two forms of compulsive consumption: comorbidity of compulsive buying and binge eating

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Buyer behavior3rd of February 2011

Presented by: Karik Gamze, Marcella Diestel,Simranjot Kaur.

Two Forms of Compulsive Consumption:

Comorbidity of Compulsive Buying and

Binge Eating byRONALD J. FABER GARY A. CHRISTENSON MARTINA DE ZWAANJAMES MITCHELL*

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Research Question

Methodology

Past Research

Results

Limitations & Future Research

Conclusion6

Comorbidity of Compulsive Buying and Binge Eating 3

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1 Research Question

03.02.2011

Is there an overlap or interrelation between compulsive buying & eating disorders?

•people with BED were more likely than nonbinge eaters to engage in compulsive buying

Study 1

•compulsive buyers were more likely than noncompulsive buyers to manifest symptoms of binge eating disorders

Study 2


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2 Past Researches

03.02.2011

Research on consumption disorders (Cox, Cox, and Moschis 1990; Hirschman 1991; O'Guinn and Faber 1989)

Broad category of compulsive consumption behavior: drug abuse, eating disorders, compulsive sexuality, pathological gambling & kleptomania (O'Guinn and Faber; 1989)

„General model of addictive consumption“ - some forms of compulsive consumption have similar characteristics, common causes & follow similar patterns of development (Hirschman; 1992)

Need to develop broader models to account for commonalities among such disorders (Jacobs 1989; Marlatt et al. 1988)

„Comorbidity“ can occur if both disorders represent alternative responses to a similar set of underlying problems or if one disorder leads to the development of the other (Krahn 1991)


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2 Past Researches

03.02.2011

Evidence of comorbidity for: compulsive buying & alcoholism (Glatt & Cook 1987; Valence, d'Astous & Fortier 1988), compulsive buying & kleptomania (McElroy et al. 1991), bulimia & shoplifting (Norton, Crisp, & Bhat 1985) and bulimia, alcoholism & drug abuse (Mitchell et al. 1985;Williamson 1990)

Multiple disorders occur simultaneously, while for others serially - with one disorder emerging after a previous one or after the initial disorder has been controlled (Hirschman 1992; Mitchell 1990;Orford 1985)

Differentiation between distressed & sociopathic compulsive consumers (Hirschman 1992)

Need for evidence of the interrelationship of specific disorders to determine which disorders are most closely related: Compulsive buying & compulsive consumption of food (Faber, Christensen, Zwaan & Mitchell, 1995)


+bulimia nervosa & binge eating disorder (BED).

2 Past Researches

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BINGE EATING DISORDERS

persistent overconcern with body shape and weight (American Psychiatric Association 1994), higher

levels of depression (Mitchell 1990; Williamson 1990 & anxiety (Williamson 1990) & lower selfesteem (Mitchell 1990; Wagner, Halmi & Maguire 1987

shortterm escape from negative selffeelings

COMPULSIVE BUYERS

low levels of selfesteem (O'Guinn & Faber 1989; Scherhorn, Reisch & Raab 1990) & high levels of depression (Scherhorn et al. 1990; Valence et al.

1988) & of anxiety reactions & obsessions (O'Guinn & Faber 1989; Scherhorn et al. 1990)

shortterm gratification from their buying behavior (Christenson et al. 1994; O'Guinn & Faber 1989)

bulimia nervosa & binge eating disorder

1) inability to control the urge to overconsume2) problems with impulse control


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03.02.2011

Study I compares obese binge

eaters with nonbinge eaters of similar weight.

All subjects responded to a newspaper ad for an exprimental treatment program for obesity.

Subjects had to be at least 50 pounds above the ideal body weight for their age and height as determined by standard tables.

Subjects have no sıgnificant health problems,no current form of substance abuse,and no history of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia.

Subjects in the treatment study were required to pay $ 1,000 for dieatry supplements and therapy sessions for a 26 week treatment program.

A total of 197 women met eligibility requirements and participated in this study.

Subjects ranged in age from 20 to 55 with a mean age of 39,9 years. In general, They were well educated, with 51,3 percent having a college degree.

The Compulsive Buying Scale is a seven item measure that has been shown to have good validity for disinguıshing compulsive buyers from noncompulsive buyers.

The items assess feeling and emotions related to shopping and buying on a five point frequency scale ranging from « very often « to never .»

Scores could range from seven to 35, with lower scores indicating greater compulsive buying tendencies.


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Results Of Study I

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On the basis of the psychiatric interviews, 84 of the obese subjects (43 percent) were diagnosed as having BED

While 113 subjects (57 percent) did not meet the criteria for this diagnosis and were classified as non binge eaters.

The second potentially problematic item showed that 34.9 percent of the subjects indicated they very often or often "made only the minimum payments on my credit card.

