Turn in your psychoanalytic Turn in your psychoanalytic perspective…………….put in the trayperspective…………….put in the tray

Get out your vocab HWGet out your vocab HW

Warm UpWarm Up1.1. Come up with 5 words that are central to the psychoanalytic Come up with 5 words that are central to the psychoanalytic

perspectiveperspective

2.2. List 3 tactics Freud used to try to reach someone’s unconsciousList 3 tactics Freud used to try to reach someone’s unconscious

3.3. List 3 criticisms of FreudList 3 criticisms of Freud

4.4. If someone is fixated in the Oral stage, how will they behave?If someone is fixated in the Oral stage, how will they behave?

5.5. If someone is fixated in the Anal Stage, how will they behave?If someone is fixated in the Anal Stage, how will they behave?

6.6. What happens in the Phallic stage?What happens in the Phallic stage?

7.7. What is the point of Defense Mechanism?What is the point of Defense Mechanism?

8.8. List and explain 3 defense mechanism List and explain 3 defense mechanism

9.9. Who are Neo-Freudians?Who are Neo-Freudians?

10.10. What is the difference between the Id, Ego and Superego.What is the difference between the Id, Ego and Superego.

11.11. List 2 projective testsList 2 projective tests

Chapter 15 pt. 2: Personality Chapter 15 pt. 2: Personality and the Trait, Humanistic, and and the Trait, Humanistic, and Social Cognitive PerspectivesSocial Cognitive Perspectives

Pg. 513 picturePg. 513 picture

The Trait PerspectiveThe Trait Perspective The father of the trait The father of the trait

perspective of personality perspective of personality is is Gordon AllportGordon Allport..

The trait perspective looks The trait perspective looks to to DESCRIBEDESCRIBE personality personality in terms of fundamental in terms of fundamental traits:traits: pattern of pattern of behavior or disposition to behavior or disposition to feel or act as assessed by feel or act as assessed by self-reported inventories self-reported inventories or peer reports. or peer reports.

Myers –Briggs Type Myers –Briggs Type Indicator Indicator

126 questions which ask 126 questions which ask patients for preferences patients for preferences

Example- Feeling or Thinking Example- Feeling or Thinking Type Type

Used in the business worldUsed in the business world

                                                                               

Method used For Measuring Method used For Measuring Personality for Trait Personality for Trait

PerspectivePerspective Personality Inventory:Personality Inventory: a a

questionnaire that is usually questionnaire that is usually true/false in which people respond to true/false in which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality used to assess selected personality traits. traits.

Weakness of This Measuring Device?Weakness of This Measuring Device?

Example of Personality Example of Personality InventoryInventory Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory:Inventory: most widely used most widely used personality test. Purpose was to personality test. Purpose was to identify emotional disorders but is also identify emotional disorders but is also now used for screening purposes for now used for screening purposes for employment.employment.

Test is an example of being Test is an example of being empirically derived test:empirically derived test: having pool having pool of test questions that discriminate of test questions that discriminate between groups. (Ex: Certain between groups. (Ex: Certain questions Depressed vs. Normal were questions Depressed vs. Normal were likely to answer differently)likely to answer differently)

Self Reports Self Reports Most widely used methodMost widely used method Simply asking friends Simply asking friends

and family about youand family about you

Dimensions of PersonalityDimensions of Personality Through factor Through factor

analysis, the analysis, the Ensencks Ensencks identified identified dimensions of dimensions of personality were personality were as as introvertedintroverted (keep to yourself)/ (keep to yourself)/ extrovertedextroverted (outgoing) and (outgoing) and stable/unstable.stable/unstable.

UNSTABLE

STABLE

cholericmelancholic

phlegmaticsanguine

INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED

Moody

Anxious

Rigid

Sober

Pessimistic

Reserved

Unsociable

Quiet

Sociable

Outgoing

Talkative

Responsive

Easygoing

LivelyCarefree

Leadership

Passive

Careful

Thoughtful

Peaceful

Controlled

Reliable

Even-tempered

Calm

Touchy

Restless

Aggressive

Excitable

Changeable

Impulsive

Optimistic

Active

The Big Five Expands Upon The Big Five Expands Upon The DimensionsThe Dimensions of Personalityof Personality

The “Big Five” Personality Factors

Trait Dimension Description

Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pitying

Extraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reserved

Openness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versus

preference for routine Independent versus conforming

Agreeableness Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperative

Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus carel

Disciplined versus impulsive

Big 5 Research Explores Big 5 Research Explores These Questions These Questions

1. 1. How Stable are these Traits?How Stable are these Traits? In adulthood quite stableIn adulthood quite stable

2. 2. How heritable are they?How heritable are they?About 50%About 50%

3. 3. How well do they apply to other culturesHow well do they apply to other cultures??Reasonably wellReasonably well

4. 4. Do the Big Five traits predict other personal Do the Big Five traits predict other personal attributes?attributes?

