twenty-second annual symposium of the …lsm.rutgers.edu/symposium/final program-22nd annual lsm...

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM

of the LABORATORY FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION

A Symposium Honoring

Professors David C. Langreth and Theodore E. Madey

February 15, 2008

8:30 a.m. to 5:15 p.m.

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Fiber Optics Auditorium Busch Campus

Piscataway, New Jersey

Laboratory for

Surface Modification

NanoPhysics

Laboratory

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEYLaboratory for

Surface Modification

NanoPhysics

Laboratory


LABORATORY FOR SURFACE MODIFICATION

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8:30 Registration, coffee 8:50 Introductory Remarks Professor Robert A. Bartynski, Director, Laboratory for Surface Modification

SESSION I: Metal surfaces

Chairperson: Professor Robert A. Bartynski

Director, Laboratory for Surface Modification Department of Physics and Astronomy

9:00 Adsorbate induced morphological instability of Re surfaces Hao Wang1, Wenhua Chen1, Ally S. Y. Chan1, Meral Reyhan1, Payam Kaghazchi2, Timo Jacob2 and Theodore E. Madey1

1Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, 2Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin, Germany

9:15 Thermally induced decomposition chemistry of NCO species adsorbed on Cu(001) E.Z. Ciftlikli1, A.V.Ermakov1, J. Lallo1, S. Rangan1, E.Y.-M. Lee1, B.J. Hinch1, L.Tskipuri2, R. Bartynski2 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy 9:30 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION

Climbing up (and down) the ladder of density functional approximations John P. Perdew

Department of Physics and Quantum Theory Group, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118

10:15 – 10:35 Coffee Break and Poster Session



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SESSION II: Oxide surfaces

Chairperson: Professor Dunbar P. Birnie III

Chair, Department of Materials Science and Engineering

10:35 Professor Ziva Galili, Acting Executive Dean, School of Arts and Sciences 10:40 Professor Leonard C. Feldman, Director, Institute for Advanced Materials, Devices and Nanotechnology (IAMDN) 10:45 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION The surfaces of titanium dioxide: following the trail blazed by Prof. T.E. Madey Ulrike Diebold Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans LA 70118 11:30 Ab initio calculations of BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and SrTiO3 (001) and (011) surface structures R. I. Eglitis, David Vanderbilt Department of Physics and Astronomy 11:45 Enhanced hydronium formation during the dissociative chemisorption of water on silica surfaces T. Mahadevan, S. H. Garofalini

Department of Materials Science and Engineering 12:00 Electronic level alignment of N3 dye and isonictonic acid on TiO2 and ZnO substrates Eric Bersch, Sylvie Rangan, Jean-Patrick Theisen, Robert Bartynski Department of Physics and Astronomy

12:15 – 1:45 Lunch and Poster Session



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POSTER PAPERS: 1) Synthesis and surface modification of upconverting nanoparticles for

biological imaging applications Tamar Andelman1,2,3, Gabrielle Busto3, Prahbas Moghe1,2, Richard Riman1,2

1New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, 2 Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering, 3 Dept. of Biomedical Engineering 2) Characterizing transport phenomena across nanocapillary array membranes Eyup Akdemir, Shaurya Prakash Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 3) Nanomechanics of self-Assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates using nanoindentation techniques Milca I. Aponte, Adrian B. Mann Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Biomedical Engineering 4) Nanocomposites: Opening the door to new concepts in energy storage F. Badway, A. N. Mansour, N. Pereira, J.F. Al-Sharab, F. Cosandey, Plitz, G.G. Amatucci Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Biomedical Engineering 5) Strained films of PbTiO3 and PbZrxTi1-xO3 Scott P. Beckman, Karin M. Rabe, David Vanderbilt Department of Physics and Astronomy 6) Electronic level alignment of N3 dye and isonictonic acid on TiO2 and ZnO

substrates E. Bersch, S. Rangan, J. P. Theisen, R. A. Bartynski Department of Physics and Astronomy 7) XeF2 etching of metallic films O. Celik1, L. Wielunski2 and E. Garfunkel1,2

1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy

8) Unusually high reactivity of planar and faceted Ir(210) for direct NO decomposition in the presence of oxygen Wenhua Chen, Theodore E. Madey Department of Physics and Astronomy



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9) Thermally induced decomposition chemistry of NCO species adsorbed on Cu(001) E.Z. Ciftlikli1, A.V.Ermakov1, J. Lallo1, S. Rangan1, E.Y.-M. Lee1, B.J. Hinch1, L.Tskipuri2, R. Bartynski2 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy 10) Structural stability and lattice dynamics of SiO2 cristobalite Sinisa Coh, David Vanderbilt

Department of Physics and Astronomy

11) First principles simulations of hydrogen storage in metal-organic framework materials Valentino R. Cooper, Jing Li, Yves Chabal, David C. Langreth Department of Physics and Astronomy 12) Dye sensitized solar cells using ZnO nanostructure-based photoelectrodes Ziqing Duan1, Hanhong Chen1, Aurelien Du Pasquier2, Yicheng Lu1 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering 13) Reduced graphene oxide for thin film electronics Goki Eda, Giovanni Fanchini, Manish Chhowalla Materials Science and Engineering 14) Adsorbate induced faceting of Rh (210) surface Govind, W. Chen, H. Wang, T. E. Madey Department of Physics and Astronomy 15) Effect of parametric variations on synthesis of exotic boron carbide nanowires Varun Gupta, Giovanni Fanchini, Steve Miller, Jafar Al-Sharab, Manish Chhowalla Department of Materials Science and Engineering 16) Interface engineering of gate stacks for high-mobility channel mosfet devices Chien-lan Hsueh1, Qi Jiang2, Tian Feng1, Hang Dong Lee1, Lei Yu3, Torgny Gustafsson 1,3, and Eric Garfunkel 1,2,3 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2Department of Chemistry, 3IAMDN