People diagnosed as having BED were more likely than nonbinge eaters to suffer from compulsive buying


+Study II

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Subjects for the second study were a matched group of compulsive buyers and "normal buying" control subjects.

Compulsive buyers were recruited via a newspaper

advertisement inviting people 18 years or older, who have a compulsive buying problem.

A separate ad for control subjects simply requested "people 18 years of age or older interested in participating in a research study" to respond

Self-selection to groups was appropriate, all respondents were screened with the CBS.

Subjects responding to the control group ad were excluded if they were classified as compulsive buyers by the CBS (four people were excluded for this reason).

Subjects meeting the criteria were offered $35 for participating in a four hour study.

Respondents filled out a number of questionnaires including a modified (shortened) version of the Eating Disorder Questionnaire (EDQ).

Subjects were also interviewed with the Minnesota Impulse Disorder Interview (MIDI).

This interview was designed to identify the presence of five impulse control disorders: kleptomania, pyromania,pathological gambling disorder, trichotillomania (compulsive hair pulling), and intermittent explosive disorder.


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Results Of Study II

03.02.2011

A comparison of the demographics of the two samples indicates that the matching procedure was successful.

This particular study was a comparison of the weights of the compulsive and noncompulsive buyers. There was no significant difference in the mean weight of these two groups.

5 of the compulsive buyers weighed over 200 pounds compared with just one of the noncompulsive buyers.

Compulsive buyers also engage in binges more frequently. One-third (33.3 %) of the compulsive buyers reported binge eating several time a month or more often, while only one noncompulsive buyer (4.2 %) reported binge eating this often.


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Table 1

03.02.2011

RESPONDENTS WHO BINGE AND REPORT OFTEN OR ALWAYS EXPERIENCING CHARACTERISTICS OF BED

Characteristics of BEDCompulsiveBuyers (%)

NoncompulsiveBuyers (%)

Consume large amounts 37.5 12.5

Eat very rapidly 37.5 4.2

Feel out of control 29.2 4.2

Feel miserable or annoyed aftenward 45.8 8.3

Get uncontrollable urge to eat until feeling physically ill 20.8 4.2

Get uncontrollable urge to eat until feeling physically ill 33.3 12.5


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2 Results

03.02.2011

Bulimic respondents frequently report feeling fat, fearing becoming fat, experiencing negative affect as a result of small weight gains, and having a distorted body image (Cash andBrown 1987; Williamson 1990).

Compulsive buyers have a more negative body image and more negative feelings associated with weight changes.)

Compulsive buyers were significantly more likely than control subjects to have used diet pills to control their weight.

These analyses suggest that compulsive buyers are more likely to have symptoms of BED and bulimia nervosa.


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TABLE 3

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Eating disorders Compulsive buyersN=24

Noncompulsive buyers N=24

Bulimia nervosa 3(12.5%) (0%)

Anorexia nervosa 0 (0%) (4.2%)

Binge eating disorder 4(16.7%) (0%)

Any eating disorder 5 (20.8%) (4.2%)

RESPONDENTS WITH LIFETIME DIAGNOSES OF EATING DISORDERS


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5. Limitations

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Exclusive participation of women only.

Examining only 1 type of eating disorder, Bingeing

Observing only over- weight people.

Study I

The Groups are small & data collection was incomplete.

Unable to identify the actual cause that leads compulsive buyers to towards BED.

Study II

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5. Limitations

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Family Psychiatric History

No investigator have systematically addressed the issue of family psychiatric history in compulsive buying.

Compulsive buying may runs in families, since 9.5% of compulsive buyers' relatives had the disorder.

Compulsive Buying

Impulse Control

disorders

AnxietyMood

It remains unclear that whether compulsive buying is related to mood, anxiety, or impulse control disorders

Comorbidity of Compulsive Buying and Binge Eating

+ To find relative compulsive consumption towards different disorders .

Reasons of impulse control disorder among Men & compulsive buying disorder among Women.

Reasons for development of Compulsive buying? - Neurochemical Imbalances consequences.

Future researches for identifying factors that contribute to comorbidity of specific disorders.

Future researches on understanding specific behavior and their related disorders for improving treatments.

5. Future Researches

03.02.2011 16Comorbidity of Compulsive Buying and Binge Eating


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6. Conclusion

03.02.2011

• These two Studies examine the comorbidity of compulsive buying and eating disorders involving binge eating in which

• Study 1 found that women diagnosed as having binge eating disorder had significantly greater compulsive buying tendencies than nonbinge eaters of similar weight.

• Study 2 showed that compulsive buyers were also engaged in eating disorders and more prone to other impulsive control behaviours.

• Additional researches are needed to confirm and extend these findings in other settings and with larger groups.


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Thank you for your attention

03.02.2011