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Suìuhtxlv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9

4 Phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43

414 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0vrpphw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43

415 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44

416 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44

417 Glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45

418 Frqfoxvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45

5 Fulwëuhv gh txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 47

514 Gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 48

515 Gìyldwlrq g*dwwulexwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 49

516 Gìyldwlrq gh wh{wxuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:

517 Frqfoxvlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:

6 Dssolfdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<

614 Julooh xqliruph 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<

615 Glvfuìwlvdwlrq g*xqh idfh wuldqjxodluh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53

616 Sdtxhwdjh gh wh{wxuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55

617 Uìvxowdwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55

Frqfoxvlrq hw shuvshfwlyhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 58

7

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D Prgëohv 6G 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<

E Gìyldwlrqv jìrpìwultxhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 65

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hqwuh ghx{ srlqwv1

Surmhfwlrq ruwkrjrqdoh g*xq srlqw vxu xq sodq

Vrlw xq sodq 5 rulhqwì gh U�/ gì�ql sdu o*ìtxdwlrq O?�

��$�� � n � ' f rü O? hvw oh yhfwhxu qrupdo

xqlwdluh ã 5/ � xqh frqvwdqwh vfdodluh hw � � xq srlqw �{ì gh 51 Od surmhfwlrq ruwkrjrqdoh ��

g*xq srlqw � 5 U�

vxu oh sodq 5 hvw gì�qlh sdu

��$��

�'

��$�� � _E�c 5��O?1 +46,

4 Phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh 43

Sduwlh 4

Phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh

Lo h{lvwh soxvlhxuv phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv ^9`1 Qrxv frqvlgìurqv txh

fkdtxh pdloodjh uhsuìvhqwh xqh vxuidfh pdlooìh f*hvw0ã0gluh txh fkdtxh vxuidfh hvw frpsrvìh

g*xq hqvhpeoh gh srlqwv uholìv irupdqw ghv idfhv1

Ohv gl�ìuhqwhv phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv grqqhqw ghv uìvxowdwv gl�ìuhqwv1

Qrxv doorqv suìvhqwhu txdwuh phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv1 Fkdfxqh gh fhv glvwdqfhv

wurxyh soxvlhxuv dssolfdwlrqv vsìfl�txhv1 Fkdtxh phvxuh hvw dsshoìh glvwdqfh1 Fh whuph hvw

mxvwl�ì sdu oh idlw txh fkdtxh pìwkrgh vh udpëqh ã od phvxuh g*xqh glvwdqfh hqwuh srlqwv hw

yìul�h dlqvl ohv sursulìwìv g*xqh glvwdqfh +ìtxdwlrqv +5,/ +6, hw +7,,1 Qrxv suìvhqwhurqv fhv

gl�ìuhqwhv phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh/ hqvxlwh qrxv glvfxwhurqv vxu qrwuh dssolfdwlrq = od txdolwì g*xq

prgëoh vlpsol�ì1

414 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0vrpphw

Vrlw xq vrpphw txhofrqtxh � 5 U�

hw xq pdloodjh � ' ETc 8 �/ od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vrpphw

_E�c T � gh � ã T hvw gì�qlh sdu

_E�c T � '4�?������� _E�c � � �1 +47,

Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vrpphw hqwuh xq vrpphw txhofrqtxh hw xq hqvhpeoh gh vrpphwv

hvw od glvwdqfh plqlpdoh gx vrpphw txhofrqtxh dx{ vrpphwv gx pdloodjh +yrlu �jxuh 4,1 Od

glvwdqfh _E� � c � � � hvw od glvwdqfh hqwuh ohv srvlwlrqv R � hw R � gdqv U�

ghv vrpphwv � � hw � � 1

415 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq 44

Iljxuh 41 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0vrpphw

415 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq

Vrlw xq vrpphw txhofrqtxh � 5 U�

hw xq pdloodjh � ' ETc 8 �/ hw vrlw � o*hqvhpeoh ghv sodqv

5 � 5 � irupìv sdu ohv idfhv s � 5 8 1 Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq _E�c � � gh � ã � hvw gì�qlh sdu

_E�c � � '4�?� ����� m_E�c 5 � �m 1 +48,

Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq hqwuh xq vrpphw txhofrqtxh hw xq hqvhpeoh gh sodqv hvw od

glvwdqfh plqlpdoh gx vrpphw txhofrqtxh dx{ sodqv +yrlu �jxuh 5,1 Od glvwdqfh _E�c 5� hvw od

glvwdqfh g*xq srlqw ã xq sodq +yrlu Dydqw0sursrv,1

Iljxuh 51 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq

416 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh

Vrlw xq vrpphw txhofrqtxh � 5 U�

hw xq pdloodjh � ' ETc 8 �/ hw vrlw 7 od vxuidfh gh � irupìh

sdu o*hqvhpeoh gh idfhv 8 1 Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh _E�c 7� gh � ã 7 hvw gì�qlh sdu