YesYesHighly conscientious people tend to also be Highly conscientious people tend to also be morning people morning people

Evaluating the Trait Evaluating the Trait Perspective Perspective

Person-Situation ControversyPerson-Situation ControversyTraits exist. We differ. And our Traits exist. We differ. And our difference matterdifference matter

Averages in traits are consistentAverages in traits are consistent Consistency of Expressive Style Consistency of Expressive Style

Traits ( level of expressiveness) Traits ( level of expressiveness) can remain hiddencan remain hidden

But in most situations a person’s But in most situations a person’s true personality will come throughtrue personality will come through

The Humanistic PerspectiveThe Humanistic Perspective The two founders of the The two founders of the

Humanistic Perspective are Humanistic Perspective are Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow and and Carl Carl Rogers.Rogers.

The The Humanistic Humanistic PerspectivePerspective focuses on the focuses on the growth potential of healthy growth potential of healthy people. They focus on the people. They focus on the power of free will and how power of free will and how people view themselves as a people view themselves as a whole in pursuit of growth. whole in pursuit of growth.

Maslow

Rogers

Maslow’s Main IdeaMaslow’s Main Idea 1. 1. Self Actualization:Self Actualization: ultimate ultimate

goal in hierarchy of needs; meet goal in hierarchy of needs; meet one’s potential.one’s potential.

Carl Rogers’ Person Carl Rogers’ Person Centered ApproachCentered Approach

Believed all humans had potential for Believed all humans had potential for growth; just need climate that has:growth; just need climate that has:– Genuineness (truthful/sincere)Genuineness (truthful/sincere)– Acceptance (unconditional positive Acceptance (unconditional positive

regard)regard)– Empathy (try to understand others)Empathy (try to understand others)

Unconditional Positive Regard:Unconditional Positive Regard: attitude of total acceptance towards attitude of total acceptance towards another person.another person.

Humanistic Perspective’s Central Humanistic Perspective’s Central Concept to Understanding Concept to Understanding

PersonalityPersonality Self-Concept:Self-Concept: all thoughts and feelings all thoughts and feelings

about ourselves: “Who am I?”about ourselves: “Who am I?”

Related terms to understand Self Related terms to understand Self Concept:Concept:–Self Esteem:Self Esteem: feelings of self- feelings of self-worth.worth.

–Self-Serving Bias:Self-Serving Bias: a a readiness to perceive oneself readiness to perceive oneself favorably.favorably.

Criticism of Humanist Criticism of Humanist PerspectivePerspective

Maslow’s concepts are vague Maslow’s concepts are vague and might just be his own and might just be his own values.values.

Too much focus on individual. Too much focus on individual. Ignores human capacity for evil.Ignores human capacity for evil.

Warm UpWarm Up 1. Describe the Trait Theory1. Describe the Trait Theory 2.Describe the MMPI Test (Minnesota 2.Describe the MMPI Test (Minnesota

Multiphasic Personality Inventory)Multiphasic Personality Inventory) 3.Describe the Myers Brigg Test3.Describe the Myers Brigg Test 4. List one criticism of the Trait Theory 4. List one criticism of the Trait Theory 5.Describe the Humanistic Perspective 5.Describe the Humanistic Perspective 6. What does it mean to be self-actualized?6. What does it mean to be self-actualized? 7.Describe Unconditional positive regard7.Describe Unconditional positive regard 8. List one criticism of the humanistic 8. List one criticism of the humanistic

perspectiveperspective

Astrology and Palm Astrology and Palm ReadingsReadings

1996- 300 million dollars on 1996- 300 million dollars on psychic hotlinespsychic hotlines

Palm reading, horoscopes Palm reading, horoscopes and handwriting analysis and handwriting analysis DO NOT WORKDO NOT WORK

Astrology and Palm Astrology and Palm Readings Readings How do they do it?How do they do it?

– 1. People are similar in many ways – “ I sense you’re 1. People are similar in many ways – “ I sense you’re nursing a grudge against someone” nursing a grudge against someone”

– 2.The Barnum Effect-ppl have a strong tendency to 2.The Barnum Effect-ppl have a strong tendency to believe that traits apply specifically to them believe that traits apply specifically to them especially if these traits are favorable and stated in a especially if these traits are favorable and stated in a general way general way

– 3. They read our clothing, physical features, 3. They read our clothing, physical features, nonverbal gestures and reactions to what we say nonverbal gestures and reactions to what we say

– 4. John Edwards- “Throws many things at the wall, 4. John Edwards- “Throws many things at the wall, sees what sticks and goes withsees what sticks and goes with it” it”

Social –Social –Cognitive Cognitive Approach Approach

Social Cognitive Social Cognitive PerspectivePerspective

Father of Social Cognitive Father of Social Cognitive Perspective is Perspective is Albert Albert Bandura. Bandura.