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17) Nanoindentation and electron microscopy characterization of new Y2O3- MgO nanocomposite material Beril Kavukcuoglu1, Jafar F. Al-Sharab1, Rajendra Sadangi1, Vijay Shukla1, Adrian Mann1,2, Manish Chhowalla1, Bernard Kear1 1Materials Science and Engineering Department, 2Engineering and Biomedical Engineering 18) Microporous metal formates for hydrogen storage and hydrocarbon separations Kunhao Li, David H. Olson. JeongYong Lee, Wenhua Bi, Ke Wu, Jing Li Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology 19) Germanium nanowires: Growth, characterization, and solar cell applications Daniel D. T. Mastrogiovanni, Lauren A. Klein, Aurelien Du Pasquier, Eric Garfunkel Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology 20) ZnO TFT devices on glass substrates Chieh-Jen Ku, Jun Zhu, Gaurav Saraf, Ziqing Duan, Yicheng Lu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 21) Synthesis and manipulation of low-dimensional transition metal oxides towards realization of novel electronic properties Tapas K. Mandal1, Viktor V. Poltavets1, Mark Croft2 and Martha Greenblatt1 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy 22) Hydrothermal synthesis of titania using different substrates and seed conditions

Sukanya Murali, Judith D. Sorge, Sarika Phadke, Ariel Jackson, Jerome B. Stanley, Dunbar P. Birnie III

Department of Materials Science and Engineering 23) Molecular dynamics simulations of hysteresis loops for BaTiO3 ferroelectric thin-film capacitors using the feram code Takeshi Nishimatsu1,2, Umesh Waghmare3, Yoshiyuki Kawazoe2, and David Vanderbilt1 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2Institute for Materials Research (IMR), Tohoku University, Japan, 3Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), India



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24) Novel ZnO nanostructure-based acoustic wave sensors Ivanoff Reyes1, Zheng Zhang1, Olena Taratula2, Elena Galoppini2, Ying Chen1, Jian Zhong1, Ziqing Duan1, and Yicheng Lu1 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology 25) Far-from-equilibrium processing of nanocomposite ceramics R.K Sadangi, V. Shukla, B.H. Kear Department of Materials Science and Engineering 26) Modifying the adsorption of molecules at metal surfaces by quantum confinement of electrons L. Tskipuri, R.A. Bartynski Department of Physics and Astronomy 27) Near the ultimate resolution of nanometer-scale focused electron beam induced deposition W.F. van Dorp1, C.W. Hagen1, P. Kruit1, P.A. Crozier2 1Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands, 2Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, 85287 28) Radiation-induced defect formation and reactivity of model TiO2 EUV capping layers with MMA: a comparison with Ru B. V. Yakshinskiy, M. N. Hedhili, S. Zalkind, M. Chandhok, Theodore E. Madey Department of Physics and Astronomy 29) Design and fabrication of Josephson junctions for 100+ GHz superconductive digital ICs Lei Yu1,2, R. Gandikota3, R. Singh3, Yi Shen3, J.M. Rowell3, N. Newman3, A. Kaul 4, X. Meng 4, X. Zeng 4, Theodore Van Duzer 4

1Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2IAMDN, 3Arizona State University, 4University of California, Berkeley



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SESSION III: Applications of surfaces

Chairperson: Professor Yicheng Lu

Chair, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

1:45 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION Twenty years of entanglement with hydrogen as an adsorbate: From fundamental mechanisms to promising energy applications Zhenyu Zhang Materials Science and Technology Division, ORNL & Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee 2:30 Reduced graphene oxide for thin film electronics Goki Eda, Giovanni Fanchini, Manish Chhowalla Department of Materials Science and Engineering 2:45 Germanium nanowires: Growth, characterization, and solar Cell applications Daniel D. T. Mastrogiovanni, Lauren A. Klein, Aurelien Du Pasquier, Eric Garfunkel Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology 3:00 Biomolecular arrays via soft-nanolithography Ki-Bum Lee Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology 3:15 Rutherford backscattering spectrometry of molecular self assembled monolayers grown at the surface of non-conjugated polymeric films Leszek S. Wielunski1, S. Katalinic1, B. Lee1, M. Connors1,2, V. Podzorov1, E. Garfunkel2, L. Feldman3 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 3IAMDN

3:30 – 4:00 Afternoon Break and Poster Session



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SESSION IV: Patterned surfaces and magnetism

Chairperson: Professor Torgny Gustafsson

Chair, Department of Physics and Astronomy 4:00 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION From magnetic recording to plasmas and surfaces Kalman Pelhos Seagate Technologies 4:45 Highly aligned epitaxial nanorods with a checkerboard pattern in oxide films S. Park1,2, Y. Horibe1,2, T. Asada1,2,3, L. S. Wielunski2, N. Lee1,2, P. L. Bonanno4, S. M. O’Malley4, A. A. Sirenko4, A. Kazimirov5, M. Tanimura3, T. Gustafsson2, S-W. Cheong1,2

1Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3Research Department, NISSAN ARC, LTD., Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan, 4Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, 5Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853

5:00 Domain structure and magnetization reversal in multiferroic LuFe2O4 Weida Wu, Soonyong Park, Chenglin Zhang, S.W. Cheong

Department of Physics and Astronomy 5:15 End of Presentations / Talks Awards Presentations: Best Poster Presentations



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ABSTRACTS FOR TALKS 9:00 Adsorbate induced morphological instability of Re surfaces Hao Wang1, Wenhua Chen1, Ally S. Y. Chan1, Meral Reyhan1, Payam Kaghazchi2, Timo Jacob2 and Theodore E. Madey1 1Department of Physics & Astronomy, 2Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, D-14195 Berlin, Germany Atomically rough Re(12-31) and (11-21) surfaces become faceted when covered by certain adsorbates and annealed. LEED and STM measurements show that the morphologies of the faceted surfaces depend on the adsorbate species and coverage. DFT calculations are performed to explain how the adsorbates change the anisotropy of Re surface free energy, which in turn drives the facet formation. 9:15 Thermally induced decomposition chemistry of NCO species adsorbed on Cu(001) E.Z. Ciftlikli1, A.V.Ermakov1, J. Lallo1, S. Rangan1, E.Y.-M. Lee1, B.J. Hinch1, L.Tskipuri2, R. Bartynski2 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy Thermal treatment of NCO/Cu(001) at 573K results in the appearance of new C1s and N1s features on XPS, located at 286.4 eV and 398.4 eV, respectively. Quantitative analysis of XPS data indicates that NCO moieties involve in a bimolecular reaction at 573K, generating CO2(g) and CN2(a). RAIRS measurements were employed to learn more about the nature of bound CN2, diimide, species as well as to investigate its subsequent surface reactions.