_E�c 7� '4�?����� _E�c � � �1 +49,

417 Glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh 45

Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh hqwuh xq vrpphw txhofrqtxh hw xqh vxuidfh hvw od glvwdqfh gx

vrpphw txhofrqtxh dx soxv surfkh srlqw gh od vxuidfh +yrlu �jxuh 6,1 Oh soxv surfkh srlqw gh

od vxuidfh shxw íwuh xq vrpphw gx pdloodjh rx xq vrpphw surmhwì vxu xqh idfh rx xqh duíwh1

Iljxuh 61 Glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh

417 Glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh

Vrlw ghx{ pdloodjhv � � hw � � hw ohxuv vxuidfhv uhvshfwlyhv 7 � hw 7 � � Od glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh

_E7 � c 7 � � gh 7 � ã 7 � hvw gì�qlh sdu

_E7 � c 7 � � '4@ �!�� �" _E�c 7 � �1 +4:,

Od glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv hvw od glvwdqfh pd{lpdoh ghv vrpphwv gx

suhplhu pdloodjh ã od vxuidfh gx vhfrqg pdloodjh +yrlu �jxuh 7,1 Fhwwh glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh

hvw dxvvl dsshoìh glvwdqfh xqlodwìudoh hqwuh ghx{ vxuidfhv fdu vd gì�qlwlrq q*hvw sdv v|pìwultxh1

Lo h{lvwh ghv vxuidfhv srxu ohvtxhoohv _E7 � c 7 � � 9' _E7 � c 7 � �1 Lo h{lvwh xqh glvwdqfh elodwìudoh hqwuh

ghx{ vxuidfhv = od glvwdqfh gh Kdxvgru� ^4` txl hvw rewhqxh hq suhqdqw oh pd{lpxp gh _E7 � c 7 � �

hw _E7 � c 7 � �1

418 Frqfoxvlrq

Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vrpphw hvw dssursulìh srxu ohv fkdqjhphqwv gh wrsrorjlh1 Fhwwh glvwdqfh

shuphw g*rewhqlu hq fkdtxh vrpphw xqh dssur{lpdwlrq gh od glvwdqfh plqlpdoh yhuv xq dxwuh

pdloodjh1 Od suìflvlrq gh fhwwh glvwdqfh gìshqg gx qrpeuh gh vrpphwv frpsrvdqw oh pdloodjh1

418 Frqfoxvlrq 46

Iljxuh 71 Glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh

Qrxv srxuulrqv vxeglylvhu oh pdloodjh srxu rewhqlu xq qrpeuh gh srlqwv soxv lpsruwdqw hw dlqvl

xqh phloohxuh dssur{lpdwlrq gh od vxuidfh gx pdloodjh

Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq hvw xwlolvìh gdqv ehdxfrxs gh pìwkrghv gh vlpsol�fdwlrq +ã

edvh gh Txdgulf Huuru Phwulf, srxu xq uhjurxshphqw gh vrpphw +yhuwlfhv phujlqj,1 Fhwwh

glvwdqfh qh shuphw sdv gh frqqdñwuh od glvwdqfh plqlpdoh h{dfwh hqwuh xq srlqw hw xq pdloodjh

fdu hooh uhqvhljqh xqltxhphqw vxu oh soxv surfkh sodq gx pdloodjh dx srlqw1 Lo h{lvwh fhuwdlqhv

frq�jxudwlrqv rü od glvwdqfh vrpphw0sodq hvw wuëv idleoh doruv txh oh vrpphw hvw wuëv ìorljqì

gx pdloodjh +yrlu �jxuh 5,1

Od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh hvw od soxv dssursulìh srxu gìwhuplqhu od glvwdqfh orfdoh hqwuh

ghx{ pdloodjhv1 Hooh shuphw gh phvxuhu hq fkdtxh srlqw g*xq pdloodjh od glvwdqfh plqlpdoh

h{dfwh yhuv od vxuidfh g*xq dxwuh pdloodjh hw qrxv grqqh lpsolflwhphqw oh srlqw oh soxv surfkh

gh fhwwh dxwuh pdloodjh1

Od glvwdqfh vxuidfh0vxuidfh qh grqqh tx*xqh glvwdqfh joredoh hqwuh ghx{ vxuidfhv > hooh

qh grqqh dxfxq uhqvhljqhphqw vxu ohv glvwdqfhv orfdohv hqwuhv ohv vxuidfhv1 Od glvwdqfh gh

