twisted forms of linear algebraic groups
TRANSCRIPT
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JLU TU/e
Twisted forms oflinear algebraic groups:
Relative root subgroups
Sergei Haller
Magma Workshop on Group Theory and Algebraic Geometry
University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
August 22–26, 2005
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.1/20
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The Project
• Main goal: algorithms for computation in linearalgebraic groups
• Joint with Arjeh M. Cohen, Scott H. Murray andDon E. Taylor
• Implementation in Magma
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.2/20
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Preliminary remarks
• Classification of finite simple groups◦ Chevallley groups (“untwisted”)◦ Twisted Chevallley groups (unitary, Ree, Suzuki, . . . )
• Computation in “untwisted” groups possible for arbitraryfields◦ Steinberg presentation◦ Unique decomposition of elements
• Computation in “twisted” groups is not possible
• More twisted groups for arbitrary fields
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.3/20
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Preliminary remarks
• Classification of finite simple groups◦ Chevallley groups (“untwisted”)◦ Twisted Chevallley groups (unitary, Ree, Suzuki, . . . )
• Computation in “untwisted” groups possible for arbitraryfields◦ Steinberg presentation◦ Unique decomposition of elements
• Computation in “twisted” groups is not possible
• More twisted groups for arbitrary fields
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.3/20
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Preliminary remarks
• Classification of finite simple groups◦ Chevallley groups (“untwisted”)◦ Twisted Chevallley groups (unitary, Ree, Suzuki, . . . )
• Computation in “untwisted” groups possible for arbitraryfields◦ Steinberg presentation◦ Unique decomposition of elements
• Computation in “twisted” groups is not possible
• More twisted groups for arbitrary fields
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.3/20
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Linear Algebraic Groups
• F is an algebraically closed field
• Linear algebraic groups are
◦ subgroups of GLn for some n
◦ defined by polynomial equations (over F )
• Examples:
GLn = { (A, t) ∈ F n×n+1 | det(A)t = 1 }
SLn = { A ∈ F n×n | det(A) = 1 }
SUn = (SLn)α
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.4/20
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Field of Definition
• F is an algebraically closed field
• G is a linear algebraic group
• G is defined over the subfield k ⊆ F ifthe polynomials involved in the definition of G are over k
• Examples:GLn and SLn are defined over the prime field of F
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.5/20
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Groups of Lie type
• For a Galois extension k ⊆ K ⊆ ksep andΓ = Gal(ksep : K)
G(K) = { g ∈ G | gγ = g ∀γ ∈ Γ }
(here Γ acts componentwise on the entries)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.6/20
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Cocycles
• A is a group,Γ is a group acting on A (on the right)
• A cocycle is a map α : Γ→ A, α : γ 7→ αγ s.t.
αστ = (ασ)τ ·ατ ∀σ, τ ∈ Γ
• G is a reductive linear algebraic group defined over kK is a Galois extension of k
Γ := Gal(K : k) A := AutK(G)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.7/20
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Cocycles
• A is a group,Γ is a group acting on A (on the right)
• A cocycle is a map α : Γ→ A, α : γ 7→ αγ s.t.
αστ = (ασ)τ ·ατ ∀σ, τ ∈ Γ
• G is a reductive linear algebraic group defined over kK is a Galois extension of k
Γ := Gal(K : k) A := AutK(G)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.7/20
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Cocycles
• A is a group,Γ is a group acting on A (on the right)
• A cocycle is a map α : Γ→ A, α : γ 7→ αγ s.t.
αστ = (ασ)τ ·ατ ∀σ, τ ∈ Γ
• G is a reductive linear algebraic group defined over kK is a Galois extension of k
Γ := Gal(K : k) A := AutK(G)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.7/20
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Twisted Groups
• For a cocycle α:
Gα(k) = { g ∈ G(K) | gγαγ = g ∀γ ∈ Γ } ≤ G(K)
is a “twisted” group of Lie type
• “Untwisted” groups of Lie type given by the trivialcocycle:
G1(k) = { g ∈ G(K) | gγ = g ∀γ ∈ Γ } = G(k)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.8/20
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Twisted Groups
• For a cocycle α:
Gα(k) = { g ∈ G(K) | gγαγ = g ∀γ ∈ Γ } ≤ G(K)
is a “twisted” group of Lie type
• “Untwisted” groups of Lie type given by the trivialcocycle:
G1(k) = { g ∈ G(K) | gγ = g ∀γ ∈ Γ } = G(k)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.8/20
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Problem description
• Which elements are inside Gα(k)?◦ easy to decide for a given element◦ hard to find new elements
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.9/20
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Steinberg presentation and Root datum
• Consider the Steinberg presentation for G(k) withrespect to
◦ the root datum R = (X,Φ, Y,Φ∗)
◦ and the fundamental system Π
• Generators: xr(t) with r ∈ Φ and t ∈ k
• Relations:
xr(t)xr(u) = xr(t+ u)
[xr(t), xs(u)] =∏
i,j>0
xir+js(Crsijtiuj)
. . .
