turkey - european environment agencyturkey 2 land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012...

Country fact sheet

September 2017

Photo: © Toni García, My City/EEA

Land cover 2012

Turkey

Turkey

1

Land cover 2012 Overview of land cover & change 2006-2012 The overall pace of land cover development in Turkey has increased, comparing with the previous period. However, the overall annual change rate – 0,12% - is still quite low in comparison with other European countries – about one half of the European average. The landscape exchange in the country is driven by forest creation and management, followed by the sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures and internal agricultural conversions. Water bodies creation occurs much more frequently in Turkey, than in the period 2000-2006 and became one of the most significant drivers of change in the landscape of this country. The artificial sprawl in Turkey has accelerated – with 1.34% annual artificial land take rate is more than twice higher, than in the period 2000-2006. The major concentration of the sprawl is situated around the Bosphorus strait. There is also the highest amount of forest conversions situated in that area. Unlike in previous period, the changes in land cover are densely scattered over the whole country. Note: The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:100.000 scale across Europe over more than decade between 2000-2006-2012 - see Corine land cover (CLC) programme for details. The accounts for Azores and Madeira are not included into this analysis. Number of years between CLC2006-CLC2012 data for Turkey: 6

2%

26%

17%25%

12%

15%

1% 2%

1.1. Land cover 2012[% of total]

-60000

-30000

0

30000

60000

90000

1.2. Net change in land cover 2006-2012 [ha]

-1.0

2.0

5.0

8.0

1.3. Net change in land cover [% of initial year

2006]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

Summary balance table 2006-2012

Art

ific

ial a

rea

s

Ara

ble

lan

d &

pe

rma

ne

nt

cro

ps

Pa

stu

res

& m

osa

ics

Fo

rest

ed

lan

d

Se

mi-

na

tura

l v

eg

eta

tio

n

Op

en

sp

ace

s/ b

are

so

ils

We

tla

nd

s

Wa

ter

bo

die

s

TO

TA

L[h

un

dre

ds

ha

]

Land cover 2006 13095 204569 135313 194304 97798 117826 4195 13071 780172

Consumption of initial LC 393.2 822.5 820.9 2527.9 460.6 322.5 39.1 60.3 5447

Formation of new LC 1374.7 595.9 309.6 2494.3 79.3 29.9 23.8 539.5 5447

Net Formation of LC 981.5 -226.6 -511.3 -33.6 -381.3 -292.6 -15.3 479.2 0

Net formation as % of initial year 7.5 -0.1 -0.4 0.0 -0.4 -0.2 -0.4 3.7

Total turnover of LC 1767.9 1418.4 1130.5 5022.2 539.9 352.4 62.9 599.8 10894

Total turnover as % of initial year 13.5 0.7 0.8 2.6 0.6 0.3 1.5 4.6 1.4

Land cover 2012 14077 204342 134802 194271 97417 117534 4180 13550 780172

Turkey

2

Land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012

0.08%

0.12%

0 30000 60000 90000

2000-2006

2006-2012

2.4. Annual land cover change[ha/year, % of total area]

0 30000 60000 90000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land

Semi-natural vegetation

Open spaces/ bare soils

Wetlands

Water bodies

2.5. Annual turnover of LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-10000 0 10000 20000

Artificial areas

Arable land& permanent crops

Pastures& mosaics

Forested land



Wetlands

Water bodies

2.6. Net annual change of LC types [ha/year]

Summary trend figures 2000-2006 2006-2012

Annual land cover change [ha/year] 62291 90783

Annual land cover change as % of initial year 0.08% 0.12%Land uptake by artificial development as mean annual change [ha/year] 7201 17563

Agricultural land uptake by urban and infrastructures development as mean annual change [ha/year] 5665 15126

Net uptake of forests and semi-natural land by agriculture as mean annual change [ha/year] 4093 3049

Net conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops as mean annual change [ha/year] 1316 1622

Forest & other woodland net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 1407 -560