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9:30 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION Climbing up (and down) the ladder of density functional approximations John P. Perdew Department of Physics and Quantum Theory Group, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118 Kohn-Sham density functional theory [1] is now the principal method of electronic structure calculation in both condensed matter physics and quantum chemistry, because it combines useful accuracy with the efficiency of self consistent one-electron equations. This theory predicts the ground-state structure, electron density, and total energy for atoms, molecules, nano-structures, bulk solids, and solid surfaces. The only approximation is for the density functional that yields the exchange-correlation energy Exc of the electrons. The earliest approximation was the local density approximation of Kohn and Sham [1]. Langreth and collaborators established the exact coupling-constant integration for Exc [2] and the generalized gradient approximation [3-5] which uses not only the local density but also its gradient, constituting the second rung of a ladder of approximations of increasing accuracy and complexity. Higher rungs of the ladder incorporate additional ingredients and can be constructed nonempirically to satisfy additional exact constraints. Until recently, the drive has been to climb up the ladder, but recent work [6] suggests the need to climb back down to strengthen the second rung, with improvements for bulk solids, surfaces, and large molecules. [1] W. Kohn and L.J. Sham, Phys. Rev. 136, B864 (1964). [2] D.C. Langreth and J.P. Perdew, Solid State Commun. 17, 1425 (1975). [3] D.C. Langreth and J.P. Perdew, Phys. Rev. B 21, 5469 (1980). [4] D.C. Langreth and M.J. Mehl, Phys. Rev. B 28, 1809 (1983). [5] J.P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996). [6] J.P. Perdew, A. Ruzsinszky, G.I. Csonka, O.A. Vydrov, G.E. Scuseria, L.A. Constantin, X. Zhou, and K. Burke, arXiv: cond-mat/0711.0156. 10:45 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION The surfaces of titanium dioxide: following the trail blazed by Prof. T.E. Madey Ulrike Diebold Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans LA 70118 When I was a post-doc at Rutgers in the early nineties, Ted Madey pointed me towards investigating TiO2 surfaces. He couldn’t have chosen a more interesting and forward-looking system – this material is used in a wide variety of technical areas, and understanding its surfaces is especially important in current and future solar energy conversion schemes. In the talk I will give a brief overview of surface science research on TiO2 and discuss some recent results, such as the creation of a special arrangement of surface defects by electron bombardment of TiO2 rutile (011)-2x1; the geometric and electronic structure of aromatic molecules on rutile (110); and the adsorption of water on TiO2 anatase.



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11:30 Ab initio calculations of BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and SrTiO3 (001) and (011) surface structures R. I. Eglitis, David Vanderbilt Department of Physics and Astronomy We present and discuss the results of calculations of surface relaxations and rumplings for the (001) and (011) surfaces of BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and SrTiO3 [1] using a hybrid B3PW description of exchange and correlation. On the (001) surfaces, we consider both AO (A=Ba, Pb or Sr) and TiO2 terminations. As for the (011) surfaces, we consider three types of surfaces, terminating on a TiO layer, a Ba, Pb, or Sr layer and an O layer. The surface relaxation energies for BaTiO3, PbTiO3 and SrTiO3 (011) surfaces for all terminations are considerably larger as for (001) surfaces. Among the (011) surfaces, the relaxation energy is much larger for the TiO-terminated surface than for the Ba- or Pb-terminated surfaces for the BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 perovskites. We predict a considerable increase of the Ti-O chemical bond covalency near the (011) surfaces as compared to both the bulk and the (001) surface. [1] R.I. Eglitis and D. Vanderbilt, Phys. Rev. B 76, 155439 (2007). 11:45 Enhanced hydronium formation during the dissociative chemisorption of water on silica surfaces T. Mahadevan, S. H. Garofalini

Department of Materials Science and Engineering A new interatomic potential for water that allows for dissociation of the water molecule and matches experimental liquid properties, such as the liquid equation of state, structure, diffusion, cohesive energy, dipole moment, and frequency spectrum, was developed for use in molecular dynamics simulations. Application of this potential to simulations of water on silica surfaces shows dissociative chemisorption of the water molecules onto surface sites, hydroxylation consistent with experiment, and surface reactions indicating the important role of hydronium formation in this behavior. The temporal formation of hydronium ions and hydrogen ion transfer observed in the simulations matches ab-initio MD calculations. Application of this dissociative potential to large-scale studies of the anomalous expansion of water confined within nanometer dimensions showed results consistent with recent experimental data. 12:00 Electronic level alignment of N3 dye and isonictonic acid on TiO2 and ZnO substrates Eric Bersch, Sylvie Rangan, Jean-Patrick Theisen, Robert Bartynski Department of Physics and Astronomy Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are a promising low cost alternative to traditional solid state solar cells. We have measured the complete adsorbate/substrate electronic level alignment, a key DSSC property, for all combinations of two adsorbates (N3 dye and isonicotinic acid) and two substrates (TiO2 and ZnO) by UV and Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy.