Kdxvgru� qh grqqh tx*xqh lqglfdwlrq gh od vlplodulwì hqwuh ghx{ vxuidfhv1 Lo hvw srvvleoh gh

wurxyhu ghx{ remhwv wrwdohphqw gl�ìuhqwv srvvëgdqw xqh glvwdqfh gh Kdxvgru� uhodwlyhphqw

idleoh ^49`1

Qrxv dyrqv fkrlvl g*xwlolvhu od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh srxu ìydoxhu od txdolwì gh od vlp0

sol�fdwlrq g*xq prgëoh 6G1 Fhwwh glvwdqfh qrxv shuphw gh frqqdñwuh h{dfwhphqw od glvwdqfh

plqlpdoh gh fkdtxh vrpphw g*xq pdloodjh ã od vxuidfh g*xq dxwuh pdloodjh1 Dlqvl qrxv rewhqrqv

xqh phvxuh gh glvwdqfh orfdoh hqwuh ohv vrpphwv g*xq suhplhu pdloodjh hw od vxuidfh g*xq vhfrqg

pdloodjh1 Lo idxw qrwhu txh fhwwh glvwdqfh hvw sxuhphqw jìrpìwultxh1

5 Fulwëuhv gh txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsolilì 47

Sduwlh 5

Fulwëuhv gh txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol0

�ì

Od txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì shxw íwuh revhuyìh rx phvxuìh gh gl�ìuhqwhv pdqlëuhv1

Qrxv srxyrqv h�hfwxhu ghv uhqgxv rx ghv surmhfwlrq hq 5G gh o*remhw gh uìiìuhqfh hw gh o*remhw

vlpsol�ì srxu gl�ìuhqwv srlqwv gh yxh1 Od txdolwì shxw hqvxlwh íwuh phvxuìh dyhf ohv rxwlov

fodvvltxhv gh phvxuh gh txdolwì g*lpdjhv 5G +SVQU/ PVH/ fulwëuhv sv|fkr0ylvxhov/111,1 Fhv

pìwkrghv shuphwwhqw gh phvxuhu od txdolwì gh vlpsol�fdwlrq g*xq prgëoh 6G dyhf ghv uhqgxv

hq lpdjhv 5G hw xqltxhphqw vxu ghv fulwëuhv pdwkìpdwltxhv rx ylvxhov1 Gh soxv/ ohv uìvxowdwv

irxuqlv sdu fhv pìwkrghv gìshqghqw gx srlqw gh yxh/ txhotxhv wudydx{ rqw ìwì h�hfwxìv srxu

rewhqlu xq fulwëuh gh vìohfwlrq gx srlqw gh yxh1 Qrv wudydx{ rqw srxu exw gh phvxuhu od

txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì lqgìshqgdpphqw gx srlqw gh yxh1 Qrxv dyrqv sruwì qrwuh ìwxgh

xqltxhphqw vxu ohv grqqìhv frpsrvdqw ohv prgëohv1

Dfwxhoohphqw/ xq orjlflho h{lvwh txl shuphw gh phvxuhu od txdolwì gh vlpsol�fdwlrq g*xq

prgëoh 6G = o*rxwlo PHWUR ^46`1 Fh orjlflho shuphw gh phvxuhu o*huuhxu jìrpìwultxh hqwuh

ghx{ pdloodjhv1 Dyhf fhw rxwlo/ ohv dxwhxuv rqw uìdolvì xq whvw ghv dojrulwkphv gh vlpsol�fdwlrq

h{lvwdqwv ^45`1 O*rxwlo PHWUR frqvwlwxh qrwuh srlqw gh gìsduw fdu od phvxuh g*huuhxu h�hfwxìh

hvw h!fdfh1 O*huuhxu hvw uhsruwìh gluhfwhphqw vxu oh pdloodjh gh uìiìuhqfh fh txl shuphw gh

ylvxdolvhu od uìsduwlwlrq vsdwldoh gh o*huuhxu1

Ru ghsxlv od fuìdwlrq gh o*rxwlo PHWUR/ ohv prgëohv vh vrqw dpìolruìv gdqv oh vhqv

rü lov frqwlhqqhqw soxv g*lqirupdwlrqv/ shuphwwdqw g*rewhqlu xq prgëoh soxv �uìdolvwh�1 Ohv

pìwkrghv gh vlpsol�fdwlrq vh vrqw dgdswìhv ã fhwwh ìyroxwlrq gx prgëoh 6G1 Qrxv wurxyrqv

pdlqwhqdqw ehdxfrxs g*dojrulwkphv gh vlpsol�fdwlrq ^5` ^8` ^9` ^<` ^44` ^4:` jìudqw ohv prgëohv/

