tut_5_8-engineer and society module viii.ppt
TRANSCRIPT
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Professional AsManager, Consultant
And LeaderEngineering and Society
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At the end of this module, youshould be able to
Understand engineers roles as manager
Identify professional responsibilities asconsultant
Discuss the roles of engineer as advisorand expert witness
Understand the social obligation ofprofessional engineers as ethical leaders inthe society
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MANAGERS
Primary function is to direct activities ofthe organization
Are custodians /guardian or caretaker
of the organizationConcerned with present and future
well-being of the organization
- economic terms
- public image
- employee morale
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Engineers as Managers
Engineers often rise tomanagement positions usuallysupervising other engineers as part of
career advancementManagerial positions offer higher
incentives, responsibilities,accountabilities and power
Managers are more highly regardedcompared to engineers
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Engineers as Managers
The change of job scope requires a lotof adjustment.
Engineers must equip themselves
with managerial skills such as financeand leadership.
As engineers climb up the careerladder, technical skills become lessimportantwhile interpersonal skillsbecome more important
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DECISIONS
In engineering, as well as otheractivities, there is a distinction betweenthe types of decisions to be made.
* proper engineering decision(PED)
* proper management
decision (PMD)
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PROPER ENGINEERINGDECISION
A decision that should be made byengineers or governed by engineeringprinciples:
* involves technical matters requiringengineering expertise
* falls within the ethical standardsembodied in the engineering codes
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PROPER MANAGEMENTDECISION
A decision that should be made bymanagers or governed by managementconsiderations:
* involves factors relating to the
well-being of the organization
* does not force engineersto make
unacceptable compromises withtheir technical practices or
ethical standards
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Engineers as Managers
Two major responsibilitiesof engineer-manager are asfollows; Creating an ethical climate
Managing conflict
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Creating an Ethical Environment
To create an ethical environment, there arefour criteria to be fulfilled; Ethical values in their full complexity are widely
acknowledged and appreciated by managers andemployees alike.
The sincere use of ethical language has to berecognized as a legitimate part ofcorporate dialogue.
The top level management must establish a moral tonein words, in policies, by personal example etc.
The management has to establish some procedures forresolving conflicts.
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Conflict Management
Unresolved and unmanageable conflict inorganization will reduce productivity andeffectiveness.
Manager need to resolve and stopconflict from affecting the organizationalperformance.
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Conflict Management
What are the important forms of Conflicts?
Conflicts based on schedules
Conflicts which arises in evolving the importance of
projects and the department. Conflicts based on the availability of personalfor a
project.
Conflicts over technical matters.
Conflicts arise due to administrative procedure. Conflicts ofpersonality.
Conflicts over cost or expenditure or money
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Conflict Management
The Principles of ConflictsManagement
Separate people from the problem.Focus on interest and not on positions.Generate a variety of possibilities before
deciding what to do.Insist that the result be based on someobjective standard.
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Engineers as Manager
Normative models to be used to avoidconflicts Hired Gunsemphasis on the obligation to
client, obligation to the society is limited to theminimum requirement.
Value-neutral Analystsassessing thesituation objectively, without taking into accountof both types of obligations. The main obligation
is to assess all alternatives and their implications Value-guided Advocatesemphasis on
values. These values are honesty, competence,diligence and loyalty
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Engineers as Moral Leaders
It is the responsibilities of all professionalto become moral leaders
The aim is for the professional to lead a
group based on an accepted moral andethical values
Moral leaders need to identify important
values and apply them when the needarisesand built up the followerscommitment to the values.
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Engineers as Moral Leaders
Joining a professional body is also partof manifestation of moral leadershipespecially when there is active
involvement.
Engineers can also become thecommunity leader part of social
obligation
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Engineers as Expert Witness
Engineers increasingly are asked to serve asconsultants who provide expert testimony incourts
Usually engineers are hired by one adversary(opponent) in the dispute and that raises specialethical concern about their proper roles.
Should they function as impartial seekers andcommunicator of truth or do they essentiallybecome hired gun?
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Engineers as Expert Witness
Engineers as expert witness have theseobligations To represent their qualification accurately
To perform thorough investigation To present a professional
demeanor/behavior
To protect confidentiality cannot indulgethe contents of their investigations to theopposing side of controversy until required todo so by courts
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Engineers as Expert Witness
Engineers as expert witness have theseobligations
Engineers as expert witnesses are not
required to volunteer evidence favorable tothe other side
Must answer truthfully but it remains the
responsibility of the attorney for the opposingside to ask.
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Engineers as Expert Witness
While performing duties as expertwitnesses, engineers are susceptible tothe following biases
Money biases high payment Ego biases past accomplishments
Sympathy biases compelling drama
Therefore, engineers must maintaintheir integrity when serving as expertwitness
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Engineers as Advisors
In policy-making, public officials and thegeneral public had objective studies aboutcosts and benefits of alternative
systems of transportation, housing, andenergy use.
In planning, they need expert adviseabout the feasibility, risks andbenefits of particular technologicalprojects
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Engineers as Advisors in Policy-Making
Therefore, engineers should notinfluence by political factors orpersonal interests
The responsibilities towards the publictake precedenceover other type ofresponsibilties
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Engineers as Consultant
Consultant engineers work in privatepractices
They are compensated by fees for servicesthey render/provide no by salaries from
employers Because of this, they tend to have greater
freedom to make decisionsabout what projectsthey undertake.
Nonetheless, their freedom is not absolute/total:They shared with salaried engineers the need toearn a living
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Engineers as Consultant
There are three areas where engineers asconsultants need to be aware of
Advertising
Competitive bidding
Contingency fees
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Engineers as Consultants
Consultant engineers are directly responsible foradvertising of their services even when they hireconsultant to help them.Advertising becomesan issue become of these natures
By outright lies. By half-truths. Through exaggeration. By making false innuendos/hints, suggestions or
implications.
Through confusion created by ambiguity, vaguenessor incoherence.
Through subliminal/subconscious manipulation of theunconscious.
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Engineers as Consultants
Competitive bidding for professional engineeringservices is defined as the formal or informalsubmission, or receipt, of verbal or written estimatesof cost orproposals in terms of dollars, man-days of
work requi red, percentage of construction cost, orany other measure of compensationwhereby theprospective client may compare engineering serviceson a price basis prior to the time that one engineer, orone engineering organization, has been selected for
negotiations
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Engineers as Consultants
An Engineer requested to submit a fee proposalor bid prior to the selection of an engineer orfirm subject to the negotiation of a satisfactorycontract, shall attempt to have the procedure
changed to conform to ethical practices, but ifnot successful he shall withdraw fromconsideration for the proposed work. Theseprinciples shall be applied by the Engineer inobtaining the services of other professionals
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Engineers as Consultants
Contingency fees is a fee paid based on theprojects the engineers successfully market.
The greater amount of job freedom enjoyed by
consultant engineers lead to wider areas ofresponsible decision making concerning safety
Design-Only project where consultantengineers contract to design something but
not to have any role in its constructionpose significant ethical issues especially ifit concerns the safety of the public