tylophora indica

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Vol. 2 (3) Jul – Sep 2011 www.ijrpbsonline.com 1188

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences ISSN: 2229-3701

___________________________________________Research Paper

Qualitative Studies of Bioactive Compounds in Leaf of T ylophora

indica (Burm. F.) M err. Sanjeet kumar*

Department of Life Science, Regional Institute of Education (NCERT), Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

Tylophora indica (Burm. F.) Merr. is a common wild climber of Odisha, known as “Sawasmari”, belongs to family

Asclepidaceae.The leaves are used as traditional medicine in asthma or other respiratory problems among rural

and tribal community of Odisha.The qualitative phytochemical screening and Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC)

were used to investigate the bioactive compounds. Presence of alkaloids in different solvents revealed the potent

medicinal properties of Swasmari. Presence of tannin, saponin and terpenoid in aqueous extract revealed more

pharmacological activity.

Key Words: Tylophora indica, Medicinal value, TLC, Phytochemical screening.

INTRODUCTION

Human beings cannot survive on this earth for long

without the plant because its product and their active

constituent played an important role in day to day

life. Plant materials remain important resources to

combat serious diseases in the world. The traditional

medical methods, especially the use of medicinalplants, still play a vital role to cover the basic health

needs in the developing countries like India. The

medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical

active substances that produce a definitephysiological action on the human body. The most

important of these bioactive constituents of plants are

alkaloids, tannin, flavnoid and phenolic

compounds1.Therefore over the last few years,

researchers have aimed at identifying and validating

plant-derived substances for the treatment of various

diseases commonly observed among rural and tribal

community. Interestingly it is estimated that morethan 25 % of the modern medicines are directly or

indirectly derived from plants. It is worth mentioning

that Indian medicinal plants are considered as a vastsource of several pharmacological principles and

compounds that are commonly used as homeremedies against multiple ailments

2.The concept of

developing drugs from plants used in indigenous

medical system is much older, while in some cases

direct link between a local and biomedical use exists,

in other cases the relationship is more

________________________________________

*Address for correspondence:

E-mail: [email protected]

complex3.Tylophora indica is a perennial, much

branched, pubescent twining or climbing herbs grow

up to 1.6 meter, leaves ovate-oblong to elliptic-

oblong,3.2-9.8 cm long and 1.2-7.4 cm wide,

yellowish sap belongs to family asclepidaceae, found

in most forest tracts of Odisha and indigenous to

India. It is mainly used for bronchitis and bronchial

asthma as a traditional medicine among the rural andtribal people of Odisha. Its jaundice

4, inflammation

5,

antitumer6, immunomodulatory

7, antioxidant

8, anti-

asthmatic9, smooth muscle relaxant

10,

antihistaminic10, hypotensive, analgesic,anticonvulsant

10and antirheumatic

10activities are

reported. The leaves are used as diaphoretic, emetic

and expectorant11

. Also the anticancer activity of

tylophorin has been reviewed12.

Phytochemical

literature reveals the presence of tylophorin, type of

alkaloids, tylophorinidine, tylophorinine,tyloindicine-

A,D,F,G,H, and I, 14-hydroxy tylophorine, stigma

sterol, octa cosanyl, skimmianide, tannins, saponinsand flavonoids in Tylophora indica

13, 14,15,16,17,18. In

Odisha it is found up to 1000 meters high such as

Niyamgiri hills, Simlipal Biosphere Reserve forests,Karlapat sanctuary, Gandhmardan hills etc. Kol tribal

communities of Simlipal biosphere reserve forest useit in respiratory problems.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

1. Collection of plant materials The leaves of T.indica were collected inOctober 2010, from Germplasm

conservation garden of NBPGR Base Centre





Cuttack and authenticated by Dr. R.C.

Misra, Sr.Sc. NPGR Base Centre, Central

Rice Research Institute, Cuttack.

2. Preparation of Plant extract

The collected leaves were first washed in tap

water and dried than cut in to small piecesand again washed in distill water. Then

leaves were left for air drying under shade.

After air drying the leaves were grinded in

mechanical grinder and powderd material

was kept in airtight container for further use.The sample powder was extracted at a

solute-solvent ratio of 1:10 by percolation

method. Crude extract were kept in small

bottles for phytochemical screening.

3. Phytochemical Investigation

Qualitative analysis of bioactive compounds

were carried out following the methodsprovided by Harborne

19(1973), Trease and

Evans20

(1989) and Kumar et al (2007)21

.

4. Preparative TLCGlass plate was cleaned with ethyl acetate

then left for 15 min. 3 gm of silica gel wastaken in a beaker and 15 ml water was

added. Then slurry was poured over the

glass plate and was allowed to dry, than

heated by hot plate for few minute to

activation of TLC plate.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The present study has authenticated the medicinal

values of T.indica. Preliminary qualitative analysis of

bioactive compounds revealed the presence of alkaloids in methanol extract and shown spot on TLCafter applying dragendorff’s reagent. The presence of

saponin indicated in methanol and aqueous while

terpenoids and tannin present only in Aqueous extract

(Table 4). Okwu and Okwu22

(2004) reported that

tannins have astringent properties, healing of wounds

and inflamed mucous membranes. Tannins arereported to exhibit antiviral, antibacterial, anti-tumor

