turning point of the american revolution
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Turning Point of the American Revolution. British “Divide and Conquer” Battle Plan of 1777. Three-Pronged Attack!. WWW.EMERSONKENT.COM. Three-Pronged Attack!. St. Leger Arnold & Gansevoort. http://www.schenectadyhistory.org/families/hmgfm/images/gansevoort-peter-200.jpg. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
British “Divide and Conquer” Battle Plan of 1777
Turning Point of the American Revolution
Albany, NY
Barry St. Leger
“Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne
William Howe
Three-Pronged Attack!
WWW.EMERSONKENT.COM
Albany, NY
Barry St. Leger
“Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne
William Howe
Three-Pronged Attack!
St. Leger Arnold & Gansevoort
http://montgomery.nygenweb.net/johnson/07-02.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Benedict_arnold_illustration.jpg
http://www.schenectadyhistory.org/families/hmgfm/images/gansevoort-peter-200.jpg
St. Leger Arnold & Gansevoort473 British Regulars350 Hessians1000 Native AmericansTotal = 1823
Approximately 700 relief militia
750 recruits and militia at Fort StanwixUnder somewhat of a siege from June to AugustFormal siege for 2 weeks by St. Leger, August 3rd
VS
Albany, NY
Barry St. Leger
“Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne
William Howe
Three-Pronged Attack!
Burgoyne Gateshttp://www.nygeo.org/burgoyne.jpg http://www.ftartgallery.net/images/pic%20-%200010-1.jpg
Daniel Morgan
Benedict Arnold
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Battle of Freeman’s Farm
Americans Burgoyne14,000 men 6,000 menTotal Casualties: 350 Total Casualties: 600
Battle of Bemis HeightsAmericans Burgoyne
Casualties: 150 Casualties: 400
The dedication on the back reads:"Erected 1887 ByJOHN WATTS de PEYSTERBrev: Maj: Gen: S.N.Y.2nd V. Pres't Saratoga Mon't Ass't'n:In memory ofthe "most brilliant soldier" of theContinental Armywho was desperately woundedon this spot the sally port ofBORGOYNES GREAT WESTERN REDOUBT7th October, 1777winning for his countrymenthe decisive battle of theAmerican Revolutionand for himself the rank ofMajor General."
Convention of Saratoga Surrender of Burgoyne
to Gates “I have the pleasure of
send you Honourable Council the inclosed copy of a convention…”
“Convention Army”http://images.rarenewspapers.com/ebayimgs/8.53.2012/image095.jpg
Albany, NY
Barry St. Leger
“Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne
William Howe
Three-Pronged Attack!
Howe’s March Howe sends a plan to Lord George Germain on December
20, 1776 Burgoyne sends a plan to Germain on February 28, 1777
(approved) Howe sends revision of his first plan on March 3, 1777
(approved) Germain believed that Howe’s plan could be completed in
time for him to carry out his role in Burgoyne’s plan Howe not fully informed of Burgoyne’s plan Howe is more senior than Burgoyne
On to Philadelphia Why Philadelphia?
Largest city in English North America
Continental Congress location
Mild climate Good harbor
Moved 17,000 men by ship Campaign Plagued with Problems
Ship collisions, storms Shortages of food, water, fodder 28 days at sea
Destroyed horses by dropping them overboard
Landed in Maryland for a full week of foraging before marching on
Battle of Brandywine Creek
Washington14,600 men300 killed600 wounded400 capturedTotal casualties: 1300Plus an estimated 350 deserted
Howe15,500 men93 killed488 wounded6 missingTotal casualties: 587
Into Philadelphia September 26, 1777 Howe did not achieve what he had hoped
Congress moved to York, Pennsylvania Most of the military supplies had been removed Heavy Loyalist support had not appeared Could not count on local forage.
The loss of Philadelphia was a blow to American moral
Battle of GermantownWashington
11,000 men152 killed521 wounded438 captured
Total Casualties: 1111
Howe9,000 men71 killed448 wounded14 missing
Total Casualties: 533
Albany, NY
Barry St. Leger
“Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne
William Howe
Three-Pronged Attack!
What Happened Afterward? Washington wintered
in Valley Forge
Howe resigned and was replaced by Clinton
Upon return to England, criticized for actions in America
Demanded a formal Parliamentary inquiry—inconclusive
Remained somewhat active in the military, Parliament, local government
What Happened Afterward? Barry St. Leger Stayed in Quebec
until his death
Burgoyne went back to England in disgrace and never given a command again.
Demanded but never obtained a trial to defend his honor
The governorship of Fort William in Scotland, which he had held since 1769 was also taken away.
Continued as a notable playwright
Valley forge The British removed the supplies they could use from Valley Forge
while foraging. Destroyed or disabled the industrial buildings that could be of use
to the American army. According to papers filed by William Dewees the British had destroyed
“a forge, saw mill, two large stone dwelling houses, two coal houses and 400 loads of coal, and 2,200 bushels of wheat and rye in the sheaf”
Also, problems with disease and breakdowns in the Continental supply system.
Starvation, disease, and exposure killed nearly 2,500 American soldiers