Tweety Tuesday

Topic: How geography Impacts humans

Example: #Polis Polis everywhere

Greece

Greece= the Aegean

GreeceMountains and valleys

Mediterranean Islands

The mountains kept most of Greece isolated from each other making Empires impossible

Greece is NOT a River Valley

What type of map is this

City States= Polis

Separated by mountains the Greeks set up individual City States.

Each City State had its own government and society (way of life )way of life

PolisEach city state had a main city with protective walls and the surrounding countryside

The Polis had two main parts: Acropolis= higher ground with temples and government

Main city for merchants and vendors

Polis

Acropolis

Main City

Mediterranean LinksGreeks were isolated from each other but linked to the world through the Mediterranean sea.

The Greeks sailed from Egypt, to Asia Minor, to the Middle East.

Cultural diffusion-the Greeks adopted outside ideas to their own purposes

The Greeks thought they werebetter than other cultures:Ethnocentrism

Phoenician, Greek and Roman Alphabet

The Greek alphabet was later developed into the Roman Alphabet we use today.

Shared Traditions

Even though the Greeks were separated by the mountains and sea, they had many shared customs:

-Religion-Heroes-Festivals-The Olympics-Individualism

ReligionThe Greeks were pagans and polytheistic.

They believed in nature spirits called nymphs AND in Gods

They built temples to the Gods but left small tributes to the nymphs

The Gods lived on Mount Olympus in North Greece

Gods

Zeus Hera

Poseidon

Aphrodite Ares Athena

GodsZeus was the most powerful

Hera (Zeus’ wife) goddess of marriage

Poseidon (Zeus’ brother) God of the Sea

Aphrodite (Daughter) Goddess of Love

Ares (son) God of War

Athena (Daughter) Goddess of Wisdom

Zeus= father

HeroesHercules- Zeus’ son known for his strength and many adventures

Perseus- Killed Medusa and rescued Andromeda

Achilles- Hero of the Trojan War. He was a great warrior, and his only weakness was his heel

OlympicsEvery four years the ancient Greeks hold athletic contests in Olympia

Despite constant warring between the city states the Greeks declared truces to attend and participate in the games

Individualism

The ancient Greeks valued the individual, believing every one had a role and could contribute to society.

The focus on the individual caused the Greeks to develop philosophy, sculptures of ideal bodies and great works of literature.

Mycenae

Mycenae was an early trading civilization

The Mycenaean sailors traded throughout Sicily, Italy, Egypt and Mesopotamia

The Mycenaean government had multiple kings who worked together for protection

Best known for the 10 year Trojan War

Trojan War

The Trojan War began in 1250 BCE between Troy (Turkey) and the Mycenaean Kings

Legend:-Prince Paris of Troy kidnaps the beautiful Helen. -Helen is a Mycenaean King’s wife and he leads an attack to get her back-the war lasts ten years until the Greek Mycenaean troops trick the Trojans with a wooden horse-The Greeks win and burn Troy

Trojan War- Facts

The Trojan war was thought to be myth, until Heinrich Schliemann excavated ancient Troy and found evidence of burning and rebuilding

Historians believe the war started over trading rights, not Helen

The Trojans controlled the Dardanelle straits which connected to the Black Seas

Strait- narrow

waterway

Trojan War

Fact or Fiction?

One of Greece’s main heroes emerges from the Trojan War: Achilles

Age of Homer (1100-800 BCE)After Troy fell, the Mycenaean civilization also diminished

As a result Greek culture, knowledge, and writing is lost

Soon great poets rose up, telling oral stories. These stories (poems) were a mix of fact and fiction.

The most famous of the poets was Homer.

HomerA blind wanderer, Homer would pass from city to city, singing of heroic deeds and tales of war.

These stories were passed down from generation to generation. Each generation changed and added to the story.

Hundreds of years after Homer, his stories are finally written down.

