type spec: on this day by cj brown

Cj BrownProject 3

078-034

Type SpecificationLeft Book

Contents

Grid System

Images

Colour

Binding & Stock

Oversights

Book Mechanics

Typography

Typographic Detail

Header

Expressive Type

Pull Quotes

Body Copy

Page Architecture

2–5

19–21

22

23

24–25

26

6–7

8–9

10–11

12–13

14

15–17

4

Grid System

16cm / 454 pt26

.5 c

m /

752

ptRule

5

During the development stages of my book I decided early on that I wanted to keep the same grid throughout, however this meant I needed to use a grid which was both flexible when using imagery and effective when using type. By using 9 columns I was able to keep a coherent structure throughout the book whilst being able to experiment with the page architecture, trying not to make any pages too repetitive.

The choice to have an odd amount of columns was partly because I was aware I was going to be working with large amounts of text so in this instance I was able to position my text box centrally, allowing adequate space either side, taking advantage of the shape of the book. It also proved to be extremely useful when the decision was made to have two columns of text and also laying out imagery. In order to take advantage of the tall aspect of the book I chose keep the all the margins fairly small, especially at the bottom of the page. Whilst it was equally possible to limit the margin size on the inside due to the way it’s bound, which allows to book to fully open.

I took inspiration on the size and shape from traditional Chinese books and documents. I found that a common approach to the design of the books I sourced was for them to be follow a tall & narrow approach. Once I’d created my first draft of the book I returned back to the original size I’d settled on and made it slightly wider (1cm) as I felt their wasn’t enough space either side of the centralized text box.

Measurements

Top Margin

Inside Margin

Gutter

Baseline

Columns

Bottom Margin

Outside Margin

23 pt

22.6 pt

14 pt

12 pt

9

22.6 pt

22.6 pt

6

WAR OF WORDS

By the late 1970s, it had become a concern in China and particularly in colonial Hong Kong that the 99–year land lease of the New Territories,

a major region of Hong Kong, to Britain would expire in approximately 20 years time. The public concern immediately resulted in a series of negotiations between the Chinese and British government's in the early 1980's regarding the future of Hong Kong. The negotiations resulted in the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the 9th December 1984 stating the transfer of the sovereignty to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. In the wake of Governor MacLehose's visit, Britain and the pcr established initial diplomatic contact for further discussions of the Hong Kong question, paving the way for Thatcher's first visit to the transfer of sovereignty in September 1982. In discussion with Deng Xiaoping, Margaret Thatcher reiterated the validity of an extension of the lease of Hong Kong territory, particularly in light of binding treaties, including the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, the Convention of Peking in 1856, and the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory signed in 1890.

After her visit with Deng in Beijing, Thatcher was received in Hong Kong as the first British Prime Minister to set foot on the territory whilst in office. At a press conference, Thatcher re-emphasized the validity and the importance of the three treaties in place, asserting the need for countries to respect treaties on universal terms. During the same time, in the 5th session of the 5th National People's Congress, the constitution was amended to include a brand new clause, which stated that the country might establish a special administrative region (sar) when necessary. The clause would hold tremendous significance in settling the question of Hong Kong, putting into social consciousness the concept of "One country, Two systems".*

Sino-British Joint Declaration, para. 19. Retrieved 8 August 2011.

24

1970

–198

0

Deng Xiaoping cited clearly the lack of room for compromise on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong; the PRC,

as the successor of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China on the mainland, would recover the entirety of the

New Territories, Kowloon and Hong Kong Island.

*

BLOOD

IS THICKER THAN

WATER

13JOSIAH TATTNALL

Exa

mpl

Es o

f g

rid

va

riE

tyTHE CHINESE REVOLUTION

With the qing Dynasty, the last of the ruling Chinese dynasties,

collapsing in 1911 China was left facing a Civil War. The Chinese Civil War (1927-50) was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang (kmt), the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China (cpc), for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of China. The war began in April 1927, amidst the Northern Expedition, and essentially ended when major active battles ceased in 1949-50. However there is debate on whether the war has officially ended. The conflict continues in the form of military threats and political and economic pressure, particularly over the political status of Taiwan. The continued tension is described in cross-Strait relations.