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1:45 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION Twenty years of entanglement with hydrogen as an adsorbate: From fundamental mechanisms to promising energy applications† Zhenyu Zhang Materials Science and Technology Division, ORNL & Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee My academic life started some twenty years ago when I was a graduate student at Rutgers, where I began to learn how to integrate Feynman diagrams for fundamental understanding of energy and phase relaxation of adsorbate vibrations at surfaces, and how to stay grounded by listening to the experimentalists for the specific system of H vibrations on the W(100) surface [1,2]. What was learned at Rutgers has had a lasting impact in my subsequent research, and in the case of H adsorbate the follow-on research included studies of H diffusion on flat or stepped metal surfaces [3,4] and the effects of H as a surfactant in altering growth kinetics of surface features or thin films [5-7]. After a quick review on those earlier yet highly related energetic and kinetic aspects of H adatoms, I will focus on some more recent developments. Here, I will present results from synergetic theoretical/experimental studies of selective desorption of H molecules from Si(111) via rate manipulation with a laser beam [8,9]. Based on extensive first-principles calculations, I will also propose some conceptually intriguing approaches to enhance the binding strength of molecular hydrogen at the surfaces of light-element-based nanomaterials [10-12]. Whereas these studies are significant for improved understanding of chemical rate processes at surfaces, their relevance to the development of candidate materials for clean energy will also be emphasized. †Supported by the DMSE program of USDOE, USNSF, and NSF of China. [1] Z. Y. Zhang and D. C. Langreth, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2211 (1987). [2] Z. Y. Zhang and D. C. Langreth, Phys. Rev. B 39, 10028 (1989). [3] Z. Y. Zhang and H. Metiu, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 2087 (1990). [4] Z. Y. Zhang, K. Haug, and H. Metiu, J. Chem. Phys. 93, 3614 (1990). [5] J. E. Vasek, Z. Y. Zhang, C. T. Salling, and M. G. Lagally, Phys. Rev. B 51, 17207 (1995). [6] K. Huag, Z. Y. Zhang, D. John, C. F. Walters, D. M. Zehner, and E. W. Plummer, Phys. Rev. B 55, 10233 (1997). [7] Y. Jia, W. G. Zhu, E. G. Wang, Y. P. Huo, and Z. Y. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 086101 (2005). [8] B. Wu, P. I. Cohen, L. C. Feldman, and Z. Y. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2175 (2004). [9] Z. H. Liu, L. C. Feldman, N. H. Tolk, Z. Y. Zhang, and P. I. Cohen, Science 312, 1024 (2006). [10] S. Meng, E. Kaxiras, and Z. Y. Zhang, Nano Lett. 7, 663 (2007). [11] M. Yoon, S. Y. Yang, E. G. Wang, and Z. Y. Zhang, Nano Lett. 2578 (2007).[12] M. Yoon, S. Y. Yang, C. Hicke, E. G. Wang, D. Geohegan, and Z. Y. Zhang, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. 2:30 Reduced graphene oxide for thin film electronics Goki Eda, Giovanni Fanchini, Manish Chhowalla Department of Materials Science and Engineering We report a method which allows uniform and controllable deposition of atomically thin films of reduced graphene oxide. The opto-electronic properties can be tuned over several orders of magnitude, making them useful for flexible semiconductors or transparent and conducting electrodes for collecting holes in organic photovoltaics.



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2:45 Germanium nanowires: Growth, characterization, and solar cell applications Daniel D. T. Mastrogiovanni, Lauren A. Klein, Aurelien Du Pasquier, Eric Garfunkel Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology We present studies on the growth of germanium nanowires (GeNWs) via a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism in a chemical vapor deposition reactor. We have achieved both epitaxial growth on single-crystal Si and Ge surfaces and randomly oriented nanowire growth on a number of oxides. We have explored the use of GeNWs in solar cell applications. We demonstrate their use as the electron acceptor in an organic/inorganic bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic device with P3HT. 3:00 Biomolecular arrays via soft-nanolithography Ki-Bum Lee Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology

Bio-recognition is inherently a nano- rather than microscopic phenomenon. The key question is how to investigate and manipulate the biological interactions at the nanometer scale. Motivated by this demand, I developed the new concept and methods for fabricating arrays of nanoscopic features comprised of different proteins and the study of the fundamental interactions between biological structures (e.g. cell, complementary proteins, and viruses) and underlying patterned surfaces. This research was further applied to the development of ultrasensitive protein detection method for an early diagnosis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. In this talk, a summary of the results from these efforts will be presented.

3:15 Rutherford backscattering spectrometry of molecular self assembled monolayers grown at the surface of non-conjugated polymeric films Leszek S. Wielunski1, S. Katalinic1, B. Lee1, M. Connors1,2, V. Podzorov1, E. Garfunkel2, L. Feldman3 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 3IAMDN Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) is often used for elemental analysis of thin films containing heavy and medium atomic mass elements. However, the technique has a very limited sensitivity for low-mass elements in samples containing substantial amount of medium or heavy elements. Here we apply RBS technique to a novel system consisting of silane self-assembled molecular layers (SAM) grown at the surface of non-conjugated polymeric dielectric (parylene, (C8H8)n) and compare it with the same SAM grown on native SiO2. We will show how low-mass elements can be detected with high sensitivity (about a monolayer for C, O, F) in samples containing medium mass element (Si). In order to achieve high sensitivity, substrate signal is reduced using special RBS geometry (glancing angle detector) and ion channeling in the underlying single crystal Si substrate. Examples will be shown for OTS (octyltrichlorosilane, C8H17SiCl3) and FTS (perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane, C8H4F13SiCl3) molecular layers grown at the surface of parylene and on native silicon oxide.