Dry semi-natural land cover net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] -5367 -10607

Wetlands & water bodies net formation as mean annual change [ha/year] 269 7731

0

20000

40000

lcf1

Urb

an la

nd m

anag

emen

t

lcf2

Urb

an r

esid

entia

l spr

awl

lcf3

Spr

awl o

f ec

onom

ic s

ites

and

infr

astr

uctu

res

lcf4

Agr

icul

ture

inte

rnal

con

vers

ions

lcf5

Con

vers

ion

from

for

este

d &

natu

ral l

and

to a

gric

ultu

re

lcf6

Withd

raw

al o

f fa

rmin

g

lcf7

For

ests

cre

atio

n an

dm

anag

emen

t

lcf8

Wat

er b

odie

s cr

eatio

n a

ndm

anag

emen

t

lcf9

Cha

nges

due

to

natu

ral a

ndm

ultip

le c

ause

s

2.7. Intensity of main change drivers (LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

3

Artificial surfaces sprawl (2006-2012)

0.57

%

1.34

%

0

10000

20000

2000-2006 2006-2012

3.8. Artificial land take [ha/year,

% of initial year]

Artificial sprawl accelerates rapidly

The artificial development in Turkey in 2006-2012 is very intensive and it is the second most powerful driver of change in the country. Also, comparing with the European average, the artificial land take rate of Turkey is very high – 1.34% - which is the second highest in Europe, behind Spain. There has been observed a rapid acceleration of the sprawl – the land take rate is more than twice higher than in the period 2000-2006. The major concentration of artificial development is located around the Bosphorus strait – the rest of the country is covered by scattered sprawl, with highest density along the western coast and also in the surroundings of the capital city of Ankara. Construction and sprawl of mines and quarrying areas are the two strongest drivers of land take, followed by diffuse residential sprawl and industrial and commercial one. All of these flows show significantly higher intensity, compared with previous the period. Also the pace of internal recycling of developed urban land – represented by conversion from construction sites - has increased very rapidly.

68%

13%

5%

9% 5%

3.9. Artificial surfaces 2012 [% of total area]

0 2000 4000 6000

3.10. Artificial land take 2006-2012 [ha/year]

-500

1500

3500

Con

tinu

ous

urba

n fa

bric

Dis

cont

inuo

us u

rban

fab

ric

Ind

ustr

ial o

r co

mm

erci

alun

its

Roa

d an

d ra

il ne

twor

ks a

ndas

soci

ated

land

Por

t ar

eas

Airpo

rts

Min

eral

ext

ract

ion

site

s

Dum

p si

tes

Con

stru

ctio

n si

tes

Gre

en u

rban

are

as

Spo

rt a

nd le

isur

e fa

cilit

ies

3.11. Mean annual artificial change by class [ha/year]

2000-2012

2006-2012

Turkey

4

Agriculture (2006-2012)

Prevailing conversion from pasture to arable

Behind the consumption of agricultural land by artificial land take and also by water bodies creation, the development of agricultural land in the country is driven by internal agricultural conversions, which occur with significantly higher intensity, compared to the previous period. Prevailing direction is the conversion from pasture to arable land and permanent crops – in particular the diffuse one. However, both diffuse and uniform extension of set aside fallow land and pasture are also very frequent processes in the Turkish landscape. As mentioned above, the agricultural land is frequently consumed by water bodies creation and also by intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture to a lesser extent.