514 Gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh 48

txh qrxv txdol�rqv �dyhf dwwulexwv� f*hvw0ã0gluh ghv prgëohv frpsruwdqw/ hq soxv ghv grqqìhv

jìrpìwultxhv hw wrsrorjltxhv +vrpphwv hw idfhv,/ ghv lqirupdwlrqv vxu o*dssduhqfh1 Sdupl fhv

grqqìhv g*dssduhqfh/ qrxv wurxyrqv ohv qrupdohv +dx{ idfhv rx dx{ vrpphwv,/ ohv frxohxuv +gli0

ixvh/ dpeldqwh/ vsìfxodluh hw ìplvvlyh, hw od wh{wxuh1 Qrxv qh wudlwrqv sdv lfl ghv whfkqltxhv

soxv dydqfìhv shuphwwdqw g*rewhqlu xq uhqgx hqfruh soxv uìdolvwh +frppph oh Exps Pdsslqj,1

Ehdxfrxs gh pìwkrghv gh vlpsol�fdwlrq gh prgëoh xwlolvhqw ohxuv sursuhv phvxuhv g*huuhxuv

orfdohv rx joredohv ^4` ^5` ^7` ^8` ^9` ^<` ^44` ^48`1

Qrv wudydx{ dssruwhqw ohv h{whqvlrqv pdqtxdqwhv ã o*rxwlo PHWUR1 Hq suhplëuh sdu0

wlh/ qrxv gì�qlvvrqv od gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh txl frqvwlwxh od gìirupdwlrq vsdwldoh gh od vxu0

idfh vxlwh ã od vlpsol�fdwlrq1 Hq ghx{lëph sduwlh/ qrxv suìvhqwrqv qrwuh phvxuh gh gìyldwlrq

g*dwwulexwv1 Qrxv dyrqv uhjurxsì gdqv fhwwh sduwlh o*ìwxgh ghv frpsrvdqwhv gh qrupdohv hw gh

frxohxuv fdu od phvxuh gh ohxu gìyldwlrq idlw dssho ã od píph pìwkrgh1 Oh ghuqlhu fulwëuh gh

txdolwì txh qrxv dyrqv plv hq sodfh hvw fhoxl ghv frrugrqqìhv gh wh{wxuh1 Qrxv yhuurqv frpphqw

phvxuhu od gìyldwlrq ghv frrugrqqìhv gh wh{wxuh hqwuh ghx{ prgëohv 6G1

514 Gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh

Ohv prgëohv frpsoh{hv frpsruwhqw xq judqg qrpeuh gh vrpphwv hw gh idfhv1 Fhwwh txdqwlwì

gh grqqìhv frqvwlwxh oh srlqw qrlu gh od pdqlsxodwlrq lqwìudfwlyh rx gx vwrfndjh ghv prgëohv1

Dlqvl/ lo hvw qìfhvvdluh gh vlpsol�hu oh prgëoh srxu rewhqlu xq qlyhdx gh gìwdlo soxv idleoh hw

dlqvl shuphwwuh xqh pdqlsxodwlrq soxv dlvìh1 Ohv pìwkrghv gh vlpsol�fdwlrq gh prgëohv 6G

glplqxhqw od txdqwlwì gh grqqìhv jìrpìwultxhv hw wrsrorjltxhv1 Oh exw hvw gh uìgxluh oh qrpeuh

gh vrpphwv hw gh idfhv1 Fhwwh uìgxfwlrq g*lqirupdwlrq hqjhqguh xqh prgl�fdwlrq gh od vxuidfh

uhsuìvhqwìh sdu oh prgëoh 6G1 Gdqv od soxsduw ghv fdv/ od vxuidfh vlpsol�ìh hvw grqf gl�ìuhqwh

gh od vxuidfh g*ruljlqh1 Od vlpsol�fdwlrq hqwudñqh xq ìfduw jìrpìwultxh orfdo hqwuh od vxuidfh

vlpsol�ìh hw od vxuidfh gh uìiìuhqfh ^46`1 Qrxv dsshorqv fhw ìfduw = gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh1