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4:00 HIGHLIGHT PRESENTATION From magnetic recording to plasmas and surfaces Kalman Pelhos Seagate Technologies A very brief introduction to magnetic data recording and one of Seagate's current research projects: Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR) will be followed by another brief introduction to plasma processing and reactive ion etching (RIE). RIE is an important process in the building of the optical light delivery component of a HAMR head. When optimizing the RIE process, it is essential to understand the chemical and physical processes taking place in the RIE plasma, as well as the interactions at the surface of the material being etched. The talk will focus on a few examples of Chlorine-based RIE plasmas and their interactions with selected metals and metal oxides. Changes in plasma chemistry as observed by Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) are correlated with XPS measurements of the etched surface. 4:45 Highly aligned epitaxial nanorods with a checkerboard pattern in oxide films S. Park1,2, Y. Horibe1,2, T. Asada1,2,3, L. S. Wielunski2, N. Lee1,2, P. L. Bonanno4, S. M. O’Malley4, A. A. Sirenko4, A. Kazimirov5, M. Tanimura3, T. Gustafsson2 & S-W. Cheong1,2 1Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3Research Department, NISSAN ARC, LTD., Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan, 4Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102, 5Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source(CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 One of the central challenges of nano-science is fabrication of nano-scale structures with well-controlled architectures using planar thin-film technology. Herein, we report that ordered nano-checkerboards in ZnMnGaO4 films were grown epitaxially on single-crystal MgO substrates by utilizing a solid state method of the phase separation-induced self-assembly. The films consist of two types of chemically distinct and regularly spaced nanorods with mutually coherent interfaces - ~4×4×750 nm3 in size and perfectly aligned along the film growth direction. This unique three dimensional epitaxy process contrasts with a typical behavior in conventional growth of highly lattice-mismatched films, and thus provides an important route for film fabrication of nano-structured arrays with periodically varied electronic and magnetic properties. 5:00 Domain structure and magnetization reversal in multiferroic LuFe2O4 Weida Wu, Soonyong Park, Chenglin Zhang, S.W. Cheong

Department of Physics and Astronomy We report real space magnetic imaging of single crystal multiferroic LuFe2O4 via variable temperature magnetic force microscopy (VT-MFM). The magnetization reversal of LuFe2O4 is investigated in detail with MFM in magnetic fields up to 8 tesla at several temperatures below TN=230 K. Our results suggest that the domain structure and the magnetization reversal of LuFe2O4 are different from those of conventional FM magnets with a uniaxial anisotropy. These unconventional behaviors may originate from the low dimentionality and the unusual spin-charge frustration of LuFe2O4.



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ABSTRACTS FOR POSTERS: * Student Poster

1) Synthesis and surface modification of upconverting nanoparticles for biological imaging applications Tamar Andelman1,2,3, Gabrielle Busto3, Prahbas Moghe1,2, Richard Riman1,2

1New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, 2 Dept. of Materials Science & Engineering,3Dept. of Biomedical Engineering The ability to image cells in vivo is an extremely valuable tool as a diagnostic reporter of biomedical pathologies and mechanisms. Currently used labels for biological imaging are organic dyes, proteins, and quantum dots, which have many drawbacks. Many of these rely on "downconversion", which occurs when a material absorbs a photon of higher energy light (in this case, ultraviolet) and emits a photon of lower energy light (visible). Cells and tissues absorb ultraviolet (UV) light, which causes unwanted background fluorescence, and raises concerns of phototoxicity. In contrast, upconverting nanoparticles involve the absorption of two or more low energy photons (in this case, near infrared) to emit one higher energy photon (visible). We have synthesized upconverting nanoparticles of various compositions and performed surface modification to enhance biocompatibility and allow for further conjugation to bio-molecules. Although the as-synthesized nanoparticles are not soluble in water, the surface modified nanoparticles form stable aqueous colloidal suspensions. The surface modified nanoparticles were analyzed with TEM, DLS, zeta potential, FT-IR, and TGA to determine size and coating thickness. 2)* Characterizing transport phenomena across nanocapillary array membranes Eyup Akdemir, Shaurya Prakash Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Increasing demands for clean water and separation devices with single molecule sensitivity have spurred interest in nanofluidics. Enhancing fundamental understanding of transport phenomena within confined nanoscale systems with high surface-area-to-volume ratios (~ 109 m-1) is an important objective. We present initial results demonstrating manipulation of ionic transport across nanocapillary array membranes (NCAMs). 3)* Nanomechanics of self-Assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates using nanoindentation techniques Milca I. Aponte, Adrian B. Mann Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Self assembled monolayers (SAMs) are formed by adsorbed organic molecules spontaneously forming a single layer on a substrate. Since their discovery the preparation of these molecular assemblies has attracted the attention of interfacial researchers interested in controlled wetting of surfaces, adhesion, friction, chemical sensing, and high resolution lithography. However, little effort has gone into understanding how the SAM affects the mechanics of the underlying surface. In this study the nanomechanics of alkanethiolate SAMs on Au (111) thin films has been investigated using nanoindentation



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techniques. The research is aimed at establishing how the SAM layer affects the contact geometry and the apparent mechanical properties of the Au film. Nanoindentation was performed using a Triboscope (Hysitron, Minneapolis, MN) equipped with a Berkovich diamond tip and operating in either constant load or constant displacement mode. Comparisons were made between the mechanical behavior of Au films, Au films plus SAMs and a glass control. During the nanoindentation tests the load-displacement curves and the apparent mechanical properties were found to depend on loading rate and Au film thickness. Contact adhesion of the nanoindenter tip to the SAM was also found to increase with decreasing loading rate. Surprisingly, the effects of the SAM layer are seen even when the nanoindentation depth is orders of magnitude greater that the SAM thickness. Many of the effects of the SAM can be explained by changes in the contact geometry and the ability of the SAM to sustain compressive loads when it is in a confined volume. Adhesion can be considered in terms of the JKR (Johnson, Kendall and Roberts) and DMT (Derjaguin, Muller and Toporov) theories, but they do not incorporate time-dependent effects which appear to be important in the nanomechanics of SAMs. 4) Nanocomposites: Opening the door to new concepts in energy storage F. Badway, A. N. Mansour, N. Pereira, J.F. Al-Sharab, F. Cosandey, Plitz, G.G. Amatucci Departments of Materials Science & Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Heterogeneous nanocomposites addressing the "wiring" of nanodomains to enable effective ionic and electronic charge transport has enabled an entire class of materials based on metal fluorides to become candidates for next generation energy storage. This talk will focus on the characterization of the copper fluoride composites, specifically the characterization through the use of XRD, electrochemical, XANES, EXAFS and high resolution imaging characterization techniques to present a picture of these high energy density nanocomposites for lithium batteries. 5) Strained films of PbTiO3 and PbZrxTi1−xO3 Scott P. Beckman, Karin M. Rabe, David Vanderbilt Department of Physics and Astronomy Using ab initio methods, we investigate the effect of epitaxial strain, ranging from −0.02 → +0.02, on the ferroelectric perovskite materials PbTiO3 and PbZrxTi1−xO3 (PZT). These calculations are in agreement with experimental observation of the effect of strain on highly polar ferroelectrics. A simplified version of the Landau free-energy functional can be used to find the “ideal” coercive field. The theory overestimates the coercive field by about an order of magnitude compared to experiment; it describes a homogeneous polarization reversal, whereas the actual reversal presumably occurs via domain-wall motion.