Let’s play a game…

Every time the story was retold, the teller changed and added to the tale

Im going to tell the front of each row a story. Then you will whisper it to each other. Let’s see how it changes…

The Greeks were masters of trade, arts and government. Much of our political system and architecture come from the Greeks. The Greeks even inspired our White House

My Story

The Iliad by Homer

Homer told the story of the Trojan war and the great hero Achilles

In the story, Achilles refuses to fight, even when the Trojans are beating the Greeks

He does not fight until his close friend is killed. Then he charges the gates and defeats Hector, the hero of Troy

Achilles is later killed by Paris, who shoots him in the heel with an arrow.

The Odyssey by HomerHomer tells the story of Odysseus on his journey home to his wife, Penelope.

On his way he is delayed by many challenges including a sea monster, one-eyed giants, beautiful sorceresses, sirens, and other monsters.

Sparknotes

Review

Both the Ancient Greek and the Ancient Chinese viewed foreigners as barbarians. This is an example of

1. Cultural diffusion2. Materialism3. Imperialism4. ethnocentrism

Review

Which societal condition was the basic to the development of Greek philosophy?

1. Rigid social classes2. Emphasis on the individual3. Religious uniformity4. Mass education

The Greek alphabetHe spread history through stories. They were a mix of fact and fiction

They are isolated into separate city-states

Mountains and Archipelagos

Review

What is the geography of Greece?

What effect does this geography have on

Greece?

Why is Homer important?

What is one example of cultural diffusion

with the Greeks?

Review Gods

City States

The mountainous Geography resulted in many city-states which were isolated from each other.

These city-states were all ethnocentric, and constantly fought to prove it

Two of the most important:SpartaAthens

SpartaLocated in South East Greece

The Spartans were legendary warriors

Yes this really happened… kinda

SpartaThe Spartans were an invading force. They turned the conquered people into slaves called Helots

The Helots were forced to work the land even though they outnumbered the Spartans 2-to-1

Spartan SocietySpartans were bred to be strong. Even sick babies were left to die

Boys:At age 7 boy moved to the barracks for military

training. They were given little food but were encouraged to steal

Men could marry at 20, but lived in the barracks until 30

Men ate in the barracks until death

Spartan Society

Even girls were trained to exercise to produce healthy sons

Because the men were so busy fighting, the women were given more rights to keep the city running

Women exercised, could inherit property, and were allowed to take over household responsibilities

Spartan Motto

Warfare in SpartaThe expression below was supposed to be the parting cry of mothers to their sons. Mothers whose sons died in battle openly rejoiced; mothers whose sons survived hung their heads in shame.

"Come back with your shield - or on it.”

How does this attitude reflect Spartans values?

Sparta GovernmentSparta had two kings and a council of elders

All citizens over the age of 30 voted on major decisions

Most of society had no say

Spartan InteractionThe Spartans did not trade, they believed in being self sufficient

The Spartans spent no time on the arts, literature or trade. The Helots took care of farming and preserving infrastructure.

The Spartan Men and Women focused solely on control and strength

AthensWhile Sparta focused on military strength, Athens focused on expanding trade and government rights

Athens started as a monarchy, ruled by a king who did not listen to the people. Over time this caused dissent, and the people demanded change.

Dissent-To disagree

Solon’s legacy

Solon is selected to make reforms:-outlawed debt slavery-opened government to citizens-granted citizenship to some

foreigners-promoted trade

Overtime the reforms led to the Council of 500

DemocracyThe Council of 500 became a legislative branch

The Council would debate laws and change proposals for the best solution.

