken with caution. The reasons for thisinclude systematic under-reporting in some countries, and different reporting systems, case definitions and registration processes. Data for Greece are for all ages.
Cases per million population<1010-40> 40
Page 11 of 24
Characteristics of and trends in drug-induced deaths in Turkey NB: Year of
data 2017
Gender distribution
3 %
97 %
Female Male
Toxicology
Deaths with opioids present among deaths with knowntoxicology
Trends in the number of drug-induced deaths
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
Age distribution of deaths in 2017
Turkey EU
<15
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
>65
0.0 % 5.0 % 10.0 % 15.0 % 20.0 % 25.0 %
24.0 %
Page 12 of 24
Prevention
The Ministry of Family and Social Policies, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of the Interior, the national focal point to theEMCDDA and the Turkish Green Crescent society are the main implementing agencies for the prevention activities describedin Turkey’s National Anti-Drug Action Plan. At the local level, provincial steering committees chaired by deputy governorsprepare local action plans in line with the needs of their provinces.
Prevention interventions
Prevention interventions encompass a wide range of approaches, which are complementary. Environmental and universalstrategies target entire populations, selective prevention targets vulnerable groups that may be at greater risk of developingsubstance use problems and indicated prevention focuses on at-risk individuals.
Environmental prevention activities in Turkey focus on the decision-making process surrounding drug use and on restrictingaccess to substances. For instance, audits are carried out to prevent the use of tobacco products in indoor areas, and the‘Price and Taxation System’ regulates taxes for alcoholic beverages. The advertisement and presentation of substances arealso limited.
The Ministry of National Education is directly responsible for the implementation of universal drug prevention in Turkishschools. Prevention interventions targeting young people are also supported by non-governmental organisations. Themethods used include counselling support, seminars, discussion panels and conferences. Manual-based programmes arerare. Some family-oriented prevention projects are carried out in cooperation with school counselling centres. At thecommunity level, prevention activities are mainly informative.
In Turkey, some selective prevention interventions focus on awareness-raising and information provision, while Social ServicesCentres provide some social assistance and referrals to treatment institutions for homeless children and young people.Indicated prevention in the country is uncommon. The Green Crescent Counselling Centre provides services to those whomisuse substances and their families.
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Harm reduction
Harm reduction interventions are not available in Turkey.
Availablity of selected harm reduction responses in Europe
Country Needle and syringeprogrammes
Take-home naloxoneprogrammes
Drug consumptionrooms
Heroin-assistedtreatment
Austria Yes No No NoBelgium Yes No Yes NoBulgaria Yes No No NoCroatia Yes No No NoCyprus Yes No No NoCzechia Yes No No NoDenmark Yes Yes Yes YesEstonia Yes Yes No NoFinland Yes No No NoFrance Yes Yes Yes NoGermany Yes Yes Yes YesGreece Yes No No NoHungary Yes No No NoIreland Yes Yes No NoItaly Yes Yes No NoLatvia Yes No No NoLithuania Yes Yes No NoLuxembourg Yes No Yes YesMalta Yes No No NoNetherlands Yes No Yes YesNorway Yes Yes Yes NoPoland Yes No No NoPortugal Yes No No NoRomania Yes No No NoSlovakia Yes No No NoSlovenia Yes No No NoSpain Yes Yes Yes NoSweden Yes No No NoTurkey No No No NoUnitedKingdom Yes Yes No Yes
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Treatment
The treatment system
The current national strategy outlines treatment-related objectives that focus on facilitating drug users’ access to treatmentand care services that meet the established standards and protocols. The implementation of drug-related treatment in Turkeyis the responsibility of the Ministry of Health, and the Science Committee for Substance Addiction is responsible for its nationalcoordination. Since the end of 2013, Provincial Healthcare Directorates have been authorised to license and supervisesubstance use treatment centres.
Drug treatment is provided by the Alcohol-Substance Addiction Research, Therapy and Education Centres, psychiatric clinicsin public hospitals under the Ministry of Health, university-based treatment units and some private hospitals. The majority ofthese institutions provide inpatient and outpatient treatment. Funding for drug treatment services is mainly provided by thestate through social or health insurance funds. Most drug treatment services treat dependency in general, providing treatmentfor both alcohol and illicit drug use.
Drug treatment programmes in Turkey aim to help clients achieve a drug-free state. An essential part of the treatment isdetoxification, which is complemented by other interventions consisting of motivational interviewing techniques and cognitivetherapies that aim to prevent relapse. Pharmacological treatment with opioid agonists or an antagonist is also available. Sometreatment centres provide short-term residential treatment, and some non-governmental organisations provide treatmentcommunities.