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6)* Electronic level alignment of N3 dye and isonictonic acid on TiO2 and ZnO substrates E. Bersch, S. Rangan, J. P. Theisen, R. A. Bartynski Department of Physics and Astronomy Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) are a promising low cost alternative to traditional solid state solar cells. We have measured the complete adsorbate/substrate electronic level alignment, a key DSSC property, for all combinations of two adsorbates (N3 dye and isonicotinic acid) and two substrates (TiO2 and ZnO) by UV and Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy. 7)* XeF2 dtching of metallic films O. Celik1, L. Wielunski2 and E. Garfunkel1,2 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biolog, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy

XeF2 is an isotropic and highly selective etching gas used to remove semiconductors (such as Si, Ge) and metals (such as Mo, W) in the fabrication of MEMS and other devices. In this work we explore the surface and gas phase etching chemistry of metallic films by XeF2, by utilizing the ion scattering, XPS, AFM and mass spectroscopy techniques. 8) Unusually high reactivity of planar and faceted Ir(210) for direct NO decomposition in the presence of oxygen Wenhua Chen, Theodore E. Madey Department of Physics and Astronomy We report NO decomposition on planar Ir(210) and nano-faceted Ir(210) with facet sizes of 5-14nm, in the absence and presence of pre-adsorbed oxygen. Both clean surfaces are highly active for NO decomposition with high selectivity to N2. When both surfaces are pre-covered up to 0.5ML O, they continue to exhibit unexpected high reactivity. For higher O coverages, faceted Ir(210) is much more active than planar Ir(210), indicating strong structure sensitivity in NO decomposition. Our results may be of importance for develpment of new catalysts for NO decomposition for current diesel and lean-burn engines which operate under high oxygen concentration that poison most Pt-based catalysts. 9)* Thermally induced decomposition chemistry of NCO species adsorbed on Cu(001) E.Z. Ciftlikli1, A.V.Ermakov1, J. Lallo1, S. Rangan1, E.Y.-M. Lee1, B.J. Hinch1, L.Tskipuri2, R. Bartynski2 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy Thermal treatment of NCO/Cu(001) at 573K results in the appearance of new C1s and N1s features on XPS, located at 286.4 eV and 398.4 eV, respectively. Quantitative analysis of XPS data indicates that NCO moieties involve in a bimolecular reaction at 573K, generating CO2(g) and CN2(a). RAIRS measurements were employed to learn more about the nature of bound CN2, diimide, species as well as to investigate its subsequent surface reactions.



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10)* Structural stability and lattice dynamics of SiO2 cristobalite Sinisa Coh, David Vanderbilt Department of Physics and Astronomy Among the many phases of SiO2 are alpha- and beta-cristobalite. Despite early indications that the higher-temperature beta-cristobalite might be cubic, it is now accepted that it is in fact tetragonal, and that the experiments suggesting a cubic structure were actually averaging spatially or dynamically over tetragonal domains. Recently, Zhang and Scott suggested that the widely accepted lower-temperature alpha-cristobalite phase might be an artifact in a similar way. With this motivation, we have conducted a systematic series of first-principles calculations in order to investigate the energy landscape in the vicinity of the alpha- and beta-cristobalite phases of SiO2. 11) First principles simulations of hydrogen storage in metal-organic framework materials Valentino R. Cooper, Jing Li, Yves Chabal, David C. Langreth Department of Physics and Astronomy Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, assembled by linking metal ions or clusters through molecular bridges, have been shown to be good candidates for hydrogen storage. Here we shall discuss our use of the nonempirical van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF)[1,2] to simulate the interactions of H2 within MOF materials. We shall demonstrate that modeling the entire MOF structure can result in different hydrogen adsorption geometries, binding energies and vibrational frequencies than observed in previous calculations which only consider fragments of the MOF. The ability to model hydrogen interactions in a more realistic environment may assist in the design of MOF materials suitable for energy applications. [M. Dion et al. Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 246401 (2004)] and [T. Thonhauser et al. Phys. Rev. B, 76, 125112 (2007)] 12)* Dye sensitized solar cells using ZnO nanostructure-based photoelectrodes Ziqing Duan1, Hanhong Chen1, Aurelien Du Pasquier2, Yicheng Lu1 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering A novel photoelectrode, consisting of well-aligned ZnO nanotips and a Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) film, is grown by MOCVD. This structure has been used for the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC), which shows UV light harvesting and fast photoresponse. 13)* Reduced graphene oxide for thin film electronics Goki Eda, Giovanni Fanchini, Manish Chhowalla Department of Materials Science and Engineering We report a method which allows uniform and controllable deposition of atomically thin films of reduced graphene oxide. The opto-electronic properties can be tuned over several orders of magnitude, making them useful for flexible semiconductors or transparent and conducting electrodes for collecting holes in organic photovoltaics.



