tuuli-marjaana koski department of biology, university of turku, finland laaksonen t 1, mäntylä e...
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Tuuli-Marjaana Koski
Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland
Laaksonen T 1, Mäntylä E 1, Ruuskanen S 1, Li T 2, Girón-Calva P.S 2, Huttunen L 1 , Blande J.D 2 , Holopainen J.K 2 , Klemola T 1
1 Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland2 Department Environmental Science of University of Eastern Finland, Finland
Volatile organic compounds: olfactory foraging cues for
insectivorous birds?
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Introduction•Plant defences
►Direct►Indirect
• E.g. HIPVs=Herbivore-induced
plant volatiles Graph from: Arab A. & Bento J.M.S (2006) Plant Volatiles:
New Perspectives for Research in Brazil,
Neotropical Entomology 35(2):151-158.Plants are ”crying for help”
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Introduction
• Insectivorous birds remove herbivores beneficial to plants
(e.g. Marquis & Whelan 1994; Mäntylä et al. 2011)
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Introduction•Birds are attracted to insect-damaged trees (several studies)
►Without seeing the herbivores
►Without seeing the damages
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Introduction•How birds detect insect-rich trees?
►Two obvious candidates• Vision
• Olfaction
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Introduction
Olfactory cue hypothesis
► Do birds smell HIPVs?
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• Some evidence support this
► Positive correlation between some HIPVs
and bird predation rate towards artificial prey
items (Mäntylä et al. 2008, 2014)
► Bird preference for chemical cues from
larval-damaged trees (Amo et al. 2013)
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Do birds use HIPVs as olfactory foraging cues ?
•Experiments
1. VOC blends to artificial trees (aviary)
2. VOC blends to natural trees (field)
3. Larval-defoliated natural trees (aviary)
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Experiment 1.
1. VOC blends to artificial
trees (aviary)
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VOC blends mimicking herbivory
(terpenes)
VOC blends mimicking mechanical
damage (GLVs)
Aviary
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Control (hexane)
VOC blends mimicking herbivory(terpenes)
Pied flycatcher(Ficedula hypoleuca)
N=20
First choice?
Bird photo: Markus Varesvuo, lintukuva.fi
Numb. of
visits?
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Experiment 1. Results
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Terpene VOC blend GLV VOC blend
Nu
mb
er
of b
irds
No difference in first choice
χ2 = 1.00, df = 1, P = 0.32
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No difference in first choice
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Terpene VOC blend Control
Nu
mb
er
of b
irds
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Slight difference in the mean numbers of visits
Wilcoxon signed rank test: S = 35, P = 0.047
Two very active birds out of 20 tested
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Wilcoxon signed rank test S = -10, P = 0.401
No difference in the mean numbers of visits
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Experiment 2.
2. VOC blends to natural
trees (field)
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•The same lab-made VOC blends as in Experiment 1.
► Two silicone tubes per tree• Trees again divided to either “herbivore-”,
“mechanical-” or control blend-treatments
► Four plasticine larvae per tree• Artificial prey for birds
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Silicone tube
Plasticine larva
Photo by Elina Mäntylä
150 trees
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Photos from: Mäntylä E, Alessio GA, Blande JD, Heijari J, et al. (2008) From Plants to Birds: Higher Avian Predation Rates in Trees Responding to Insect Herbivory. PLoS ONE 3(7):1-8.
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Experiment 2.Results
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No difference in probability of bird predation rate
F 2, 145 = 0.8 P = 0.45
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Experiment 3.
3. Larval-defoliated natural
trees (aviary)
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AviaryControlLarval-defoliated
30 30
Great tit, Parus major
First choice?
Blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus
Numb. of
visits?
Bird photos: Markus Varesvuo, lintukuva.fi; planetscott.com
N = 123
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• Larval-defoliated and control branches were removed before the experiment
• VOC measurements
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Experiment 3.Results
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Larval-defoliated Control
Nu
mb
er
of b
irds
No difference in first choiceχ2 = 1, df =1, P = 0.317
![Page 28: Tuuli-Marjaana Koski Department of Biology, University of Turku, Finland Laaksonen T 1, Mäntylä E 1, Ruuskanen S 1, Li T 2, Girón-Calva P.S 2, Huttunen](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062801/56649e2c5503460f94b1b266/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
No difference in number of visits
F 1,119.6 = 0.48, P = 0.488
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•Significant difference in VOC emissions between larval- defoliation and control treatment among nine compounds
VOCs
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* means p<0.05 and ** means p<0.01
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Conclusions
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•Attraction of insectivorous birds to herbivore-damaged trees has been shown several times
► One study suggest that HIPVs could act as olfactory foraging cues for insectivorous birds
(Amo, L. et al. 2013 ”Birds exploit herbivore-induced plant volatiles to locate herbivorous prey.” Ecology Letters, 16: 1348-1355.)
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• Birds were not interested in HIPVs in our three experiments(apart from two individuals in comparison of number of visits between terpene- and GLV-trees)
► Olfactory cues may not be necessarily behind the attraction of birds to insect-defoliated trees
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• Further studies are needed
► Olfactory foraging behaviour
► Use of vision during foraging
► Olfaction + vision
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AcknowledgementsFunding
► Academy of Finland
► Emil Aaltonen Foundation
► Jenny & Antti Wihuri
Foundation
► UTUGS
► Finnish Cultural Foundation
► Oscar Öflund stiftelse
People
► Ruissalo and Kevo
field teams
► And all the other
people helping in
these experiments
Thank you for your attention!