. . .
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.10/20
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Steinberg presentation and Root datum
• Consider the Steinberg presentation for G(k) withrespect to
◦ the root datum R = (X,Φ, Y,Φ∗)
◦ and the fundamental system Π
• Generators: xr(t) with r ∈ Φ and t ∈ k
• Relations:
xr(t)xr(u) = xr(t+ u)
[xr(t), xs(u)] =∏
i,j>0
xir+js(Crsijtiuj)
. . .
. . .
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.10/20
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Steinberg presentation and Root datum
• Consider the Steinberg presentation for G(k) withrespect to
◦ the root datum R = (X,Φ, Y,Φ∗)
◦ and the fundamental system Π
• Generators: xr(t) with r ∈ Φ and t ∈ k
• Relations:
xr(t)xr(u) = xr(t+ u)
[xr(t), xs(u)] =∏
i,j>0
xir+js(Crsijtiuj)
. . .
. . .
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.10/20
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Γ-action on the root system
• Each αγ can be assumed to be of the form
τwh
◦ τ is Diagram automorphism◦ w is Weyl element◦ h is torus element
• Γ acts on the root system Φ by
αγ : r 7→ rτw
• Each orbit Oα(r) has one of the following properties:∑
s∈Oα(r)
s = 0
Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+, Oα(r) ⊆ Φ−
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.11/20
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Γ-action on the root system
• Each αγ can be assumed to be of the form
τwh
◦ τ is Diagram automorphism◦ w is Weyl element◦ h is torus element
• Γ acts on the root system Φ by
αγ : r 7→ rτw
• Each orbit Oα(r) has one of the following properties:∑
s∈Oα(r)
s = 0
Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+, Oα(r) ⊆ Φ−
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.11/20
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Γ-action on the root system
• Each αγ can be assumed to be of the form
τwh
◦ τ is Diagram automorphism◦ w is Weyl element◦ h is torus element
• Γ acts on the root system Φ by
αγ : r 7→ rτw
• Each orbit Oα(r) has one of the following properties:∑
s∈Oα(r)
s = 0
Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+
Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+, Oα(r) ⊆ Φ−
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.11/20
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Γ-action on the root system
• Each αγ can be assumed to be of the form
τwh
◦ τ is Diagram automorphism◦ w is Weyl element◦ h is torus element
• Γ acts on the root system Φ by
αγ : r 7→ rτw
• Each orbit Oα(r) has one of the following properties:∑
s∈Oα(r)
s = 0
Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+
Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+, Oα(r) ⊆ Φ−
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.11/20
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Relative root system
• PutX0 := {χ ∈ X |
∑
γ∈Γ
χαγ = 0}
• Let X := X/X0 and π : X → X
• π is morphism of Z-modules
• Ψ := π(Φ \ Φ0) is a root system
• ∆ := π(Π \ Π0) is a fundamental system for Ψ
• Ψ not necessarily irreducible nor reduced (even if Φ is)
• Ψ is called relative root system
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.12/20
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Relative root system
• PutX0 := {χ ∈ X |
∑
γ∈Γ
χαγ = 0}
• Let X := X/X0 and π : X → X
• π is morphism of Z-modules
• Ψ := π(Φ \ Φ0) is a root system
• ∆ := π(Π \ Π0) is a fundamental system for Ψ
• Ψ not necessarily irreducible nor reduced (even if Φ is)
• Ψ is called relative root system
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.12/20
![Page 24: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Relative root system
• PutX0 := {χ ∈ X |
∑
γ∈Γ
χαγ = 0}
• Let X := X/X0 and π : X → X
• π is morphism of Z-modules
• Ψ := π(Φ \ Φ0) is a root system
• ∆ := π(Π \ Π0) is a fundamental system for Ψ
• Ψ not necessarily irreducible nor reduced (even if Φ is)
• Ψ is called relative root system
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.12/20
![Page 25: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Relative root system
• PutX0 := {χ ∈ X |
∑
γ∈Γ
χαγ = 0}
• Let X := X/X0 and π : X → X
• π is morphism of Z-modules
• Ψ := π(Φ \ Φ0) is a root system
• ∆ := π(Π \ Π0) is a fundamental system for Ψ
• Ψ not necessarily irreducible nor reduced (even if Φ is)
• Ψ is called relative root system
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.12/20
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Relative roots
• For a relative root δ ∈ Ψ+ we have
π−1(δ) =˙⋃
r∈Jδ
Oα(r) ⊆ Φ+ \ Φ0.