21134%

21220%

2130.4%221

1%2224%

2231%

2316%

2410.001

%

24213%

24321%

4.12. Agricultural areas 2012 [% of total area]

-0.4

2%

-0.4

0%

-1.3

2%

-0.0

7%

-0.2

4%

-0.1

8%

-1.5

3%

-0.8

0%

-0.2

4%

0.14

%

0.24

%

3.70

%

0.76

%

0.89

%

1.87

%

0.48

%

0.39

%

0.07

%

-50000

-25000

0

25000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land

Ric

e fie

lds

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

pe

rman

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.13. Development of agricultural areas 2006-2012– detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

211 Non-irrigated arable land

212 Permanently irrigated land

213 Rice fields

221 Vineyards

222 Fruit trees and berry plantations

223 Olive groves

231 Pastures

241 Annual crops associated with permanent crops242 Complex cultivation patterns

243 Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation244 Agro-forestry areas

-6000

-3000

0

3000

Non

-irr

igat

ed a

rabl

e la

nd

Per

man

ently

irriga

ted

land R

ice

field

s

Vin

eyar

ds

Fru

it t

rees

and

ber

ry p

lant

atio

ns

Oliv

e gr

oves

Pas

ture

s

Ann

ual/

per

man

ent

crop

s

Com

plex

cul

t. p

atte

rns

Agr

icul

ture

with

nat

. ve

g.

Agr

o-fo

rest

ry a

reas

4.14. Mean annual agricultural change by class [ha/year] 2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

5

Forest & nature (2006-2012)

45%

23%

28%

1%

3%

5.15. Forest & nature areas 2012

[% of total area]

Forest



Wetlands

Water bodies

Increase of water bodies creation

Forest creation and management with even slightly increasing tendency is the most frequent driver of land cover exchange in Turkey. Recent felling and transition is the prevailing direction of these internal flows, which depicts the same situation as in the previous period. Comparing with these conversions, forest creation over dry semi-natural land is much less frequent, however, it is also a quite usual process in this country. The situation in forest development is comparable to previous period – concerning both quantity of flows and structure. There is a very significant incidence of water bodies creation in Turkey – it is consuming mainly agricultural land. These processes are much more extensive, than in the period 2000-2006.

-0.5

3%

-2.0

1%

-0.5

4%

-0.4

6%

-0.5

7%

-1.4

2%

-3.0

5%

-0.0

5%

-0.2

0%

-80.

06%

-1.7

2%

-0.1

1%

-2.7

0%

-0.1

9%

-0.0

5%

-100

.00%

1.05

%

0.80

%

0.35

%

0.08

%

0.09

%

2.04

%

0.33

%

0.02

%

9.85

%

0.93

%

100.

00%

0.01

%

2.69

%

1.55

%

4.37

%

2.77

%

7.41

%-120000

-60000

0

60000

120000

180000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

area

s

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s/pe

rp.

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.16. Development of forest & nature areas 2006-2012 – detailed balance [ha]

Consumption of initial land cover

Formation of new land cover

-12000

-8000

-4000

0

4000

8000

Bro

ad-l

eave

d fo

rest

Con

ifero

us for

est

Mix

ed for

est

Nat

ural

gra

ssla

nd

Moo

rs a

nd h

eath

land

Scl

erop

hyllo

us v

eget

atio

n

Tra

nsitio

nal w

oodl

and

shr

ub

Bea

ches

, du

nes,

san

d

Bar

e ro

ck

Spa

rsel

y ve

geta

ted

are

as

Bur

nt a

reas

Gla

cier

s an

d pe

rpet

ual

snow

Inl

and

mar

shes

Pea

tbog

s

Sal

t m

arsh

es

Sal

ines

Int

ertida

l fla

ts

Wat

er c

ours

es

Wat

er b

odie

s

Coa

stal

lago

ons

Est

uaries

Sea

and

oce

an

5.17. Mean annual forest & nature change by class [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

6

Annex: Land cover flows and trends Land cover flows 2006-2012

7%

15%

15%

46%

9%

6%

Wet. 1% 1%

6.18. Consumption of land cover2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

25%

11%

6%

46%

1%

1%Wet. 0,4%

10%

6.19. Formation of land cover 2006-2012 [% of total change

area]

A rtific ial areas A rable land & permanent c rops Pas tures & mosaics Fores ted land