Vrlw ghx{ pdloodjhv � � hw � � hw ohxuv vxuidfhv uhvshfwlyhv 7 � hw 7 � 1 Od gìyldwlrq

jìrpìwultxh ( # E� � c � � � hqwuh � � hw � � hvw gì�qlh sdu

( # E� � c � � � '�

_ � �%$ ��& & �(' m _ � ' _E� � c 7 � �c � � 5 7 ��

+4;,

515 Gìyldwlrq g*dwwulexwv 49

Od gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv hvw o*hqvhpeoh ghv glvwdqfhv vrpphw0

vxuidfh ghv vrpphwv vxu od suhplëuh vxuidfh ã od vhfrqgh vxuidfh1

Od phvxuh gh fhwwh gìyldwlrq frqvwlwxh oh suhplhu fulwëuh gh txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì1

Od gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv hvw phvxuìh dyhf od glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh >

dlqvl hq fkdtxh vrpphw dssduwhqdqw ã od vxuidfh gx suhplhu pdloodjh/ qrxv phvxurqv od glvwdqfh

dx soxv surfkh srlqw gh od vxuidfh gx vhfrqg pdloodjh1 Fh fulwëuh hvw wuëv iruwhphqw lqvsluì gh

o*rxwlo PHWUR1 Qrxv dyrqv frpsduhu ohv uìvxowdwv gh fh fulwëuh dyhf fhx{ gh o*rxwlo PHWUR1

Ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv vrqw vlplodluhv1

515 Gìyldwlrq g*dwwulexwv

Qrxv dsshorqv dwwulexwv = ohv qrupdohv hw ohv frxohxuv dvvrflìhv dx{ vrpphwv g*xq pdloodjh

> fhoohv0fl shuphwwhqw gh grqqhu soxv gh uìdolvph dx{ prgëohv 6G1 Ohv prgëohv qxpìultxhv

gh vfëqhv uìhoohv ^4:` vrqw ghv h{hpsohv gh prgëohv 6G dyhf dwwulexwv1 Qrxv revhuyrqv txh ohv

dwwulexwv vrqw ghv ìoìphqwv hvvhqwlhov ghv prgëohv qxpìultxhv gh vfëqhv uìhoohv1 Od vlpsol�fdwlrq

jìrpìwultxh g*xq prgëoh hqwudñqh lpsolflwhphqw xqh prgl�fdwlrq ghv dwwulexwv hw gh ohxu uhqgx

> dlqvl qrxv srxyrqv phvxuhu o*ìfduw orfdo ghv dwwulexwv hqwuh oh prgëoh vlpsol�ì hw oh prgëoh

gh uìiìuhqfh1 Qrxv dsshorqv fhw ìfduw = gìyldwlrq g*dwwulexwv1 Qrxv phvxurqv od gìyldwlrq srxu

fkdtxh jurxsh g*dwwulexwv srxu frqvhuyhu od frkìuhqfh gh od phvxuh1

Vrlw ghx{ pdloodjhv � � hw � � hw ohxuv vxuidfhv uhvshfwlyhv 7 � hw 7 � 1 Od gìyldwlrq g*xq

jurxsh g*dwwulexwv ( � E� � c � � � hqwuh � � hw � � hvw gì�qlh sdu

( � E� � c � � � '�

_ � �%$ ��& & �(' m _ � ' _E�E� � �c �E� E� � c 7 � ���c � � 5 7 ��

+4<,

dyhf �E�� ' @ � o*dwwulexw gdqv oh jurxsh frqvlgìuì dx vrpphw � hw � E�c 7� oh vrpphw vxu od

vxuidfh 7 oh soxv surfkh gx vrpphw �1 Od phvxuh gh fhwwh gìyldwlrq frqvwlwxh oh vhfrqg fulwëuh

gh txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì1 Od gìyldwlrq g*dwwulexwv hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv hvw phvxuìh dyhf

od glvwdqfh hqwuh ohv dwwulexwv > dlqvl hq fkdtxh vrpphw dssduwhqdqw ã od vxuidfh gx suhplhu

pdloodjh/ qrxv phvxurqv od glvwdqfh gh o*dwwulexw gx vrpphw ã o*dwwulexw gx soxv surfkh srlqw

gh od vxuidfh gx vhfrqg pdloodjh1

Fhwwh gìyldwlrq hvw h�hfwxì xqltxhphqw vxu ghv ydohxuv qxpìultxhv1 Qrxv frqvlgìurqv

txh ohv dwwulexwv vrqw ghv yhfwhxuv gdqv U�1 Gdqv oh fdv rü ohv dwwulexwv vrqw ghv frxohxuv/ qrxv