Opioid substitution treatment (OST) using buprenorphine-based medication has been available in Turkey since 2010. Alltreatment centres that are licensed by the Ministry of Health can provide OST. Up to 80 % of OST medication costs arecovered by general health insurance; clients contribute the remaining 20 %.
Drug treatment in Turkey: settings and number treated
Treatment provision
In 2017, the majority of drug-related treatment in Turkey took place in outpatient settings.
Treatment demand data in Turkey are reported by 45 inpatient treatment centres. Outpatient centres in the country do notreport data on their clients.
Outpatient
Inpatient
NB: Data from 2017.
Specialised drug treatment centres (193847)
Hospital-based residential drug treatment (11828)
Page 15 of 24
Trends in percentage of clients entering specialised drug treatment, by primary drug, inTurkey
The majority of clients entering inpatient drug treatment services in 2017 required treatment for primary opioid use, mainly useof heroin, followed by cannabis and stimulants other than cocaine. Since 2014, increases in the number of new clientsentering inpatient treatment for problems related to primary use of amphetamines and cocaine have been reported; however,trend data present methodological limitations.
The proportion of cannabis-related inpatient treatment entries has decreased in the last decade, while, in recent years, theproportion of clients who have entered treatment for the use of other illicit substances, mostly synthetic cannabinoids, hasincreased.
NB: Outpatient treatment demands are not included.
Amphetamines Cannabis Cocaine Opioids Other drugs
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 20170
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Page 16 of 24
Drug use and responses in prison
In 2017, there were 386 penal institutions in Turkey. Around 2 in 10 prisoners were sentenced for drug law offences; theproportion of drug law offenders among all prisoners has been on the rise in recent years. No data on drug use amongprisoners are available in the country.
Drug treatment in prisons is managed by the Ministry of Health, following treatment guidelines and in accordance with the law.Family doctors are required to provide mobile/temporary healthcare services.
Psychosocial support services provided in penal institutions are aimed at protecting and promoting the physical and mentalhealth of both prisoners and staff. A project for the rehabilitation of prisoners with mental health problems and drugdependency in Turkish prisons has been implemented, with the objectives of ensuring that prisoners with mental healthproblems receive proper assessment and diagnosis; developing and implementing effective intervention programmes;creating a supportive environment for mental health; protecting the mental health of staff; and increasing employee awarenessof mental health.
Drug treatment in Turkish prisons focuses on motivational interventions, information awareness and the management ofwithdrawal symptoms through relaxation techniques.
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Drug markets
Turkey is an important transit country between Europe and the Middle East. It also represents a large consumer market.Located on the Balkan route, it is a key transit point for illicit drugs, such as heroin transported from Afghanistan to Europe,sometimes in exchange for acetic anhydride (the main precursor in the production of heroin) or synthetic drugs. Althoughtraditional trafficking methods by land, sea or air dominate in Turkey, an increase in the use of postal packages has beennoted, in particular for new psychoactive substances.
Cannabis products, originating primarily from western Balkans countries or Morocco, are the most frequently seized drugs inTurkey. Domestic cannabis cultivation has been reported, although it is rarely trafficked outside the country.
Cocaine enters Turkey from South America, destined for the domestic market or in transit to other European countries,Azerbaijan and Iraq. The majority of large cocaine seizures take place in the international sea ports on the Mediterraneancoast.
Captagon tablets (or tablets displaying a Captagon logo containing amphetamine as their active ingredient) produced insouth-east Europe are smuggled through Turkey en route to countries in the Middle East. A small proportion of theseCaptagon tablets is destined for the domestic Turkish market.
Methamphetamine, produced in the Far East, enters Turkey through Iran or arrives directly by air. MDMA/ecstasy seized inTurkey originates from the Netherlands and Belgium and has traditionally been seized in the western parts of the country,although reports on seizures of MDMA in the eastern provinces have increased in recent years. Synthetic cannabinoids, whichappeared on the Turkish drug market in 2010, originate from China, Europe and the United States. Some reports indicatepossible processing and packaging activities of these substances in Turkey.
Data on the retail price and purity of some illicit substances seized are shown in the ‘Key statistics’ section.
Page 18 of 24
Drug seizures in Turkey: trends in number of seizures (left) and quantities seized (right)
Number of seizures
Quantities seized
NB: Data from 2017.