Semi-natural vegetation O pen spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies

lcf16% lcf2

3%

lcf316%

lcf412%

lcf54%

lcf61%

lcf746%

lcf89%

lcf93%

6.20. Drivers of change (LC FLOWS)2006-2012 [% of total change area]

lc f1 U rban land management

lc f2 U rban res idential sprawl

lc f3 Sprawl of economic s ites and infras truc tures

lc f4 A griculture internal convers ions

lc f5 C onvers ion from fores ted & natural land to agriculture

lc f6 Withdrawal of farming

lc f7 Fores ts c reation and management

lc f8 Water bodies c reation and management

lc f9 C hanges due to natural and multiple causes

Turkey

7

Artificial areas

Arable land &

permanent crops25%

Pastures & mosaics

32%

Forested land19%

Semi-natural

vegetation12%

Open spaces / bare soils

11%

Wetlands0.2%

Water bodies

1%

7.21. Consumption by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

Cont. urban fabric0.2% Disc.

urban fabric17%

Ind./ comm.15%

Road/rail network

2%

Port areas1%

Airports1%

Mineral extraction

28%

Dump sites0.4%

Construct.33%

Green urban1%

Sport/ leisure

2%

7.22. Formation by artificial land take2006-2012 [% of total]

0.53%

1.25%

0 10000 20000

2000-2006

2006-2012

7.23. Net formation of artificial area [ha/year, % of initial year]

-5000 -2000 1000 4000

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(cons.)

lcf11Urban development/ infilling(form.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (cons.)

lcf12 Recycling of developed urbanland (form.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (cons.)

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas (form.)

lcf21 Urban dense residential sprawl

lcf22 Urban diffuse residential sprawl

lcf31 Sprawl of industrial &commercial sites

lcf32 Sprawl of transport networks

lcf33 Sprawl of harbours

lcf34 Sprawl of airports

lcf35 Sprawl of mines and quarryingareas

lcf36 Sprawl of dumpsites

lcf37 Construction

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (cons.)

lcf38 Sprawl of sport and leisurefacilities (form.)

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf72 Forest creation, afforestation

lcf81 Water bodies creation

lcf911 Semi-natural creation

lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(form.)

7.24. Artificial development by change drivers(LC FLOWS) [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

8

Agriculture

Disc. ur. f.0,2%

Ind./com. 0,2%

Port areas0.2%Miner. ex.5%

Dump sites0.2% Construct.

3%Broad-leaved forest3%

Coniferous forest2%Mixed forest0.5%

Natural grassland

41%Scleroph. veg.3%

Transit-woodland/

shrub14%

Beaches, dunes,

sand plains0.3%

Bare rock0.1%

Sparsely vegetated

areas14%

Burnt areas0.3%

Inland marshes

10%

Salt marshes0.05%

Water bodies

5%

8.25. LC consumed by agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Non-irrigated arable33%

Perm. irrigated

land13%

Rice fields1%Vineyards

2%

Fruit trees/berry plantations

11%

Olive groves

4%

Pastures13%

Complex cultivation patterns

4%

Agriculture with

natural veg.19%

8.26. Formation of agricultural land from non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]


Perm. irrigated

land17%

Rice fields1%

Vineyards0.1%


3%

Olive groves

1%

Pastures15%


20%

Agriculture with

natural veg.16%

8.27. Consumption of agricultural landby non-agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

Cont. urban fabric0.2%

Disc. urban fabric17% Industrial/

commercial 11%

Road/rail network

1%Port areas

0.03%Airports

1%Mineral

extraction10%

Dump s.0,2%Constr.21%

Green u.0,2%Sp./l. 1%Broad-l.f.