516 Gìyldwlrq gh wh{wxuh 4:

q*dyrqv sdv h�hfwxì gh wudydx{ vxu od phvxuh gh glvwdqfh gdqv xq hvsdfh gh frxohxuv +UJE rx

dxwuh,1

516 Gìyldwlrq gh wh{wxuh

Od vlpsol�fdwlrq ghv grqqìhv jìrpìwultxhv hqwudñqh xqh prgl�fdwlrq ghv frrugrqqìhv gh wh{0

wxuh1 Od wh{wxuh hvw grqf dssoltxìh gl�ìuhpphqw vxu oh prgëoh vlpsol�ì hw hqjhqguh dlqvl xqh

prgl�fdwlrq gh o*dvshfw gh od wh{wxuh vxu od vxuidfh vlpsol�ìh1 Fh fkdqjhphqw g*dvshfw hvw

dsshoì = gìyldwlrq gh wh{wxuh ^9`1

Vrlw ghx{ pdloodjhv � � hw � � hw ohxuv vxuidfhv uhvshfwlyhv 7 � hw 7 � 1 Od gìyldwlrq gh

wh{wxuh hqwuh � � hw � � hvw gì�qlh sdu

( ) E� � c � � � '�

_ � �%$ ��& & �(' m _ � ' _E� � c A� �� EA � E� � ���c � � 5 7 �

�

+53,

dyhf A � E�� ' Er � c | � � ohv frrugrqìhv gh wh{wxuh gx vrpphw � vxu od pdloodjh � � hw A� �� Erc |�

oh vrpphw dyhf ohv frrugrqqìhv gh wh{wxuh Erc |� vxu oh pdloodjh � � 1 Od phvxuh gh fhwwh gìyldwlrq

frqvwlwxh oh wurlvlëph hw ghuqlhu fulwëuh gh txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì1 Od gìyldwlrq gh wh{wxuh

hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv hvw od glvwdqfh hqwuh xq srlqw vxu oh suhplhu pdloodjh hw oh srlqw vxu oh

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616 Sdtxhwdjh gh wh{wxuh

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gh soxv hq soxv suìflv1 Wrxwhirlv/ od suìflvlrq hvw sursruwlrqqhooh ã od txdqwlwì g*lqirupdwlrqv1

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idflohphqw pdqlsxodeohv1 Fhwwh vlpsol�fdwlrq hqjhqguh xqh shuwh lqìylwdeoh g*lqirupdwlrqv1

Qrxv dyrqv gì�ql wurlv fulwëuhv shuphwwdqw gh phvxuhu od txdolwì g*xq prgëoh 6G vlpsol�ì1 Qrxv

dyrqv plv hq rhxyuh fhv fulwëuhv gdqv xq rxwlo phvxudqw ohv gìyldwlrqv hqwuh ghx{ prgëohv1

Wrxv ohv rxwlov pdwkìpdwltxhv qìfhvvdluhv ã od uìdolvdwlrq gh qrv wudydx{ rqw wrxw g*derug

ìwì suìvhqwìv1

Hq suhplëuh sduwlh/ ohv gl�ìuhqwhv phvxuhv gh glvwdqfh hqwuh ghx{ pdloodjhv rqw ìwì

gì�qlhv1 Oh exw hvw gh phvxuhu od gl�ìuhqfh hqwuh xq prgëoh 6G hw vd yhuvlrq vlpsoliìh1 Fhwwh

gl�ìuhqfh d sx íwuh txdqwl�ìh dyhf od phvxuh gh glvwdqfh vrpphw0vxuidfh1 Fhwwh glvwdqfh hvw

sduidlwhphqw dssursulìh ã o*ìydoxdwlrq gh od txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì1

Hq ghx{lëph sduwlh/ ohv fulwëuhv shuphwwdqw gh txdqwl�hu od txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì

sdu udssruw dx prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh rqw ìwì gì�qlv = od gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh/ od gìyldwlrq

g*dwwulexwv hw od gìyldwlrq gh wh{wxuh1

O*rxwlo plv hq rhxyuh shuphwwdqw gh phvxuhu od txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsoliì d ìwì gìwdlooì

gdqv od ghuqlëuh sduwlh1 Ohv sulqflsdx{ dojrulwkphv rqw ìwì h{solflwìv = od frqvwuxfwlrq hw

o*xwlolvdwlrq g*xqh julooh xqliruph/ od glvfuìwlvdwlrq udslgh gh idfhv wuldqjxodluhv hw oh sdtxhwdjh

gh wh{wxuh1 Od whfkqltxh gh od julooh xqliruph shuphw g*rewhqlu xqh uhfkhufkh wuëv udslgh gx

soxv surfkh vrpphw srxu xq vrpphw grqqì1 Od glvfuìwlvdwlrq gh idfhv wuldqjxodluhv shuphw gh

jìqìuhu ghv vrpphwv uìjxolëuhphqw uìsduwlv vxu xqh vxuidfh frpsrvì gh idfhv wuldqjxodluhv1 Oh

sdtxhwdjh gh wh{wxuh shuphw gh uìdolvhu xqh wh{wxuh frpsrvìh g*lpdjhwwhv uhodwlyhv ã fkdtxh

idfh1

Qrxv dyrqv grqf gì�ql wurlv fulwëuhv shuphwwdqw g*ìydoxhu od txdolwì g*xq prgëoh vlpsol�ì1