activities and was also reported that certain tannins

are also able to inhibit HIV25

replication selectively

and is also used as anti-diuretic26

. The presence of

tannin in aqueous extract (Table 4) is likely to be

responsible for the free radical scavenging effectswhich provide potent medicinal value of Tylophora

indica as an antioxidant medicinal plant. Alkaloids

shown only in methanol extract but on TLC in

acetone and chloroform extract (Table 2 & 4)

indicated the analgesic, anti-spasmodic andbactericidal effects

23.Alkaloids and saponin are

known to be effective for the treatment of syphilis

and other venereal disease27

. Oliver-Bever24

(1986)

and Okwu23

(2004) had earlier reported that saponins

have antibiotic properties and so help the body to

fight infections and microbial invasion. Also, it is

used as a mild detergent and in intracellular

histochemistry staining to allow antibody access to

intracellular proteins, also reported in hyperchloles-

trolaemia, hyperglycaemia, antioxidant, anticancer,anti- inflammatory and weight loss and have anti-

fungal properties25.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that T.indica is a plant with a variety

of ethnic medicinal uses, presence of bioactive

compounds such as alkaloids, tannin, saponin and

terpenoids shown the potential of biological and

pharmacological action of this plant. Present study

might be useful to supplement scientific information

in regard to its medicinal value andphytocompounds.Further more scientific studies

needed to know its biological action on disease.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Author gratefully acknowledge Sr. Scientist R.C.

Misra, OIC Dr. D. R. Pani, NBPGR Base Centre

Cuttack and Director, Biotechnotric Pvt Ltd.

Bhubaneswar, for their valuable suggestion,

identification and provide lab facilities to complete

this work successfully.

Table 1: Identification of spot on TLC plate and

determination of Rf Values

Extract Mobile phaseRf

valuesMethyl

alcoholChloroform: Methyl alcohol = 9:1 0.825

Acetone Chloroform: Methyl alcohol = 9:1 0.900

Benzene Chloroform: Methyl alcohol = 9:1 0.723

Acetic

acidChloroform: Methyl alcohol = 9:1 0.800

Aqueous Chloroform: Methyl alcohol = 9:1 0.676

Hexane Chloroform: Methyl alcohol = 9:1 0.380

00.10.20.30.40.50.6

0.70.80.91

Chlorof orm:Methyl

alcohol=9:1

Chlorof orm:Methyl

alcohol=9:1

Chlorof orm:Methyl

alcohol=9:1

Chlorof orm:Methyl

alcohol=9:1

Chlorof orm:Methyl

alcohol=9:1

Chlorof orm:Methyl

alcohol=9:1

Rf =distancetraveledby

thespotf rom

theoriginline(cm)

/ distan

cetraveledby

thesloventf ront(cm)

Organic solvents

Variations of Rf values in different organic solvents

Rf values

Fig. 1: Variations of Rf values in different solvents





Table 2: Identification of spot of

Alkaloids on TLC Plate

(1 = Present & 0= absent)Solvents Alkaloids

Methyl

alcoholPresent

Hexane Absent

Acetone PresentChloroform Present

Benzene Absent

Acetic acid Absent

Aqueous Absent

Variations of Alkaloid in different organic solvents

0

0.20.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

M e t h y

l a l c o

h o

H e x

a n e

A c e t o n

e

C h l o r o

f o r m

B e n z e

n e

A c e t i c

a c i d

A q u e

o u s

solvents

P r e s e n t a n d

A

b s e n t a s

1

&

0

Alkaloids

Fig. 2: Variations of Alkaloid in different organic

solvent

Table 3: Colour variations of different solvent

extractSolvent Colour appearance (Naked eye)

Methyl alcohol Light green

Hexane Yellow with green florescence

Acetone Deep green

ChloroformCreamy white with brown layer on upper

part

Benzene Light yellowish brown

Acetic acid Brown

Aqueous Light brown

Table 4: Qualitative analysis of bioactive

compounds of leaf of Tylophopra indica.(1 = Present & 0= absent)

1 2

31

2

3

1 2 3

1

2 31 2

3

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Solvents

Variations of Bioactivecompounds in different solv

Fig. 3: Variability of Bioactive compounds of leaf

of Tylophora indica using different solvents

Leaves and stem of Tylophora indica

Leaves of Tylophora indica in Simlipal Biosphere

reserve forests,Orissa.

Bioactive

compound

Methanol

extract

Hexane

extract

Aqueous

extract

Tannins 0 0 1

Saponin 1 0 1

Flavonoids 0 0 0

Alkaloids 1 0 0

Terpenoids 0 0 1





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Viswanathan N, Chem Ind (London).

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plants of Orissa. 1975;38(4):346-351.

18. Rastogi RP and Malhotra BN.Compendium of Indian Medicinal plants.

Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow

and National Institute of Science

Communication. New Delhi. 1999;1:423-

424.19. Harbourne JBC. Phytochemical methods.

Chapman and Hall. London. 1973.

20. Trease GE and Evans. WC.Textbook of

Pharmacognosy. 14th

ed. W.B. Sanders.

London. 1989.

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composition of Spondias mombin Linn.

Plant parts. J Sustain Agric Environ.

2004;6:140-147.

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Eastern Nigeria. J Sustain Agric Environ.

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Citrus fruits. Int J Mol Med Adv Sci.1986;2(1):1-6.

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Phytochemical screening for avtive

compounds in Mangifera indica Leaves

from Ibadan, Oyo State. 2009;2(1):11-13.

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