0,2%Conif. f.0,1%

Mixed f.0,001%

Nat. g.1%

Trans. w./s.2%

Beaches0,1%

Spar. v.a.0,1%

Inland m.1%

Peat.0,004%

Water c.0,4%

Water bodies32%

8.28. Formation of non-agricultural landfrom agriculture 2006-2012 [% of total]

-1000 1000 3000

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Conversion from dry semi-natural & natural land to

agriculture

Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation

8.29. Main annual conversions between agriculture and forests & semi-natural land

2006-2012 [ha/year]

-5000 -2000 1000 4000

Extension of pasture, set asideand fallow land

Conversion from pasture toarable and permanent crops

8.30. Mean annual conversion between arable land and pasture [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

9

0 2000 4000

lcf411 Uniform extension ofset aside fallow land and

pasture

lcf412 Diffuse extension of setaside fallow land and pasture

lcf421 Conversion from arableland to permanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf422 Other internalconversions of arable land

lcf431 Conversion from olivesgroves to vineyards and

orchards

lcf432 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards to

olive groves

lcf433 Other conversionsbetween vineyards and

orchards

lcf441 Conversion frompermanent crops topermanent irrigation

perimeters

lcf442 Conversion fromvineyards and orchards tonon-irrigated arable land

lcf443 Conversion from olivegroves to non-irrigated arable

land

lcf444 Diffuse conversion frompermanent crops to arable

land

lcf451 Conversion from arableland to vineyards and orchards

lcf452 Conversion from arableland to olive groves

lcf453 Diffuse conversion fromarable land to permanent

crops

lcf461 Conversion frompasture to permanentirrigation perimeters

lcf462 Intensive conversionfrom pasture to non-irrigatedarable land and permanent

crops

lcf463 Diffuse conversion frompasture to arable and

permanent crops

lcf47 Extension of agro-forestry

9.31. Mean annual agriculture internalconversions [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-8000 -5000 -2000 1000

lcf13 Development of green urbanareas

lcf2 Urban residential sprawl

lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites andinfrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion fromforest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forestto agriculture

lcf521 Intensive conversion fromsemi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. cons.)

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuousagriculture (cont. agri. form.)

lcf53 Conversion from wetlands toagriculture

lcf54 Conversion from developedareas to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming withoutsignificant woodland creation


lcf913 Extension of water courses

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires

lcf93 Coastal erosion

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown(agri. form.)

9.32. Mean annual conversions between agricultureand other LC types [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

10

Forest & nature

Disc. urban fabric0.5%

Industrial/ commercial

0,2%

Mineral extraction

7%Dump sites0.1%

Construct.5%


Perm. irrigated

land18%

Rice fields3%Vineyards

0.2%


1%

Olive groves0.4%

Pastures6%


14%

Agriculture with

natural veg.17%

10.33. LC consumed by forest & nature2006-2012 [% of total]

Broad-leaved forest0.4%

Coniferous forest0.2%

Mixed f.0,002%

Natur. g.4%

Scleroph.v.0,03%

Trans. w.s.7%

Beaches0,2%

Sparsely v.a.1%

Inland m.3%

Peatb.0,01%

Water c.3%

Water bodies81%

Coastal lagoons0.4%

Sea and ocean0.2%

10.34. Formation of forest & nature land from non-forest /nature 2006-2012

[% of total]

Broad-leaved forest6%

Coniferous forest8%

Mixed forest3%

Natural grassland

31%

Scleroph. veg.3%

Transit. woodland/

shrub19%

Beaches, dunes,

sand plains1%

Bare rock1%

Sparsely vegetated

areas19%

Burnt areas0.1%

Inland marshes

3%

Salt marshes

0.2%

Water courses0.4%

Water bodies

2%

Coastal l.0,01%

Sea and ocean1%

10.35. Consumption of forest & nature landby non-forest/nature 2006-2012 [% of

total]