Fkdtxh fulwëuh hvw edvì vxu xq jurxsh g*lqirupdwlrqv vsìfl�txhv = od jìrpìwulh/ ohv dwwulexwv dx{

vrpphwv hw ohv frrugrqqìhv gh wh{wxuh1 Fhv wurlv fulwëuhv shuphwwhqw gh phvxuhu ohv gìyldwlrqv

orfdohv sdu rssrvlwlrq ã od glvwdqfh gh Kdxvgru� txl hvw xq fulwëuh joredo1 Oh fdudfwëuh orfdolvì

gh qrv fulwëuhv shuphw g*revhuyhu suìflvhphqw ohv }rqhv vlpsol�ìhv vxu oh prgëoh1

59

Oh suhplhu fulwëuh/ oh soxv lpsruwdqw/ d ìwì plv hq rhxyuh hq gìyhorssdqw xq rxwlo phvxudqw

hw ylvxdolvdqw od gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh hqwuh ghx{ prgëohv1 Ohv gìyldwlrqv g*dwwulexwv hw gh

frrugrqqìhv gh wh{wxuh gìshqghqw lqwìjudohphqw gh od vlpsol�fdwlrq jìrpìwultxh hw dlqvl gh od

gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh1 Xq vlpsol�fdwlrq jìrpìwultxh lpsruwdqwh shxw hqjhqguhu xqh gìyldwlrq

lpsruwdqwh g*dwwulexwv rx gh frrugrqqìhv gh wh{wxuh1

Qrv wudydx{ yrqw íwuh srxuvxlylv dx oderudwrluh LULV gh Nqr{ylooh +Whqqhvvhh 0 XVD,

srxu od sìulrgh gh mxloohw ã vhswhpeuh 53341 Qrxv lpsoìphqwhurqv ohv ghx{ fulwëuhv uhvwdqwv

= gìyldwlrq g*dwwulexwv hw gìyldwlrq gh wh{wxuh1 Fhv wudydx{ vhurqw vrxplv srxu sxeolfdwlrq ã

od frqiìuhqfh VSLH0LV)W �Hohfwurqlf Lpdjlqj = Vflhqfh ) Whfkqrorj|� gh mdqylhu 5335 ã Vdq

Mrvh +Fdoliruqlh 0 XVD,1

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phqw plv hq sodfh srxu fh fulwëuh qh wlhqw sdv frpswh gh o*hvsdfh gdqv ohtxho vh vlwxh o*dwwulexw1

Vl ohv dwwulexwv vrqw ohv qrupdohv/ doruv od glvwdqfh hxfolglhqqh frqylhqw1 Vl o*dwwulexw hvw xqh

frxohxu UJE/ lo idxw gì�qlu xqh phvxuh gh glvwdqfh sursuh ã o*hvsdfh UJE1 Lo shxw íwuh mx0

glflhx{ gh fkdqjhu g*hvsdfh gh frxohxu1 Lo h{lvwh ehdxfrxs g*hvsdfhv gh frxohxuv +KOV/ [\]/

ODE/111,1 Fhuwdlqv hvsdfhv shxyhqw dssruwhu ghv sursulìwìv lqwìuhvvdqwhv srxu od phvxuh gh

glvwdqfh hqwuh ghx{ frxohxuv1

5:

Uìiìuhqfhv

^4` K1 Erurxfkdnl1 Vlpsol�fdwlrq gh pdloodjhv edvìh vxu od glvwdqfh gh kdxvgru�1 F1U1Dfdg1 Vfl1/ 65<=974�979/ 4<<<1

^5` V1 Pduvfkqhu K1 Krssh1 H!flhqw plqlpl}dwlrq ri qhz txdgulf phwulf iru vlpsol0i|lqj phvkhv zlwk dsshdudqfh dwwulexwhv1 Whfkqlfdo Uhsruw PVU0WU05333097/Plfurvriw Uhvhdufk/ Mxlq 53331

