‘type’ in words and buildings

1
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ours d'Architecture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istory of Building Types LQ ZKLFK WKH W\SHV DUH DOO GHVFULSWLRQV RI XVHV 7KH EHJLQQLQJ RI PRUSKRORJLFDO FODVVLILFDWLRQ LV XVXDOO\ ORFDWHG LQ WKH )UHQFK WHDFKHU DQG ZULWHU - 1 / 'XUDQGV VFKHPH RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO HGXFDWLRQ VHW RXW LQ KLV Prer;is ^ 7KHUH 'XUDQG SURYLGHG WHFKQLTXHV IRU WKH FRPSRVLWLRQ RI GLIIHUHQW DUFKLWHFWXUDO IRUPV ZLWKRXW UHJDUG WR WKHLU XVH WKRXJK LQ WKH VHFRQG YROXPH 'XUDQG VKRZHG KLV VWXGHQWV KRZ WR DGDSW WKHVH IRUPV WR WKH SURJUDPPHV IRU EXLOGLQJV RI GLIIHUHQW SXUSRVHV ZKLFK IROORZLQJ %ORQGH KH FDOOHG QRW W\SHV EXW JHQUHV 7KH OLWHUDWXUH RI DUFKLWHFWXUDO W\SHV DQG W\SRORJ\ LV ODUJH SDUWLFXODUO\ DV D UHVXOW RI GHYHORSPHQWV LQ WKH ODVW WKUHH GHFDGHV 5DWKHU WKDQ DWWHPSW LQDGHTXDWHO\ DV ZRXOG LQHYLWDEO\ EH WKH FDVH WR VXPPDUL]H DOO WKH PHDQLQJV DUFKLWHFWV KDYH DWWULEXWHG WR W\SH ZKDW LV RIIHUHG KHUH LV D VKRUW HQTXLU\ LQWR WKH YDULRXV purposes IRU ZKLFK WKH FRQFHSW KDV EHHQ XVHG LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH Protection of the idea of architecture as the imitation of nature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ecuei/ HW paral/e/e GHV edifices, 'XUDQG SURGXFHG WKH ILUVW V\VWHPLOWLF FRPSULVRQ RI EXLOGLQJV E\ XVH IROORZLQJ %ORQGFO KH GHVFULEHG WK0H DV 'genres', RI LWV VXSSRVHGO\ UHDO UHIHUHQFH WR QDWXUH ,W ZDV VR DV WR H[SODLQ ZKDW LW ZDV LQ QDWXUH WKDW DUFKLWHFWXUH UHIHUUHG WR WKDW 4XDWUHPHUH LQWURGXFHG WKH W\SH ,Q KLV QRZ HQWU\ RQ 7\SH LQ WKH Encyclopidie Methodique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

Upload: dvallejoa

Post on 24-Dec-2015

20 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

DESCRIPTION

‘Type’ in Words and Buildings

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: ‘Type’ in Words and Buildings

7\SH�

$UFKLWHFWXUDO�KLVWRU\�VKRZV�WKDW�WKH��GHYHORSPHQW�RI�W\SHV�LV�HVVHQWLDO� WR� WKH�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�V\VWHP��&��1RUEHUJ�6FKXO]�� ����������

8OWLPDWHO\��ZH�FDQ�VD\� WKDW�W\SH�LV� WKH�YHU\�LGHD�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUH�� WKDW�ZKLFK�LV� FORVHVW� WR�LWV�HVVHQFH��$�� 5RVVL�� ��������������

7KHUH�DUH�IHZ� GLVFLSOLQHV�WKDW�KDYH�QRW�EHQHILWWHG�IURP�WKH�FRQFHSW�RI�WKH� W\SH��DQG�DUFKLWHFWXUH�LV� QR�H[FHSWLRQ��:LWKLQ�DUFKLWHFWXUH�� WKH� WZR�PRVW�FRPPRQ�VFKHPHV�RI��W\SRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�KDYH�EHHQ�E\� XVH�� FKXUFKHV��SULVRQV��EDQNV��DLUSRUWV��HWF��BDQG� E\�PRUSKRORJ\�EXLOGLQJV�ZLWK�ORQJ�KDOO�VKDSHG� LQWHULRUV��FHQWUDOO\�SODQQHG�EXLOGLQJV�� EXLOGLQJV�ZLWK�FRXUW\DUGV�� EXLOGLQJV�ZLWK�LQWHUFRQQHFWLQJ�FRPSDUWPHQWV��RU�ZLWK�VHSDUDWHG�FRPSDUWPHQWV��DQG�VR�RQ��$OWKRXJK��DV�ZH� VKDOO�VHH��WKHVH�DUH�QRW�WKH�RQO\�FODVVLILFDWRU\�V\VWHPV� WR�KDYH�EHHQ�GHYLVHG��PXFK�RI�WKH�GHEDWH�DURXQG� W\SHV�KDV� EHHQ�FRQFHUQHG�ZLWK�KRZ�IDU�IXQFWLRQDO� W\SHV�FRUUHVSRQG�WR�PRUSKRORJLFDO�W\SHV��

$�EDVLF�FODVVLILFDWLRQ� E\� XVH� RI�UHOLJLRXV� EXLOGLQJV��VHFXODU�EXLOGLQJV�� WKHDWUHV��SULYDWH�KRXVHV��DQG�IRUWLILFDWLRQV�ZDV�LQKHUHQW�WR� WKH�FODVVLFDO�V\VWHP� RI�DUFKLWHFWXUH�VLQFH�DQWLTXLW\��,Q� WKH�WKH�)UHQFK�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�ZULWHU�DQG�WHDFKHU� %ORQGH��LQ� KLV�Cours d'Architecture FRPSLOHG�D�YHU\�PXFK� ORQJHU�OLVW�RI�YDULHWLHV�RI�EXLOGLQJ� �VL[W\�IRXU�DOWRJHWKHU���DQG�WKLV� IRUPHG� WKH� EDVLV� IRU�KLV�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�V\VWHP� �VHH�&KDUDFWHU��S�� ���������� ,W�KDV�VRPHWLPHV� EHHQ�VDLG� WKDW�%ORQGHOV�W\SRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�ZDV� WKH�RULJLQ�RI�WKH�PRGHUQ�V\VWHP�RI�IXQFWLRQDO� W\SHV�� EXW�WKLV� LV� VOLJKWO\�PLVOHDGLQJ��)LUVW�RI�DOO��%ORQGH�� GLG�QRW�FDOO� WKHP� W\SHV�EXW�JHQ�UHV��ZKLFK�LQGLFDWHV� WKH� OLWHUDU\�EDVLV� WR�KLV�VFKHPH��DQG�VHFRQGO\�� KLV�PDLQ�SXUSRVH�LQ� OLVWLQJ�DOO�WKHVH�YDULHWLHV�RI�EXLOGLQJ�ZDV�WR�LGHQWLI\�IRU�HDFK� WKH�DSSURSULDWH�FKDUDFWHU��1RQHWKHOHVV��D� W\SRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ�RI�EXLOGLQJV� E\�SXUSRVH�KDV�EHHQ� LQ� FRQVWDQW�

����

XVH�VLQFH� WKH� ODWH�HLJKWHHQWK�FHQWXU\��D� UHFHQW�H[DPSOH�LV�1LNRODXV�3HYVQHUV�A History of Building Types �������LQ�ZKLFK� WKH� W\SHV�DUH�DOO� GHVFULSWLRQV�RI�XVHV��

7KH� EHJLQQLQJ�RI�PRUSKRORJLFDO�FODVVLILFDWLRQ� LV�XVXDOO\�ORFDWHG�LQ� WKH�)UHQFK�WHDFKHU�DQG�ZULWHU�-�� 1��/��'XUDQGV�VFKHPH�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�HGXFDWLRQ�VHW�RXW�LQ�KLV�Prer;is ^���������7KHUH��'XUDQG�SURYLGHG� WHFKQLTXHV�IRU� WKH�FRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�GLIIHUHQW�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� IRUPV�ZLWKRXW�UHJDUG� WR�WKHLU�XVH��WKRXJK�LQ� WKH�VHFRQG�YROXPH��'XUDQG�VKRZHG�KLV�VWXGHQWV�KRZ�WR�DGDSW�WKHVH� IRUPV� WR� WKH�SURJUDPPHV�IRU� EXLOGLQJV�RI�GLIIHUHQW�SXUSRVHV��ZKLFK��IROORZLQJ�%ORQGH���KH�FDOOHG�QRW�W\SHV��EXW�JHQUHV��

7KH�OLWHUDWXUH�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� W\SHV�DQG� W\SRORJ\� LV� ODUJH��SDUWLFXODUO\�DV� D� UHVXOW�RI�GHYHORSPHQWV� LQ� WKH� ODVW�WKUHH�GHFDGHV����5DWKHU�WKDQ�DWWHPSW�LQDGHTXDWHO\��DV�ZRXOG�LQHYLWDEO\�EH�WKH�FDVH��WR�VXPPDUL]H�DOO� WKH�PHDQLQJV�DUFKLWHFWV�KDYH�DWWULEXWHG�WR�W\SH��ZKDW�LV� RIIHUHG�KHUH�LV�D�VKRUW�HQTXLU\�LQWR�WKH�YDULRXV�purposes IRU�ZKLFK�WKH�FRQFHSW�KDV� EHHQ�XVHG� LQ�DUFKLWHFWXUH��

���Protection of the idea of architecture as the imitation of nature ,Q�WKH�HLJKWHHQWK�FHQWXU\�� WKH�YLHZ� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�ZDV�DQ�DUW�LPLWDWLYH�RI�QDWXUH�^VHH� SS�� ��������ZDV�FHQWUDO�WR�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� WKRXJKW�DQG�WR�FODLPV� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�ZDV�D� OLEHUDO��DV� RSSRVHG�WR� PHFKDQLFDO�DUW��)URP�WKH�PLGGOH�RI�WKH�FHQWXU\��SUHVVXUH�VWDUWHG� WR� EH� SXW�XSRQ�WKH�PLPHWLF� WKHRU\�RI�DUFKLWHFWXUH�E\�� LQ�SDUWLFXODU�� WKH�UDWLRQDOLVW�DUJXPHQWV�RI�&DUOR�/RGROO�^VHH� SS�� �������DQG����������DQG� LW�ZDV� LQ�RUGHU�WR�SURWHFW�WKH�PLPHWLF�WKHRU\�WKDW�WKH�)UHQFK�DUFKLWHFWXUDO� WKLQNHU�4XDWUHPHUH�GH� 4XLQF\�GHYHORSHG�KLV� UHPDUNDEO\�LQJHQLRXV� WKHRU\�RI�LPLWDWLRQ�^VHH�SS����������������$FFRUGLQJ� WR�4XDWUHPL�UH��DUFKLWHFWXUH�GRHV�QRW�LPLWDWH�QDWXUH�OLWHUDOO\��EXW�RQO\�PHWDSKRULFDOO\��VR� WKDW�HYHU\RQH�NQRZV� WKDW�WKH�LPLWDWLRQ�LV� ILFWLWLRXV��ZKLOH� EHLQJ�QRQHWKHOHVV� EHLQJ�DZDUH�

W��B'B� ,,�

-�� 1�� /�'XU��QG��7KHLOWUHV�DQG�0DUNHW�+DOOV��IURP�Recuei/ HW�paral/e/e GHV�edifices, ������'XUDQG�SURGXFHG�WKH�ILUVW�V\VWHPLOWLF�FRPS��ULVRQ� RI�EXLOGLQJV�E\�XVH��IROORZLQJ�%ORQGFO��KH�GHVFULEHG�WK0H�DV�'genres',