Methamphetamine MDMAHeroin Herbal cannabisCocaine Cannabis resinCannabis plants Amphetamine
2…2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
0
10k
20k
30k
40k
50k
60k
70k
80k
90k
Methamphetamine(658.14 kg)
Heroin (17385.176 kg)
Herbal cannabis (94378.74kg)
Page 19 of 24
Key statistics
Most recent estimates and data reported
EU range
Year Countrydata Min. Max.
CannabisLifetime prevalence of use — schools (% , Source: ESPAD) n.a. n.a. 6.51 36.79Last year prevalence of use — young adults (%) 2017 1.8 1.8 21.8Last year prevalence of drug use — all adults (%) 2017 1.1 0.9 11All treatment entrants (%) 2017 6.4 1.03 62.98First-time treatment entrants (%) 2017 9.2 2.3 74.36Quantity of herbal cannabis seized (kg) 2017 94 378.7 11.98 94 378.74Number of herbal cannabis seizures 2017 41 929 57 151 968Quantity of cannabis resin seized (kg) 2017 81 429.2 0.16 334 919Number of cannabis resin seizures 2017 8 718 8 157 346Potency — herbal (% THC) (minimum and maximum values registered) 20170.02 - 20.53 0 65.6Potency — resin (% THC) (minimum and maximum values registered) 20170.02 - 32.94 0 55Price per gram — herbal (EUR) (minimum and maximum values registered) n.a. n.a. 0.58 64.52Price per gram — resin (EUR) (minimum and maximum values registered) n.a. n.a. 0.15 35
CocaineLifetime prevalence of use — schools (% , Source: ESPAD) n.a. n.a. 0.85 4.85Last year prevalence of use — young adults (%) 2017 0.1 0.1 4.7Last year prevalence of drug use — all adults (%) 2017 0.1 0.1 2.7All treatment entrants (%) 2017 3.9 0.14 39.2First-time treatment entrants (%) 2017 4.4 0 41.81Quantity of cocaine seized (kg) 2017 1 475.6 0.32 44 751.85Number of cocaine seizures 2017 3 829 9 42 206Purity (%) (minimum and maximum values registered) n.a. n.a. 0 100Price per gram (EUR) (minimum and maximum values registered) n.a. n.a. 2.11 350
AmphetaminesLifetime prevalence of use — schools (% , Source: ESPAD) n.a. n.a. 0.84 6.46Last year prevalence of use — young adults (%) n.a. n.a. 0 3.9Last year prevalence of drug use — all adults (%) n.a. n.a. 0 1.8All treatment entrants (%) 2017 6.5 0 49.61First-time treatment entrants (%) 2017 9.7 0 52.83Quantity of amphetamine seized (kg) 2017 29.1 0 1 669.42Number of amphetamine seizures 2017 1 637 1 5 391Purity — amphetamine (%) (minimum and maximum values registered) 20175.18 - 13.39 0.07 100Price per gram — amphetamine (EUR) (minimum and maximum valuesregistered) n.a. n.a. 3 156.25
MDMALifetime prevalence of use — schools (% , Source: ESPAD) n.a. n.a. 0.54 5.17Last year prevalence of use — young adults (%) 2017 0.2 0.2 7.1Last year prevalence of drug use — all adults (%) 2017 0.1 0.1 3.3All treatment entrants (%) 2017 2 0 2.31First-time treatment entrants (%) 2017 2.9 0 2.85Quantity of MDMA seized (tablets) n.a. 8 606 765 159 8 606 765Number of MDMA seizures 2017 6 663 13 6 663Purity (MDMA mg per tablet) (minimum and maximum values registered) 2017 15.71 - 186 0 410Purity (MDMA % per tablet) (minimum and maximum values registered) n.a. n.a. 2.14 87Price per tablet (EUR) (minimum and maximum values registered) n.a. n.a. 1 40
OpioidsHigh-risk opioid use (rate/1 000) n.a. n.a. 0.48 8.42All treatment entrants (%) 2017 58.6 3.99 93.45First-time treatment entrants (%) 2017 43.4 1.8 87.36Quantity of heroin seized (kg) 2017 17 385.2 0.01 17 385.18Number of heroin seizures 2017 12 932 2 12 932Purity — heroin (%) (minimum and maximum values registered) 2017 0.7 - 90 0 91Price per gram — heroin (EUR) (minimum and maximum values registered) n.a. n.a. 5 200
Drug-related infectious diseases/injecting/deathNewly diagnosed HIV cases related to injecting drug use (cases/millionpopulation, Source: ECDC) 2017 0.2 0 47.8HIV prevalence among PWID* (%) 2015 0 0 31.1HCV prevalence among PWID* (%) 2017 45.77 14.7 81.5Injecting drug use (cases rate/1 000 population) n.a. n.a. 0.08 10.02Drug-induced deaths — all adults (cases/million population) 2017 16.72 2.44 129.79
Health and social responsesSyringes distributed through specialised programmes n.a. n.a. 245 11 907 416
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Clients in substitution treatment 2011 12 500 209 178 665
Treatment demandAll entrants 2017 11 633 179 118 342First-time entrants 2017 5 648 48 37 577All clients in treatment 2015 206 174 1 294 254 000
Drug law offencesNumber of reports of offences 2017 118 482 739 389 229Offences for use/possession 2017 91 876 130 376 282
Outpatient treatment demands are not included.