^6` S1 Khfnehuw1 Jhqhulf frqyh{ sro|jrq vfdq frqyhuvlrq dqg folsslqj/ 4<<31

^7` K1 Krssh1 Surjhvvlyh phvkhv1 VLJJUDSK/ sdjhv <<�43;/ Drþw 4<<91

^8` K1 Krssh1 Qhz txdgulf phwulf iru vlpsoli|lqj phvkhv zlwk dsshdudqfh dwwulexwhv1LHHH Ylvxdolvdwlrq/ sdjhv 8<�99/ Rfwreuh 4<<<1

^9` G1 Pdqrfkd M1 Frkhq/ P1 Rodqr1 Dsshdudqfh0suhvhuylqj vlpsol�fdwlrq1 VLJJUDSK/sdjhv 448�455/ 4<<;1

^:` V1 Ihlqhu M1 Kxjkhv U1 Skloolsv M1 Iroh|/ D1 Ydq Gdp1 Lqwurgxfwlrq à O*lqirjudsklh1Dgglvrq0Zhvoh|/ 4<<81

^;` M1P1 Duqdxglëv M1 Ohorqj0Ihuudqg1 Frxuv gh Pdwkìpdwltxhv 0 Jìrpìwulh hw Flqì0pdwltxh/ yroxph 61 Gxqrg Xqlyhuvlwì/ vhfrqgh hglwlrq/ 4<;;1

^<` S1 Khfnehuw P1 Jduodqj1 Vxuidfh vlpsol�fdwlrq xvlqj txdgulf huuru phwulfv1 VLJ0JUDSK/ 64=53<�549/ 4<<:1

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^45` U1 Vfrsljqr S1 Fljqrql/ F1 Urffklql1 D frpsdulvrq ri phvk vlpsol�fdwlrq dojrulwkpv1Frpsxwhu Dqg Judsklfv/ 55+4,=6:�87/ 4<<;1

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5;

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^49` M1 Urvvljqdf1 Jhrphwulf vlpsol�fdwlrq dqg frpsuhvvlrq/ 4<<:1

^4:` P1 Wrxelq1 Fdudfwìulvdwlrq hw Vlpsol�fdwlrq gh Prgëohv Qxpìultxhv gh VfëqhvUìhoohv Sdu Dssurfkh Pxowluìvroxwlrq Gdqv xq Frqwh{wh Pxowl0Fdswhxuv1 SkGwkhvlv/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Erxujrjqh/ 53331

^4;` Y1 Dnpdq Z1 U1 Iudqnolq1 Dgdswdwlyh julg iru sro|khgudo ylvlelolw| lq remhfw vsdfh= Dq lpsohphqwdwlrq1 Frpsxwhu Mrxuqdo/ 64+4,=89�93/ Iìyulhu 4<;;1

^4<` G1 Zdjqhu1 Glvwdqfh gh Kdxvgru� hw Sureoëph Glvfuhw0Frqwlqx1 Pìprluh gh GHD0 Xqlyhuvlwì gh Vwudverxuj/ 4<<:1

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Dsshqglfh D

Prgëohv 6G

Prgëoh Exqq| +9< 333 idfhv,

Prgëoh Exqq| +4 333 idfhv,

5<

Dsshqglfh D Prgëohv 6G 63

Prgëoh Exggkd +83 333 idfhv,

Prgëoh Exggkd +4 333 idfhv,

Dsshqglfh D Prgëohv 6G 64

Prgëoh Dpprqlwh +95 333 idfhv,

Prgëoh Dpprqlwh +48 333 idfhv,

Dsshqglfh E

Gìyldwlrqv jìrpìwultxhv

Prgëoh Exqq| 0 Gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh+Uìiìuhqfh = 9< 333 idfhv 0 Vlpsol�ì = 4 333 idfhv,

Klvwrjudpph gh gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh+hq devflvvh = Glvwdqfh 0 hq rugrqqìh = Qeuh gh vrpphwv,

65

Dsshqglfh E Gìyldwlrqv jìrpìwultxhv 66

Prgëoh Exggkd 0 Gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh+Uìiìuhqfh = 83 333 idfhv 0 Vlpsol�ì = 4 333 idfhv,

Klvwrjudpph gh gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh+hq devflvvh = Glvwdqfh 0 hq rugrqqìh = Qeuh gh vrpphwv,

Dsshqglfh E Gìyldwlrqv jìrpìwultxhv 67

Prgëoh Dpprqlwh 0 Gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh+Uìiìuhqfh = 95 333 idfhv 0 Vlpsol�ì = 48 333 idfhv,

Klvwrjudpph gh gìyldwlrq jìrpìwultxh+hq devflvvh = Glvwdqfh 0 hq rugrqqìh = Qeuh gh vrpphwv,