Disc. urban fabric3% Ind./com

8%Road/rail network

2%Port areas

1%Airports

1%

Mineral extraction

31%

Dump sites0.4%

Construct.23%

Green urban0.5%

Sport/ leisure

2%


Perm. irrigated

land4%

Rice fields0.3%

Vineyards1%


3%

Olive groves

1%

Pastures2% Complex

cultivation patterns

1%

Agriculture with

natural veg.6%

10.36. Formation of non-forest/nature landfrom forest & nature 2006-2012 [% of total]

Broad-leaved forest19%

Conifer. forest28%

Mixed forest13%

Transit. woodland

shrub40%

10.37. Forested land 2012 [% of total area]

0 10000 20000 30000

Consumption of forest land byurban sprawl

Conversion from forest toagriculture

Recent fellings and transitions

Withdrawal of farming withwoodland creation

Forest creation, afforestation

Conversion from transitionalwoodland to forests

Forest creation over wetlands

10.38. Main trends in woodland & forests consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Turkey

11

Natural grassland

41%

Scleroph. vegetat.

4%Beachesd. and s. p.1%

Bare rock11%

Sparsely veget. areas43%

Burnt areas0.02%

Glaciers and

perpetual snow

0.003%

11.39. Dry semi-natural areas 2012 [% of total area]

0 2000 4000

Consumption of dry semi-naturalland cover by urban sprawl

Conversion of semi-natural landcover to agriculture

Forest creation, afforestation overdry semi-natural land

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Decrease of permanent snow andglaciers

11.40. Main trends in dry semi-natural land consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

Inland marshes

12%

Peatbogs0,0002%

Salt marshes

11%Salines

1%Water

courses6%Water

bodies69%

Coastal lagoons

1%

Estuaries0,01%

Sea and ocean

0.004%

11.41. Wetlands & water 2012[% of total area]

-1000 2000 5000 8000

Consumption of wetlands byurban sprawl

Conversion of wetlands toagriculture

Forest creation and afforestationover wetlands

Withdrawal of farming withoutwoodland creation

Net water bodies creation

Net wetlands creation

11.42. Main trends in wetlands & water consumption/formation 2006-2012

[ha/year]

-30000 -10000 10000 30000

lcf13 Development of green urban areas


lcf3 Sprawl of economic sites and infrastructures

lcf511 Intensive conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf512 Diffuse conversion from forest to agriculture

lcf61 Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (cons.)

lcf71 Conversion from transitional woodland to forest (form.)


lcf73 Forests internal conversions (cons.)

lcf73 Forests internal conversions (form.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (cons.)

lcf74 Recent felling and transition (form.)

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (cons.)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (form.)

11.43. Mean annual conversions of forest & other woodland[ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

12

-5000 -3000 -1000




lcf521 Intensive conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf522 Diffuse conversion from semi-natural land to agriculture

lcf523 Conversions from agriculture-nature mosaics to continuous…

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf74 Recent felling and transition

lcf8 Water bodies creation and management

lcf82 Water bodies management

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (cons.)

lcf92 Forests and shrubs fires (form.)

lcf93 Coastal erosion (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (cons.)

lcf94 Decrease in permanent snow and glaciers cover (form.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (cons.)

lcf99 Other changes and unknown (form.)

12.44. Mean annual conversions of dry semi-natural LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

-1000 2000 5000 8000




lcf53 Conversion from wetlands to agriculture

lcf62 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation


lcf8 Water bodies creation and management (cons.)


lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF91)

lcf9 Changes of land cover due to natural and multiple causes (otherthan LCF912)

lcf911 Semi-natural creation (form.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (cons.)

lcf912 Semi-natural rotation (form.)

lcf913 Extension of water courses (form.)

12.45. Mean annual conversions of wetlands and water LC [ha/year]

2000-2006

2006-2012

Turkey

13

CLC Changes 2006-2012

CLC Changes 2000-2006

Turkey

14

Drivers of change 2006-2012

Drivers of change 2000-2006

Turkey

15

Artificial sprawl 2006-2012

Artificial sprawl 2000-2006

Turkey

16

Agriculture 2006-2012

Agriculture 2000-2006

Turkey

17

Forest and nature 2006-2012

Forest and nature 2000-2006

turkey - european environment agencyturkey 2 land cover trends comparison 2000-2006 vs. 2006-2012...

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