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14) Adsorbate induced faceting of Rh (210) surface Govind, W. Chen, H. Wang, T. E. Madey Department of Physics & Astronomy Oxygen-induced nanometer scale faceting has been studied on atomically-rough fcc Rh (210) using LEED and Auger (AES). O-covered Rh (210) undergoes massive reconstruction upon annealing at temperatures T ≥ 600K, to form 3-sided nanoscale pyramids characterized by two {731} facets and a (2x1) reconstructed (110) facet. The faceted surface remains stable for temperatures < 850K. Oxygen can be completely removed from the faceted surface via CO oxidation at 400K or reaction with H2 to form H2O at room temperature, while preserving the faceted Rh(210) structure. The clean faceted Rh (210) surface is a potential substrate to study surface reactions whose rates are sensitive to atomic structure and/or nanoscale (facet) size. 15)* Effect of parametric variations on synthesis of exotic boron carbide nanowires Varun Gupta, Giovanni Fanchini, Steve Miller, Jafar Al-Sharab, Manish Chhowalla Department of Materials Science and Engineering A systematic study to synthesize B4C nanostructures by varying the B to C ratio, temperature, pressure and presence of silicon is reported. We demonstrate the synthesis of nanowires (length = 100-1000 μm and diameter = 10 nm to 1 μm) at high temperatures (1000 to 1250°C) via boron based eutectics. 16) Interface engineering of gate stacks for high-mobility channel mosfet devices Chien-lan Hsueh1, Qi Jiang2, Tian Feng1, Hang Dong Lee1, Lei Yu3, Torgny Gustafsson 1,3, and Eric Garfunkel 1,2,3 1Department of Physics, 2Department of Chemistry, 3IAMDN To maintain the scaling of MOSFET, gate stacks composed of high-κ dielectrics and compatible metals must be employed. The defective interfaces within the gate stacks are usually the bottleneck to achieve higher effective channel mobility, lower threshold voltage, and better thermal stability. Our work targets on boosting device performance by designing interfacial layers to passivate interface “defects” within the gate stacks. Results based on MEIS, XPS, AFM, and electrical testing will be presented.



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17) Nanoindentation and electron microscopy characterization of new Y2O3-MgO nanocomposite material Beril Kavukcuoglu1, Jafar F. Al-Sharab1, Rajendra Sadangi1, Vijay Shukla1, Adrian Mann1,2, Manish Chhowalla1, Bernard Kear1 1Materials Science and Engineering Department, 2Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Polycrystalline Y2O3 is receiving a great attention, since it has excellent optical properties in the visible, near infra-red, and 3-5 micron mid-wave band. However, current processing methods yield polycrystalline Y2O3 with ~150 micron grain size, which limits the hardness and erosion resistance attainable. To address future requirements for improved mechanical performance, we are developing a new Y2O3-MgO nanocomposite. Mechanical properties including hardness, stiffness and toughness were measured by nanoindentation and microindentation methods. Moreover, the effect of grain size on mechanical properties was investigated. A detailed characterization techniques using electron microscopy were conducted on the samples to correlate microstructure with properties. 18) Microporous metal formates for hydrogen storage and hydrocarbon separations Kunhao Li, David H. Olson. JeongYong Lee, Wenhua Bi, Ke Wu, Jing Li Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology [M3(HCOO)6]·DMF (M = Mn, Co, Ni) were synthesized by solvothermal reactions of formic acid and the corresponding metal nitrates in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Crystal structures of [Co3(HCOO)6]·DMF and [Mn3(HCOO)6]·DMF were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods. The metal connectivity leads to a diamondoid topology. The structure contains zigzag channels of effective pore size of ~5-6Å along the b axis where guest dimethylformamide molecules reside. The channels were further connected by small apertures (~1.4Å × 5.3Å) along [101] directions. The materials were confirmed by TGA-PXRD analysis to be thermally stable after removal of the DMF guest molecules. Based on nitrogen adsorption data, the surface area of [Co3(HCOO)6] were calculated to be 354 m2/g (Langmuir) and 304 m2/g (Bruner-Emit-Teller), respectively. The estimated pore size is ~5.0 Å from H-K pore size distribution. [Co3(HCOO)6] takes up 0.75 wt% hydrogen at 77K and 1 atm (0.65 wt% for 87K, 1 atm). At elevated pressure and temperature, the hydrogen uptake is significantly lower with a maximum hydrogen uptake of 0.25 wt% at 70 bar and room temperature. Equilibrium hydrocarbon adsorption measurements also revealed that [Co3(HCOO)6] has the potential of separating hydrocarbons via processes such as Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA). In this presentation, supercritical CO2 extraction of the DMF guest molecules as a more gentle activation process will also be discussed.



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19)* Germanium nanowires: Growth, characterization, and solar cell applications Daniel D. T. Mastrogiovanni, Lauren A. Klein, Aurelien Du Pasquier, Eric Garfunkel Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology We present studies on the growth of germanium nanowires (GeNWs) via a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism in a chemical vapor deposition reactor. We have achieved both epitaxial growth on single-crystal Si and Ge surfaces and randomly oriented nanowire growth on a number of oxides. We have explored the use of GeNWs in solar cell applications. We demonstrate their use as the electron acceptor in an organic/inorganic bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic device with P3HT. 20)* ZnO TFT devices on glass substrates Chieh-Jen Ku, Jun Zhu, Gaurav Saraf, Ziqing Duan, Yicheng Lu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering We have demonstrated the top gate depletion-mode ZnO thin film transistor (TFT) devices on glass substrates. MOCVD grown epitaxial and polycrystalline ZnO films were used to make TFT deivces. The field effect mobility (μFE) of 4.0 cm2/V-s is obtained. The ZnO based TFT devices can be used for future transparent electronics. 21) Synthesis and manipulation of low-dimensional transition metal oxides towards realization of novel electronic properties Tapas K. Mandal1, Viktor V. Poltavets1, Mark Croft2 and Martha Greenblatt1 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 2Department of Physics and Astronomy We have explored the synthesis and structural characterization of novel low-dimensional (LD) manganites and nickelates. New ordered double perovskite oxides of compositions ALaMnSbO6 (A = Sr and Ba) have been synthesized and transformed to the n = 1 Ruddlesden-Popper (R-P) ALaMnO4-x phases through low temperature hydrogen reductions. The ALaMnO4-x phases have been structurally and magnetically characterized. Recently we have also prepared a new homologous series of layered nickelates, Lnn+1NinO2n+2(n = 2, 3), Ln3Ni2O6 and Ln4Ni3O8 (Ln = La and Nd) by low temperature reduction of the parent R-P Ln3Ni2O7 and Ln4Ni3O10 compounds. Both Ln3Ni2O6 and Ln4Ni3O8 have mixed-valent Ni+/Ni2+ formal oxidation states with d8/d9 electronic configuration, isoelectronic with those of Cu2+/Cu3+ found in the high temperature superconducting cuprates. Theoretical calculations made by density functional theory (DFT) indicate that these materials could show potentially attractive properties. The soft-chemical/low-temperature manipulations could in principle induce exotic properties in these metastable phases. The details of their synthesis, chemical composition, structure, and electronic properties will be presented.