Social Cognitive Social Cognitive Perspective:Perspective: emphasizes emphasizes the importance of external the importance of external events (society) and how events (society) and how we interpret them we interpret them (cognition).(cognition).– ConditioningConditioning– ModelingModeling

Personality is Made Up of Personality is Made Up of Interlocking ForcesInterlocking Forces

Reciprocal Determinism:Reciprocal Determinism: is the is the idea that environment influences idea that environment influences personality personality ANDAND personality personality influences the environment. influences the environment.

Same environment can have Same environment can have completely different effects on completely different effects on different people because of how they different people because of how they interpret and react to external interpret and react to external eventsevents. . – You choose your environment and it You choose your environment and it

then shapes you then shapes you

Social Cognitive Social Cognitive Perspective Focuses on Perspective Focuses on

Personal Control Personal Control Personal Control:Personal Control: sense of sense of

controlling the environment rather controlling the environment rather than feeling helpless.than feeling helpless.

Study Personal Control in 2 ways:Study Personal Control in 2 ways:– 1. 1. Correlates Correlates ppls feelings of control ppls feelings of control

with their behaviors and achievements with their behaviors and achievements – 2.2. Experiment Experiment- raise and lower ppls - raise and lower ppls

sense of control and rate the effects sense of control and rate the effects

Locus of Control Locus of Control Achievement is Achievement is

highest when highest when people have:people have:

Internal Locus Internal Locus of Control:of Control: idea that one idea that one control’s their control’s their own destiny. own destiny.

External Locus of Control External Locus of Control Can Lead to Learned Can Lead to Learned

HelplessnessHelplessness External Locus of Control:External Locus of Control: perception that chance or outside perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control forces beyond one’s personal control determines one’s fate. determines one’s fate.

Learned Helplessness:Learned Helplessness: hopelessness and passive resignation hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive unable to avoid repeated aversive events. events.

Ex: Dog being uncontrollably shocked Ex: Dog being uncontrollably shocked for period; will not later escape when for period; will not later escape when time arrives. time arrives.

Optimism Optimism Do you view Do you view

yourself as yourself as optimistic or optimistic or pessimistic? pessimistic?

Optimistic ppl Optimistic ppl are more are more productive, productive, health and happyhealth and happy

Excessive Excessive optimism can be optimism can be bad bad

Evaluating the Social Evaluating the Social Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive Perspective

Most widely accepted approach Most widely accepted approach by current psychologists since it by current psychologists since it takes aspects from learning and takes aspects from learning and cognition.cognition.

Criticized by some because it fails Criticized by some because it fails to consider possible unconscious to consider possible unconscious motives and focuses too much on motives and focuses too much on environment not enough on inner environment not enough on inner traits. traits.

Exploring the Self Exploring the Self Possible SelvesPossible Selves

– Visions and goals we have for ourselvesVisions and goals we have for ourselves– Dreams led to achievements Dreams led to achievements

Spotlight EffectSpotlight Effect– PPl are less aware of us than we think PPl are less aware of us than we think

Self EsteemSelf Esteem--– PPl who feel good about themselves are PPl who feel good about themselves are

better off better off – Low Self Esteem comes in a variety of formsLow Self Esteem comes in a variety of forms

Exploring the SelfExploring the Self Self Serving BiasSelf Serving Bias

– Our readiness to perceive ourselves Our readiness to perceive ourselves favorablyfavorablyPeople accept more credit for goods People accept more credit for goods things more than bad things things more than bad things

Most ppl see themselves as better than Most ppl see themselves as better than averageaverage

Survey Question: Who is most likely to go Survey Question: Who is most likely to go to heaven? Who beats out Princess Diana, to heaven? Who beats out Princess Diana, Gandhi, MLK Jr., and Mother Theresa?Gandhi, MLK Jr., and Mother Theresa?

Exploring the SelfExploring the Self

If Self Serving Bias If Self Serving Bias prevails why do ppl prevails why do ppl put themselves down?put themselves down?1. 1. Strategy for Strategy for compliments compliments

2. Prepare for 2. Prepare for possible failurepossible failure

3. Pertains to “old” 3. Pertains to “old” selfself

Individualism vs. Individualism vs. CollectivismCollectivism Individualism Individualism

– giving priority to one’s own goals giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group attributes rather than group identificationsidentifications

CollectivismCollectivism– giving priority to the goals of one’s giving priority to the goals of one’s

group (often one’s extended family group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s or work group) and defining one’s identity accordinglyidentity accordingly

Value DifferencesValue Differences

Know Summary of Know Summary of Perspectives:Perspectives: