turning points of the cold war? lo: to assess the us policy of containment ngfl: usa 1929 - 1990 all...
TRANSCRIPT
Turning Points of the Cold War?
LO: To assess the US policy of containment
NGfL: USA 1929 - 1990
All images/ cartoons are believed to be in the public domain. Many of the images were sourced from the internet encyclopaedia wikipedia at http://en.wikipedia.org
Causes of the Cold War
Russia’s need for a secure border.
Russia’s actions in the Soviet zones
America’s refusal to share nuclear technology.
Russia’s aim of spreading communism
Russia’s expansion into Eastern Europe
Truman’s dislike of Stalin
Competing ideologies Communism Vs Capitalism.
Russia’s fear of American attack.
All images have been taken from Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia and are presumed to be in either the public domain or usable under the fair use law.
BerlinBerlinCubaCubaKoreaKoreaVietnamVietnam
VietnamVietnam
KoreaKoreaBerlinBerlin
CubaCuba
How successful was the US Foreign policy of Containment?
How successful was the US Foreign policy of Containment?
What does the word “containment” suggest about American foreign
policy during this period?
What does the word “containment” suggest about American foreign
policy during this period?
How might America try to
‘contain’ Communism?
Threatening
/ Bullying
behaviour
Financial
incentiv
es
Trade
Military
intervention
Political interference
• Berlin Airlift 1948-49• Korea 1950 – 53
• Cuban Missile Crisis 1962• Vietnam 1965
• Berlin Airlift 1948-49• Korea 1950 – 53
• Cuban Missile Crisis 1962• Vietnam 1965
1. Why did America choose these places to get involved?
2. What were America’s aims?
3. How successful was American Foreign Policy?
4. What impact did each event have on relations between America and the Soviet Union?
5. How great was the threat of war?
1. Why did America choose these places to get involved?
2. What were America’s aims?
3. How successful was American Foreign Policy?
4. What impact did each event have on relations between America and the Soviet Union?
5. How great was the threat of war?
• Berlin Airlift 1948-49• Korea 1950 – 53
• Cuban Missile Crisis 1962• Vietnam 1965
• Berlin Airlift 1948-49• Korea 1950 – 53
• Cuban Missile Crisis 1962• Vietnam 1965
Task• At the end of Each episode you must decide how successful you
think American Foreign Policy was.
Task• At the end of Each episode you must decide how successful you
think American Foreign Policy was.
the Berlin blockade and Airliftthe Berlin blockade and Airlift
What are these ‘milkmen’ doing?
• Berlin Blockade and airlift 24th June 1948• The Soviets imposed blockade on on all rail traffic between
Berlin and Western Germany.• The 2 million people who lived in West Berlin were short of
all essential supplies.• Biggest air operation in history. Peak April 16-17 1949 1398
flights landed nearly 13000 tones of supplies in 24 hours. • Aircraft were even used to take the rubbish out of West
Berlin!
• Berlin Blockade and airlift 24th June 1948• The Soviets imposed blockade on on all rail traffic between
Berlin and Western Germany.• The 2 million people who lived in West Berlin were short of
all essential supplies.• Biggest air operation in history. Peak April 16-17 1949 1398
flights landed nearly 13000 tones of supplies in 24 hours. • Aircraft were even used to take the rubbish out of West
Berlin!
Key Events
1. Nato was set up in 1949 comprising of several W European countries along with USA. (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
2. Stabilizing effect.3. Division of Germany more
formalised West German Republic 1949 Konrad Adenaeuer.
4. Creation of German Democratic Republic – East Germany.
5. 1955 Warsaw Pact.6. 1961 Berlin Wall.
1. Nato was set up in 1949 comprising of several W European countries along with USA. (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
2. Stabilizing effect.3. Division of Germany more
formalised West German Republic 1949 Konrad Adenaeuer.
4. Creation of German Democratic Republic – East Germany.
5. 1955 Warsaw Pact.6. 1961 Berlin Wall.
Consequences
THE KOREAN WARTHE KOREAN WAR
What has happened to these men?
What is this man doing?
A grief stricken American infantryman whose buddy has been killed in action is comforted by another soldier. In the background a corpsman methodically fills out casualty tags, Haktong-ni area, Korea. August 28, 1950. Sfc. Al Chang. (Army)
Why were the Americans concerned about Korea?Why were the Americans concerned about Korea?
• 1945 – Korea was controlled by Japan.• After the war the Soviets occupied the NORTH and
America the SOUTH.• The two halves were divided by the 38th Parallel.• 1947 – elections held in the South supported by the US.• The North had its own govt backed by the Soviets.• Each government claimed to be the rightful rulers of
Korea.• Each side was supported by the respective
superpower even though they withdrew troops in 1948.
• 1945 – Korea was controlled by Japan.• After the war the Soviets occupied the NORTH and
America the SOUTH.• The two halves were divided by the 38th Parallel.• 1947 – elections held in the South supported by the US.• The North had its own govt backed by the Soviets.• Each government claimed to be the rightful rulers of
Korea.• Each side was supported by the respective
superpower even though they withdrew troops in 1948.
BackgroundBackground
• 1949 – China became Communist and supported N Korea.
• 1950 – N Korea invaded S Korea.
• Sept 1950 – UN troops enter S Korea at INCHON. Early successes push the N Koreans back
• Oct 1950 - The Chinese invaded N Korea and American led UN troops were pushed back to S Korea.
• 1949 – China became Communist and supported N Korea.
• 1950 – N Korea invaded S Korea.
• Sept 1950 – UN troops enter S Korea at INCHON. Early successes push the N Koreans back
• Oct 1950 - The Chinese invaded N Korea and American led UN troops were pushed back to S Korea.
Events . . .Events . . .
Chinese General Peng Dehuai and North Korean General Secretary Kim Il-Sung in the Korean war.Taken from Wikipedia.
Courtney Whitney, Douglas MacArthur, and Edward Almond in Korea, 1950. Army photo
1950-51 – The conflict develops into a STALEMATE over the 38th Parallel.
April 1951 – MacArthur was removed and was replaced by General Omar Bradley
1952 Fighting continued into 1952 July 1953 – An armistice was signed.
1950-51 – The conflict develops into a STALEMATE over the 38th Parallel.
April 1951 – MacArthur was removed and was replaced by General Omar Bradley
1952 Fighting continued into 1952 July 1953 – An armistice was signed.
Events . . .Events . . .
General
MacArthurGeneral
MacArthur
General
BradleyGeneral
Bradley
• The American policy of ‘Containment’ had worked South Korea remained out of Communist control.
BUT
• Korea was badly damaged• There were heavy military and civilian casualties• Still two separate states today• Still US troops in Korea
• The American policy of ‘Containment’ had worked South Korea remained out of Communist control.
BUT
• Korea was badly damaged• There were heavy military and civilian casualties• Still two separate states today• Still US troops in Korea
ConsequencesConsequences
By 1950 had Containment worked???
By 1950 had Containment worked???
• Most Americans agreed with containing communism
• Some wanted a more aggressive policy like MacArthur
• More alliances were set up that were anti-Communist
• Most Americans agreed with containing communism
• Some wanted a more aggressive policy like MacArthur
• More alliances were set up that were anti-Communist
Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962.
Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962.
• Bay of pigs 1961• 16th October Kennedy
received evidence that rocket launching sites were being built on the Island.
• Blockade• “Eye ball to eye ball
and I think the other fellow blinked.”
• Bay of pigs 1961• 16th October Kennedy
received evidence that rocket launching sites were being built on the Island.
• Blockade• “Eye ball to eye ball
and I think the other fellow blinked.”
Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Public told that USSR agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba in return Kennedy lift blockade
• In fact Kennedy had agreed to remove some missiles from Europe if USSR remove missiles from Cuba.
• Hotline set up between USSR and USA
• Nuclear Arms Talks began
• Public told that USSR agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba in return Kennedy lift blockade
• In fact Kennedy had agreed to remove some missiles from Europe if USSR remove missiles from Cuba.
• Hotline set up between USSR and USA
• Nuclear Arms Talks began
Kruschev and Castro
President Kennedy
The Vietnam War:Why did America become
involved in Vietnam?