Page 21 of 24
EU Dashboard
EU Dashboard
CannabisLast year prevalence among young adults (15-34 years)
1.8 %
21.8 %
1.8 %
FR IT CZ ES NL HR DK AT IE EE FI DE UK BG SI BE NO LV LU PL SE SK PT LT RO EL CY HU TR MT
CocaineLast year prevalence among young adults (15-34 years)
0.1 %
4.7 %
0.1 %
UK NL DK FR IE ES SE NO IT HR EE DE LV SI FI BE HU EL LU BG AT CY PL LT PT SK CZ RO TR MT
MDMALast year prevalence among young adults (15-34 years)
0.2 %
7.1 %
0.2 %
NL IE UK BG FI EE NO CZ HU SE DK HR FR DE SK ES AT LT PL BE IT LV SI EL LU CY PT RO TR MT
Page 22 of 24
NB: Caution is required in interpreting data when countries are compared using any single measure, as, for example, differences may be due to reporting practices. Detailed information on methodology,qualifcations on analysis and comments on the limitations of the information available can be found in the EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin. Last year prevalence estimated among young adults aged 16-34years in Denmark, Norway and the United Kingdom; 17-34 in Sweden; and 18-34 in France, Germany, Greece and Hungary. Drug-induced mortality rate for Greece are for all ages.
Drug-induced mortality ratesNational estimates among adults (15-64 years)
16.7cases/million
129.8
16.7
2.4
EE SE NO UK IE DK FI LT SI CY AT HR NL DE LU LV TR MT ES BE IT FR PL EL CZ HU SK PT BG RO
HIV infectionsNewly diagnosed cases attributed to injecting drug use
0.2cases/million
47.8
0.2 0.1
LT LV LU EE EL BG RO IE ES SE FI PT UK IT DE AT NO CZ DK PL BE FR TR HU NL HR CY MT SK SI
HCV antibody prevalenceNational estimates among injecting drug users
45.8 %
81.5 %
45.8 %
14.7 %
PT LU EL ES IT PL LV CY HU NO TR MT SI IE CZ AT BE BG HR DK EE FI FR DE LT NL RO SK SE UK
Page 23 of 24
Methodological note: Analysis of trends is based only on those countries providing sufficient data to describe changes over the period specified. Thereader should also be aware that monitoring patterns and trends in a hidden and stigmatised behaviour like drug use is both practically andmethodologically challenging. For this reason, multiple sources of data are used for the purposes of analysis in this report. Caution is therefore requiredin interpretation, in particular when countries are compared on any single measure. Detailed information on methodology and caveats and commentson the limitations in the information set available can be found in the EMCDDA Statistical Bulletin .
About our partner in Turkey
The Turkish Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction(TUBİM) is attached to the Ministry of Interior/Turkish NationalPolice/ Counter Narcotics Department. It is responsible for thecoordination and implementation of the national drug strategy onbehalf of the Ministry of Interior and for monitoring the drugsituation in the whole country. It does this through its network ofprovincial focal points around the country. TUBİM also managesTurkey’s National Early Warning System for monitoring newpsychoactive substances. Comprised of academics from arange of disciplines, TUBİM’s Scientific Committee reviewsevidence that is related to drug policy issues and providesadvice to the government.
Click here to learn more about our partner in Turkey .
Turkish national focal point
Turkish Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
Counter narcotics DepartmentTurkish National Police
Meşrutiyet Mah. Konur Sok.
No:40 Ankara
06640 Ankara /Turkey
Tel. +90 312 462 80 50
Head of national focal point: Mr Murat Sarigüzel
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