The war represented an ideological split between the Nationalist kmt, and the Communist cpc. In mainland China today, the last three years of the war (1947-49) are more commonly known as the War of Liberation.

The civil war continued intermittently until the Second Sino-Japanese War interrupted it, resulting in the two parties forming a Second United Front. Japan's campaign was defeated in 1945, marking the end of World War II, and China's full-scale civil war resumed in 1946.

To this day, since no armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed, the prc still actively claims Taiwan as part of its territory and continues military threats to Taiwan, the r.o.c also has mutual claim on mainland China, and both continues the fight over diplomatic recognition, there is debate on whether the Civil War has legally ended. The war of weapons has given way to away of words.

Today, the war occurs on the political and economic fronts in the form of cross-Strait relations. The People's Republic threatens the r.o.c with a military invasion if the r.o.c officially declares independence for Taiwan by changing its name to the Republic of Taiwan.

KMT

CHINESE NATIONALIST PARTY

Est. 191220 21

7

32

Lin questioned how it could then profit from the drug in China. In fact, opium was not illegal in England at the time, however, and comparably smaller quantities were imported. The British government and merchants didn't offer a response to Lin, accusing him instead of destroying their property. When the British learned of what was taking place in Canton, as communications between these two parts of the world took months at this time, they sent a large British Indian army, which arrived in June 1840.

British warships wreaked havoc on coastal towns; the steam ship Nemesis was able to move against the winds and tides and support a gun platform with very heavy guns. In addition, the British troops were the first to be armed with modern muskets and cannons which fired more rapidly and with greater accuracy than the Qing firearms and artillery. After the British took Canton, they sailed up the Yangtze and took the tax barges, a devastating blow to the Empire as

it slashed the revenue of the imperial court in Beijing to just a small fraction of what it had been. In 1842, the Qing authorities sued for peace, which concluded with the Treaty of Nanking negotiated in August of that year and ratified in 1843. In the treaty, China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain, open four ports to Britain, and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria. In the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, the Qing empire also recognised Britain as an equal to China and gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges in ports.

The ease with which the British forces had defeated the numerically superior Chinese armies seriously affected the Qing Dynasty's prestige. The success of the First Opium War allowed the British to resume the opium trade in China. It also paved the way for opening of the lucrative Chinese market to other commerce and the opening of Chinese society to missionary endeavors.†

ENGLISH WARSHIPS ARE

NOW ARRIVING AT CANTON.

ALTHOUGH IT IS CERTAIN THAT

THEY WILL NOT VENTURE TO

CREATE A DISTURBANCE HERE,

I AM CERTAIN THAT THEY WILL,

LIKE GREAT RATS, ATTEMPT TO

SHELTER THE VILE SELLERS

OF OPIUM.

LIN TSE-HSÜ

25NEW TERRITORIES

USING THE MOST FAVOURED

NATION CLAUSE THAT THEY

HAD NEGOTIATED IN PEKING,

THE UNITED KINGDOM

DEMANDED THE EXTENSION

OF KOWLOON TO COUNTER

THE INFLUENCE OF FRANCE

IN SOUTHERN CHINA IN

JUNE 1898. New Territories is one of the three main regions of Hong Kong, alongside Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. It makes up 86.2 % of Hong Kong's territory. Historically, it is the region described in The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. According to that the territories comprise the mainland area north of the Boundary Street of Kowloon Peninsula and south of the Sham Chun River which is the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, as well as over 200 outlying Islands including Lantau Island, Lamma Island, Cheung Chau, and Peng Chau in the territory of Hong Kong.

The colony of Hong Kong attracted a large number of Chinese and Westerners to seek their fortune in the city. It's population increased rapidly which resulted in the city becoming overcrowded. The outbreak of bubonic plague in 1894 became a concern to the Hong Kong Government. There was a need to expand the colony to accommodate it's growing population. The Qing Dynasty's defeat in the First Sino Japanese War had shown that it was incapable of defending itself. Victoria City and Victoria Harbour were vulnerable to any hostile forces launching attacks from the hills of Kowloon.

18

Wiltshire, Trea. Old Hong Kong - Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. 5

»

Baskerville

8

A quick movement of the enemy

will jeopArdize six gunboAts.