The Vietnam War:Why did America become
involved in Vietnam?• Ho Chi Minh wanted a
united communist Vietnam. USA thought he was being supported by the Chinese. Domino Theory.
• Kennedy sent advisors November 1963 10,000 US advisors were helping South Vietnamese troops
• Tonkin Resolution – allowed president Johnson to use US troops to defend any SEATO country this escalated the war.
• Ho Chi Minh wanted a united communist Vietnam. USA thought he was being supported by the Chinese. Domino Theory.
• Kennedy sent advisors November 1963 10,000 US advisors were helping South Vietnamese troops
• Tonkin Resolution – allowed president Johnson to use US troops to defend any SEATO country this escalated the war.
Domino effectDomino effect
Vietna
m
Laos
Cam
bodi
a
Mal
aya
Indo
nesi
a
Main features of the warMain features of the war
American tactics• Bombing.• Strategic hamlets.• Chemicals agent orange.
Napalm.• Superior weapons tanks,
guns helicopters.
Vietcong • Guerrilla warfare.• Tunnel system.• Wore no uniform therefore
not easy to spot.• Set traps.
American tactics• Bombing.• Strategic hamlets.• Chemicals agent orange.
Napalm.• Superior weapons tanks,
guns helicopters.
Vietcong • Guerrilla warfare.• Tunnel system.• Wore no uniform therefore
not easy to spot.• Set traps.
The dropping of napalm bombs and CuChi tunnels both images are in the public domain
Attitude of the Vietnamese government and Population to the War.
Attitude of the Vietnamese government and Population to the War.
• In South Vietnam innocent children and people were being burnt by napalm.
• South Vietnamese saw the NLF as friends and the Americans as enemies.
• The strategic hamlet tactic was not popular.
• In South Vietnam innocent children and people were being burnt by napalm.
• South Vietnamese saw the NLF as friends and the Americans as enemies.
• The strategic hamlet tactic was not popular.
Opposition to the War in America.Opposition to the War in America.
• Media coverage changed as the ‘body count’ grew.
• Tet Offensive – 100 cities in 6 hours the US embassy was taken over.
• My Lai Massacre of 300 villagers.
• Escalating Costs by 1969 had soared to $30billion
• Media coverage changed as the ‘body count’ grew.
• Tet Offensive – 100 cities in 6 hours the US embassy was taken over.
• My Lai Massacre of 300 villagers.
• Escalating Costs by 1969 had soared to $30billion
Kent state massacre. This work is copyrighted. The individual who uploaded this work and first used it in an article, and subsequent persons who place it into articles assert that this qualifies as fair use of the material under Untied States copyright law. Mai Lai Massacre is arguably public domain or else is included under fair use.
American Foreign Policy 1975 1990Significance of the Vietman War
American Foreign Policy 1975 1990Significance of the Vietman War
• Americas role as the policeman of the world had been undermined.
• Created more openness with communist countries especially China.
• Better understanding with the Soviet Union
• Americans were suspicious of involving their troops in a conflict that they were unsure of winning.
• Americas role as the policeman of the world had been undermined.
• Created more openness with communist countries especially China.
• Better understanding with the Soviet Union
• Americans were suspicious of involving their troops in a conflict that they were unsure of winning.
How Successful was American Foreign Policy between 1945-1975?How Successful was American Foreign Policy between 1945-1975?
For each of the 4 events do the following:
- Was this policy inactive, reactive or proactive? (can use some fancy colour coding)
- Was each event (Berlin Airlift, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam War) a turning point and why? (think about what changed and what continued, its impact – focus on tension in relations)
- How successful was the US policy of containment in this event?
For each of the 4 events do the following:
- Was this policy inactive, reactive or proactive? (can use some fancy colour coding)
- Was each event (Berlin Airlift, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam War) a turning point and why? (think about what changed and what continued, its impact – focus on tension in relations)
- How successful was the US policy of containment in this event?
Cold War Tension
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10
Tens
ion
Cold War Tension
HOMEWORK
Research the following terms/events and have a brief definition of each for next lesson:
- Detente- SALT I- Helsinki agreements- Nixon and China