This is the first form of democratic government

DemocracyGovernment by

the people

Athens SocietyBoys:

Educated and prepared to debate in legislature

Girls:Prepared to take care of the home, loom and children

Compare and Contrast

Sparta Both Athens

Review

The Ancient Athenians are credited with 1. Inventing and using the wheel2. Eliminating slavery3. Establishing governments with democratic

principles4. Inventing the printing press

Review

Both the Ancient Greeks and Ancient Chinese views outsiders as barbarians. This is an example of

1. Ethnocentrism2. Cultural diffusion3. Materialism 4. Imperialism

Review

Which Ancient civilization established the basis for Western Democracy?1. Phoenician2. Egyptian3. Greek4. Sumerian

Review

The ancient Greek City-state of Sparta 1. Was primarily concerned with the health of

their people2. Was a powerful military state3. Granted universal suffrage to their people4. Placed great emphasis on literature and the

arts

Persian WarsAs the Greek civilization continued to grow, so did the Persian Empire

The Persian empire grew to cover most of the Middle East, Asia Minor and India

Though they conquered through war, the Persianswere tolerant rulers, leading to Cultural Diffusion

Darius 522-486 BCE

Darius the Great united the Persian empire under strict laws

As the Persian empire grew in strength the Persians began eyeing Greece, taking over the Eastern most parts (where Troy was located)

Soon these Greeks rebelled and Athens came to their aid. However, the Persians crushed the rebels and turned towards Athens.

Persian WarThe Persians were angry that Athens intervened in their territory and sent a messenger to the great Greek city states, including Athens and Sparta

The messengers didn’t fare well…

In Athens the messengers were thrown into a well!

In Sparta, they were thrown into a pit!

This is WAR!The Persians attacked the Athenians at Marathon, just north of Athens in 490BCE

The Persians outnumbered Athens 2:to:1, but the Athenians WON!

A messenger was sent to Athens to tell the people of the victory. He ran the 26.2 miles without stopping once. Today Marathons still celebrate this feat

Rebuttal

The Persians did not take the defeat lightly and planned a new attack:

Persia will attack Greece but the Greeks are ready. Sparta and Athens work together for success.

-Spartans will guard the narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae

-Athenians will build a fleet and leave their city

-The Athenians attack and destroy the Persian fleet

Fact and MythThe Spartans had help from other forces, nearly 7,000 men were sent to guard the pass.

They held the pass for 2 straight days of battle, led by king Leonidas. However, a local Greek villager betrayed the Spartan force, and showed the Persians a secret way around the pass.

Leonidas knew the Persians would flank them, or attack from both sides. He dismissed the rest of the Greeks, and kept only his best Spartans, approximately 300 men.

The symbol on their shield is the Greek symbol for “L”

Effects of the Persian War The war united the Greeks and Athens emerged as the most powerful city state.

The Delian League was formed for mutual protection.

Together the members would fight off invaders and attacks.

Unfortunately, prosperity reigned for a short time…

Peloponnesian WarsAthens was the head of the Delian league, uniting most Greeks. Some Greeks disliked Athenian democracy and created the Peloponnesian League.

The disagreements between these groups led to a 27year war.

The Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta, eventually won the war.

Golden Age of Greece

The Greeks went through a Golden age following the Persian Wars. Athens, led by Pericles led the way in cultural and intellectual achievement

Pericles created Direct Democracy where male citizens could gather to discuss and vote on issues.

The male citizens of Athens were now able to deal with the day-to-day affairs

Tweety Tuesday

Topic: Geography impacting the development of nations

Ex: #Egyptsdrydesert

Direct Democracy

“Our constitution is called a democracy because power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people. When it is a question of settling private disputes, everyone is equal before the laws. When it is a question of putting one person before another in positions of public responsibility, what counts is not membership of a particular class, but the ability the man possesses.”

What are the benefits of democracy according to the author?

-everyone is equal before the laws-ability over social classes

Forms of Government

Golden AgeMany Ancient people believed the Gods caused Natural events. If they were pleased there would be good crops and prosperity. If angry then there would be earthquakes, famines and natural disasters

After the Peloponnesian wars Philosophers began to question natural events using reason and observation

Philosopher:Lover of Wisdom

Socrates (496-399 BCE)

The most famous of philosophers

“The Unexamined life is not worth living”

Socrates questioned everything, forcing others to examine their own beliefs and traditions.