• Here Jδ is a fixed set of representatives of involvedorbits
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.13/20
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Relative root elements
• For a relative root δ ∈ Ψ let
◦ Vδ be the vector space over K with basis Jδ◦ write t =
∑
r∈Jδtrr
◦ For t ∈ Vδ set
uδ(t) =∏
r∈Jδ
∏
γ∈Γ
xr(tr)γαγ
◦ SetUδ =
{
uδ(t) | t ∈ Vδ}
• Two cases:
◦ 2δ 6∈ Ψ ◦ 2δ ∈ Ψ
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.14/20
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Relative root elements
• For a relative root δ ∈ Ψ let
◦ Vδ be the vector space over K with basis Jδ◦ write t =
∑
r∈Jδtrr
◦ For t ∈ Vδ set
uδ(t) =∏
r∈Jδ
∏
γ∈Γ
xr(tr)γαγ
◦ SetUδ =
{
uδ(t) | t ∈ Vδ}
• Two cases:
◦ 2δ 6∈ Ψ ◦ 2δ ∈ Ψ
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.14/20
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Relative root elements
• For a relative root δ ∈ Ψ let
◦ Vδ be the vector space over K with basis Jδ◦ write t =
∑
r∈Jδtrr
◦ For t ∈ Vδ set
uδ(t) =∏
r∈Jδ
∏
γ∈Γ
xr(tr)γαγ
◦ SetUδ =
{
uδ(t) | t ∈ Vδ}
• Two cases:
◦ 2δ 6∈ Ψ ◦ 2δ ∈ Ψ
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.14/20
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Relative root elements
• For a relative root δ ∈ Ψ let
◦ Vδ be the vector space over K with basis Jδ◦ write t =
∑
r∈Jδtrr
◦ For t ∈ Vδ set
uδ(t) =∏
r∈Jδ
∏
γ∈Γ
xr(tr)γαγ
◦ SetUδ =
{
uδ(t) | t ∈ Vδ}
• Two cases:
◦ 2δ 6∈ Ψ ◦ 2δ ∈ Ψ
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.14/20
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Relative root elements: Case 2δ 6∈ Ψ
• In this case root elements are
xδ(t) := uδ(t)
• The root subgroup is abelian group
Xδ = Uδ
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.15/20
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Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• The element uδ(t) is not fixed under γαγ
• BUT: product of the same terms, in a different order
• obtain c(t) by reordering:
uδ(t)γαγ = uδ(t)c(t)
• c(t) is product of root elementscorresponding to roots in π−1(2δ)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.16/20
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Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• The element uδ(t) is not fixed under γαγ
• BUT: product of the same terms, in a different order
• obtain c(t) by reordering:
uδ(t)γαγ = uδ(t)c(t)
• c(t) is product of root elementscorresponding to roots in π−1(2δ)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.16/20
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Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• The element uδ(t) is not fixed under γαγ
• BUT: product of the same terms, in a different order
• obtain c(t) by reordering:
uδ(t)γαγ = uδ(t)c(t)
• c(t) is product of root elementscorresponding to roots in π−1(2δ)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.16/20
![Page 35: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• The element uδ(t) is not fixed under γαγ
• BUT: product of the same terms, in a different order
• obtain c(t) by reordering:
uδ(t)γαγ = uδ(t)c(t)
• c(t) is product of root elementscorresponding to roots in π−1(2δ)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.16/20
![Page 36: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• Need a correction term: v(t)such that uδ(t)v(t) is fixed under γαγ
(uδ(t)v(t))γαγ = uδ(t)v(t)⇐⇒ c(t) = v(t)v(t)−γαγ
• This equation is solvable and the set of solutions in
X =∏
r∈π−1(2δ)
Xr
is the coset v(t)X2δ for any particular solution v(t)
• Use modified version of additive Hilbert’s Theorem 90