RI�LWV� VXSSRVHGO\�UHDO� UHIHUHQFH� WR� QDWXUH��,W�ZDV�VR�DV� WR�H[SODLQ�ZKDW�LW�ZDV� LQ�QDWXUH� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�UHIHUUHG�WR�� WKDW�4XDWUHPHUH�LQWURGXFHG�WKH� W\SH��,Q�KLV� QRZ�

HQWU\�RQ�7\SH�LQ� WKH�Encyclopidie Methodique, 4XDWUHPL�UH�GUHZ�D�GLVWLQFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�W\SH�DQG�PRGHO�DV� IROORZV��

7KH�ZRUG�W\SH�SUHVHQWV� OHVV� WKH� LPDJH�RI�D� WKLQJ�WR�FRS\�RU�LPLWDWH�FRPSOHWHO\�WKDQ�WKH� LGHD�RI�DQ�HOHPHQW�ZKLFK�RXJKW�LWVHOI�WR�VHUYH�DV� D� UXOH� IRU� WKH�PRGHO�� ����7KH�PRGHO��DV� XQGHUVWRRG�LQ�WKH�SUDFWLFDO�H[HFXWLRQ�RI�WKH�DUW�� LV� DQ�REMHFW�WKDW�VKRXOG� EH�UHSHDWHG�DV� LW� LV�� WKH� W\SH��RQ�WKH�FRQWUDU\��LV� DQ�REMHFW�DIWHU�ZKLFK�RQH�PD\�FRQFHLYH�ZRUNV�RI�DUW�ZLWK�QR�UHVHPEODQFH�RQH�WR�DQRWKHU�DW�DOO��$OO� LV� SUHFLVH�DQG�JLYHQ� LQ� WKH�PRGHO��DOO� LV� PRUH�RU�OHVV� YDJXH� LQ� WKH�W\SH�� ������

4XDWUHPL�UH�WKHQ�ZHQW�RQ�WR�H[SODLQ�ZK\� WKH� W\SH�ZDV�VR�QHFHVVDU\�WR�DUFKLWHFWXUH�� (YHU\WKLQJ�PXVW�KDYH�DQ�DQWHFHGHQW��1RWKLQJ��LQ�DQ\�JHQUH��FRPHV�IURP�QRWKLQJ��DQG�WKLV�PXVW�DSSO\� WR�DOO� WKH� LQYHQWLRQV�RI�PDQ��%XW�4XDWUHPHUH�ZDV�FDUHIXO� WR�VWUHVV� WKDW�WKH� W\SH�ZDV�QRW�WKH�SULPLWLYH�FDELQ�� WKH� WHQW�RU�WKH� FDYH��ZKLFK�SUHYLRXV�ZULWHUV�KDG� SRVLWHG� DV� WKH�RULJLQDO� DUFKLWHFWXUH� WKHVH�ZHUH� PRGHOV�� EXW�WKH� W\SH�ZDV� �LQ� WKH�FDVH�RI�WLPEHU�EXLOGLQJ�� WKDW�NLQG�RI�FRPELQDWLRQ�WR�ZKLFK�WKH�XVH� RI�ZRRG� LV� VXVFHSWLEOH�� RQFH�DGRSWHG�LQ�HDFK�FRXQWU\�^������RU�� LQ�RWKHU�ZRUGV�� WKH�SURFHVV�PRGLILHG� E\� FLUFXPVWDQFH��7KH�GLVWLQFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH� W\SH�� WKH�RULJLQDO�UHDVRQ�

!��������L�W��-�L� ��

��

��B�����BB������

RI�WKH� WKLQJ��ZKLFK�FDQ�QHLWKHU�FRPPDQG�QRU�IXUQLVK� WKH�PRWLI�RU�WKH�PHDQV�RI�DQ�H[DFW�OLNHQHVV��DQG� PRGHO��WKH�FRPSOHWH�WKLQJ��ZKLFK�LV� ERXQG� WR�D� IRUPDO�UHVHPEODQFH��ZDV�FULWLFDO��EHFDXVH�LW�ZDV�ZKDW�HQDEOHG�4XDWUHPL�UH�WR�DUJXH� WKDW�ZKLOH�QRW�FRS\LQJ�QDWXUH��DUFKLWHFWXUH�QRQHWKHOHVV� LPLWDWHG�QDWXUH��

4XDWUHPL�UH�IRUPXODWHG�KLV� WKHRU\�RI�W\SHV� LQ� WKH�����V��DQG�LW�EHORQJV� WR� WKH�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�GHEDWH�RI�WKDW�WLPH��KRZHYHU�� WKH�HQF\FORSHGLD�HQWU\�RQ�7\SH�ZDV�QEW�SXEOLVKHG�XQWLO� ������DQG�RQO\�DIWHU�WKDW�GDWH�ZHUH� WKH�LPSOLFDWLRQV�RI�4XDWUHPL�UHV�LGHDV� WDNHQ�XS��SULQFLSDOO\�E\� WKH�*HUPDQ�DUFKLWHFW�DQG�WKHRULVW�*RWWIULHG�6HPSHU��7KH�SUREOHP�WKDW�KDG�VR�H[HUFL]HG�4XDWUHPL�UH��WR�SURYH�WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH��ZKLOH�QRW�FRS\LQJ�QDWXUH��VWLOO� LPLWDWHG�QDWXUH�� ZDV�RI�QR�FRQFHUQ�DW�DOO� WR�6HPSHU�ZKR��IDPLOLDU�ZLWK�*RHWKHV� WKHRU\�RI�DUW�DV� D� VHFRQG�QDWXUH��FRXOG�DFFHSW� WKDW�DUFKLWHFWXUH�PLJKW�EH� OLNH�QDWXUH�LQ� LWV�IRUPDWLYH� SURFHVVHV�\HW� EH�TXLWH� LQGHSHQGHQW�RI�QDWXUH��%XW�6HPSHU�ZDV�LQWHUHVWHG� LQ�DUFKLWHFWXUHV�RULJLQV��VHHLQJ��OLNH�4XDWUHPHUH��WKDW�QRWKLQJ�FDQ�FRPH�IURP�QRWKLQJ��$OWKRXJK�DWWUDFWHG� E\�4XDWUHPL�UHV�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�SUREOHP��6HPSHU�ZDV�FULWLFDO� RI�WKH�VWURQJO\�LGHDOLVW�FKDUDFWHU�RI�4XDWUHPKHV�WKRXJKW��DQG�ZDQWHG��ZLWKRXW�ORVLQJ� WKH�IRUFH� RI�4XDWUHPHUHV� W\SH�DV� D�JHQHULF�LGHD��WR�JLYH�LW�JUHDWHU�LGHQWLW\�DQG� VXEVWDQFH�VR�WKDW�LW�PLJKW�EH�RI�PRUH�SUDFWLFDO�XVH� WR� WKH�DUFKLWHFW��6HPSHU�DOVR�KDG� WKH�DGYDQWDJH�WKDW�E\� WKH� WLPH�� LQ� WKH� ����V��WKDW�KH� EHFDPH�LQWHUHVWHG� LQ� WKHVH�TXHVWLRQV��GHYHORSPHQWV�LQ� QDWXUDO�VFLHQFH�KDG�SURGXFHG�D�PRUH�VRSKLVWLFDWHG�DFFRXQW�RI�ERWK� QDWXUH�DQG�RI�W\SHV� WKDQ�KDG� EHHQ�

����

Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
Celedon
economy of the term