His method is known as the Socratic method: Seek truth and self knowledge through questions

DEATH

Socrates questioned everything, including politicians and political decisions. The political machine accused Socrates of “Corrupting the Youth” by challenging traditional ideas

Socrates was found guilty and sentenced to death. He drank Hemlock, a fast acting poison.

PlatoSocrates student, Plato, wrote about his teacher. However, distraught with the Socrates’ death, Plato left Athens for 10 years.

Upon his return to Athens, Plato founds the Academy. This becomes a school for 900 years, studying law, government, medicine, science, etc.

Emphasis on reason.

Plato’s work

Plato examined the best forms of government and eventually argued that a single strong ruler was best. This ruler must be wise and just. He could make decisions for the greatest good following good morals.

There would be 3 social classes:1) Workers (produce goods)2) Soldiers (defense)3) Philosophers (the best would be king)

Plato’s work

The Cave is an allegory (story with a hidden meaning)Uneducated people are given their thoughts and never question. People who are educated question and discover truth

AristotlePlato’s best student… Examined many types of government to determine the best form.

Fearing mob rule, Aristotle favored strong governments

Founded the Lyceum for study in a variety of subjects

Three philosophers

Socrates Plato Aristotle

Socratic Method of questioning as a

learning tool.

Wrote The Republic Favored a strong,

controlling government

Developed ideas on government

Favored the one strong and wise rule as best

form.

Considered to be first western philosopher

Society has three classes: Philosophers, Soldiers, and Workers

Human Reason was the key to learning

Ideal FormThe Greeks believe everything have an ideal form:

Architecture-Parthenon: temple to Athena

Sculpture-lifelike and idealisticshow gods and people in their ‘perfect

form’

Painting-Vases and pottery depict scenes of

everyday life

Birth of DramaLiterature in the Greek time was called Classical. It started with Homer and continued throughout the Golden Age

Plays featured characters in elaborate costumes and masks. Plays were based on myths and discussed morals

Two main types of plays: 1) Tragedy- human suffering and usually

end in disaster2) Comedies- Humorous plays that mock

people or customs

Father of HistoryHerodotus- father of History

-completed interviews and research -wrote about the Persian war -noted bias and conflicting historical

accounts

Thucydides- unbiased history-wrote about the Peloponnesian wars but kept bias out

Macedonia

A foreign kingdom viewed as uncivilized and uncultured by the Greeks

King Philip admired Greek culture and even hired Aristotle to tutor his son, Alexander

Philip used threats, bribes and torture to take over Greece.

Alexander the GreatAlex succeeded his father at age 20.

He was a brutal and courageous leader. He planned to take over Persia, a land of over 2000 miles

His attacks began in 334 and by 326 he had conquered Egypt, Asia Minor, the Middle East and North India

In 326 his soldiers demanded a break from campaigning and returned to Babylon

Alexander’s empire

Death of a legend

Alexander the great never lost a signal battle. When his army returned to Babylon, Alex began planning the next campaign

However, he got sick and lay dying. His last orders was to give the empire to the strongest leader.

The Empire fell into civil war as leaders battled for control.

Hellenistic Culture

As Alexander the Great expanded his empire, he spread many cultures. Greek art and beliefs flowed throughout the empire, as did people and goods.

Many great cities were established in Alexander’s name, including the great City of Alexandria Egypt, where people from all cultures met

Hellenistic CultureBlend of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian culture

(Alexander the Great)

Cultural diffusion

Alexandria, EgyptLocated on the sea lanes linking Asia, Europe and Africa

Famous for its Pharos Lighthouse, one of the seven wonders of the Ancient world

Alexandria library held famed works from around the Ancient world, but later burned to the ground.

AccomplishmentsPythagoras Theorem

Scientists knew the world was Round

Archimedes developed the lever and pulley, amazing people with lifting heavy objects

Doctors incorporated morals into their profession, taking the Hippocratic oath to always help heal and never to injure