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.17/20
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Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• Need a correction term: v(t)such that uδ(t)v(t) is fixed under γαγ
(uδ(t)v(t))γαγ = uδ(t)v(t)⇐⇒ c(t) = v(t)v(t)−γαγ
• This equation is solvable and the set of solutions in
X =∏
r∈π−1(2δ)
Xr
is the coset v(t)X2δ for any particular solution v(t)
• Use modified version of additive Hilbert’s Theorem 90
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.17/20
![Page 38: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• Need a correction term: v(t)such that uδ(t)v(t) is fixed under γαγ
(uδ(t)v(t))γαγ = uδ(t)v(t)⇐⇒ c(t) = v(t)v(t)−γαγ
• This equation is solvable and the set of solutions in
X =∏
r∈π−1(2δ)
Xr
is the coset v(t)X2δ for any particular solution v(t)
• Use modified version of additive Hilbert’s Theorem 90
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.17/20
![Page 39: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• Need a correction term: v(t)such that uδ(t)v(t) is fixed under γαγ
(uδ(t)v(t))γαγ = uδ(t)v(t)⇐⇒ c(t) = v(t)v(t)−γαγ
• This equation is solvable and the set of solutions in
X =∏
r∈π−1(2δ)
Xr
is the coset v(t)X2δ for any particular solution v(t)
• Use modified version of additive Hilbert’s Theorem 90
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.17/20
![Page 40: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• Relative root elements are
xδ(t) := uδ(t)v(t)
for a fixed solution v(t)
• Relative root subgroup is
Xδ := 〈X2δ, {xδ(t)|t ∈ Vδ}〉
= 〈xδ(t)|t ∈ Vδ〉X2δ
• Note that the definition of Xδ is independentof the choice of elements v(t)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.18/20
![Page 41: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• Relative root elements are
xδ(t) := uδ(t)v(t)
for a fixed solution v(t)
• Relative root subgroup is
Xδ := 〈X2δ, {xδ(t)|t ∈ Vδ}〉
= 〈xδ(t)|t ∈ Vδ〉X2δ
• Note that the definition of Xδ is independentof the choice of elements v(t)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.18/20
![Page 42: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Relative root elements: Case 2δ ∈ Ψ
• Relative root elements are
xδ(t) := uδ(t)v(t)
for a fixed solution v(t)
• Relative root subgroup is
Xδ := 〈X2δ, {xδ(t)|t ∈ Vδ}〉
= 〈xδ(t)|t ∈ Vδ〉X2δ
• Note that the definition of Xδ is independentof the choice of elements v(t)
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.18/20
![Page 43: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Groups generated by relative roots
•
Uα(k) = U(K) ∩Gα(k) = 〈Xδ | δ ∈ Ψ+〉
•
Gα(k)† = 〈Uα(k)
g | g ∈ Gα(k)〉
= 〈Xδ | δ ∈ Ψ〉
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.19/20
![Page 44: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Groups generated by relative roots
•
Uα(k) = U(K) ∩Gα(k) = 〈Xδ | δ ∈ Ψ+〉
•
Gα(k)† = 〈Uα(k)
g | g ∈ Gα(k)〉
= 〈Xδ | δ ∈ Ψ〉
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.19/20
![Page 45: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Groups generated by relative roots
•
Uα(k) = U(K) ∩Gα(k) = 〈Xδ | δ ∈ Ψ+〉
•
Gα(k)† = 〈Uα(k)
g | g ∈ Gα(k)〉
= 〈Xδ | δ ∈ Ψ〉
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.19/20
![Page 46: Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022071601/613d3eb6736caf36b75b0a75/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Example
��
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r1r2
r3
2A3,1(k)
Oα(r1) = {r1, r2 + r3}
Oα(r2) = {r2,−r2}
Oα(r3) = {r3, r1 + r2}
Oα(r∗) = {r∗}
Magma Workshop 2005. Twisted forms of linear algebraic groups: Relative root subgroups. – p.20/20