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22)* Hydrothermal synthesis of titania using different substrates and seed conditions Sukanya Murali, Judith D. Sorge, Sarika Phadke, Ariel Jackson, Jerome B. Stanley, Dunbar P. Birnie III Department of Materials Science and Engineering Titanium dioxide was prepared hydrothermally on titanium metal and glass substrates using a P25 (Degussa-TiO2 nanopowder) based precursor. Titanium dioxide coatings prepared by a sol gel or drop cast method were used as seed layers. The effect of reaction conditions (temperature, pH of solution) on the morphology of titania layers is discussed. 23) Molecular dynamics simulations of hysteresis loops for BaTiO3 ferroelectric thin-film capacitors using the feram code Takeshi Nishimatsu1,2, Umesh Waghmare3, Yoshiyuki Kawazoe2, and David Vanderbilt1 1Physics and Astronomy, 2Institute for Materials Research (IMR), Tohoku University, Japan, 3Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), India Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of hysteresis loops are performed for bulk and thin-film BaTiO3 using our original MD code, "feram" (http://loto.sf.net/feram/). "feram" can simulate temperature, thickness, frequency and electrode dependences of ferroelectric properties. We confirmed that the imperfect screening by the electrodes decreases the coercive field as the film thickness decreases in thin-film ferroelectric capacitors, as described in Ref. [1]. We also found that compressive strain arising from epitaxial constraints suppresses the polarization switching, while the inclusion of inhomogeneous strain (i.e. acoustic displacements) eases the switching. [1] M. Dawber, P. Chandra, P. B. Littlewood and J. F. Scott: J. Phys.-Condes. Matter 15 (2003) L393. 24)* Novel ZnO nanostructure-based acoustic wave sensors Ivanoff Reyes1, Zheng Zhang1, Olena Taratula2, Elena Galoppini2, Ying Chen1, Jian Zhong1, Ziqing Duan1, and Yicheng Lu1 1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology We report the novel ZnO nanotip-based acoustic wave sensors. ZnO nanostructures are grown on the surfaces of various sensors, including surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors and thin film bulk acoustic wave resonators (TFBAR) using MOCVD. The ZnO nanotip-based sensors possess unique advantages for the biosensor applications, such as larger surface areas, high sensitivity, biological compatibility, and integrability with Si-based electronics.



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25) Far-from-equilibrium processing of nanocomposite ceramics R.K Sadangi, V. Shukla, B.H. Kear Department of Materials Science and Engineering

A far-from-equilibrium or metastable processing method has been developed to produce multiphase nanocomposite ceramics. The process integrates two enabling technologies: (1) production of homogeneous metastable powders via Rapid Solidification Processing, and (2) consolidation to full density by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP), while decomposing them into nano-composite structures. The processing takes advantage of a pressure-induced metastable-to-stable phase transformation during sintering to mitigate grain coarsening. A thermally stable interconnected or co-continuous nanostructure is formed when the volume fractions of constituent phases are comparable. In this poster, potential applications of metastable processing will be presented.

26)* Modifying the adsorption of molecules at metal surfaces by quantum confinement of electrons L. Tskipuri, R.A. Bartynski Department of Physics and Astronomy We have studied the bonding of CO on several ultrathin Cu and Co films that exhibit metallic quantum well (MQW) states, whose energies change as a function of overlayer thickness, using inverse photoemission (IPE), reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD). We have also studied the influence of MQW states on the adsorption properties of the dimethyl disulfide (thiol) molecule (CH3S)2, which forms a self-assembled monolayer when adsorbed on the Cu(100) surface. 27) Near the ultimate resolution of nanometer-scale focused electron beam induced deposition W.F. van Dorp1, C.W. Hagen1, P. Kruit1, P.A. Crozier2 1Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands, 2Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona, 85287 Using a very finely focused electron beam, sub-10 nm wide patterns can be defined on a substrate by dissociating adsorbed precursor molecules. We have demonstrated that a resolution of as small as 0.7 nm is obtainable. Our attempt to limit the deposit size to a single precursor molecule will be discussed.



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28) Radiation-induced defect formation and reactivity of model TiO2 EUV capping layers with MMA: a comparison with Ru B. V. Yakshinskiy, M. N. Hedhili, S. Zalkind, M. Chandhok, Theodore E. Madey Department of Physics and Astronomy We focus on surface processes that affect the reflectivity of TiO2- and Ru-capped multilayer mirrors used in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography; low-energy electron beams mimic excitations initiated by EUV radiation. Carbon accumulation is measured on both Ru and TiO2 surfaces during 100 eV electron bombardment in methyl methacrylate vapor (MMA). The initial rates on the clean surfaces are very different: a C film grows more rapidly on TiO2 than on Ru. However, the limiting growth rates are the same for C thicknesses greater than ~ 1 to 1.5 nm, when MMA interacts with a C film. Irradiation of the C films in O2 gas has a mitigating effect. 29) Design and fabrication of Josephson junctions for 100+ GHz superconductive digital ICs Lei Yu 1,2, R. Gandikota3, R. Singh3, Yi Shen3, J.M. Rowell3, N. Newman3, A. Kaul 4, X. Meng 4, X. Zeng 4, Theodore Van Duzer 4

1Department of Physics and Astronomy, 2IAMDN, 3Arizona State University, 4University of California, Berkeley Superconductor based Rapid Single Flux Quntuam (RSFQ) Logic circuit promises the fastest clock speed among all digital logic families. Our work focuses on designing and fabrication of high performance Josephson junctions as fundamental device of RSFQ. We demonstrated that using near metal-insulator transition material as barrier offers many advantages over the devices used in the current industry.

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