9

When making the decision on what typefaces to use for this section of the book I wanted to emphasise the narrative and aesthetic of the book through typefaces which were either popular during the time period or distinctively recognised as ‘British’.

Baskerville is a traditional British typeface designed by John Baskerville in 1757. I felt that the slab serif’s worked particularly well when using it as a header as it provided a clear and legible approach to the introduction of each section.

Baskerville, Bold, 11pt, Tracking: 20, Kerning: Optical, 100% Black, Centered.

The nationalist party had its origins in the earlier United League against the

Qing dynasty. The name Nationalist Party was adopted in 1912, after the suppression of this expanded party by Yuan Shikai, elements from it were organized by Sun Sen in 1914 into the Chinese Revolutionary Party, which failed to generate much support. Sun and a small group of veterans were stimulated by the patriotic upsurge of 1919 to rejuvenate this political tradition, as well as to revive the Nationalist Party name. The party's publications took on new life as the editors entered the current debates on what was needed to “Save China.” Socialism was popular among Sun's followers.

The formation of an effective party took several years, however. Sun returned to Guangzhou from Shanghai late in 1920, when Chen Jiongming (Chiung-ming) drove out the Guangxi militarists. Another rump parliament elected Sun president of a new southern regime, which claimed to be the legitimate government of China. In the spring of 1922 Sun attempted to launch a northern campaign as an ally of the Manchurian warlord, Zhang Zuolin, against the Zhili clique, which by

now controlled Beijing. Chen, however, did not want the provincial revenues wasted in internecine wars. One of Chen's subordinates drove Sun fromthe presidential residence in Guangzhou on the night of June 15–16, 1922. He was able to return to Guangzhou in February 1923 and began to consolidate a base under his own control and to rebuild his party.

Mao Zedong was a Communists leader of China from 1949–76. He is the founder of People's Republic of China, which was established in 1949, and remained ruler untill his death. He commanded the Long March, and he led the Communist party into victory over Jiang Jieshi in the civil war. In Mao's political campaigns, including, The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution (Tokuda). These political campaigns are blamed for millions of death. He is ranked among the worst of 20th century dictators along the side of Stalin and Adolf Hitler, yet ranked one of the most influential poeple in the 20th Century in the Time Magazine (Mao Zedong). Mao Zedong is remembered as a great revoltionary who tried his best to stick up for the lower class.*

THE NATIONALIST PARTY

New Approaches to the Study of Political Order in China, by Donald Clarke, 2009. P.73-84.

22

*

Header

Abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

Gill Sans

Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow.

10

11

Expressive Type

Gill Sans was created by Eric Gill in 1928 for the purpose to function equally well as a text face and for display. I was particularly drawn towards using Gill Sans because of the national appeal it had gained within Britain soon after it’s release, cementing it as dominant typeface within western typography. The simplistic san-serif letterforms also worked well when displaying content in a larger size.

If the information which was being displayed large in Gill was too long or didn’t work well I made the exception of dropping the point size down to between 12–16pt and turning the caps off. (See pages 28,30,33 & 35)

Gill Sans, Regular, 21pt, Tracking: 20, 100% Black / Paper, Centered.

NEW TERRITORIES




THE UNITED KINGDOM





JUNE 1898.

18

Wiltshire, Trea. Old Hong Kong - Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 75

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pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs.

10

Gill Sans

11

Instead of typesetting my pull quotes in the same type as my body (Caslon) I decided to set it in Gill Sans. I decided to display short sections of text separately from the body copy, which included quotations & extracts. These elements were set in Gill Sans in a larger type so that they stood out and acted as small snippets into that particular chapter.

In 1841, a rough outline for a treaty between the two countries was sent for the guidance of Plenipotentiary Charles Elliot. It had a blank after the words “the cession of the islands of…” Pottinger sent this old draft treaty on shore, with the letters struck out of islands and the words Hong Kong placed after it. Robert Martin, treasurer of Hong Kong, wrote in an official report:

This resulted in the Qing government agreeing to make Hong Kong Island a crown colony, ceding it to the British Queen “in perpetuity” to provide British traders with a harbour where they could unload their goods (article 111). Pottinger was later appointed the first governor of Hong Kong. In 1860, the colony was extended with the Kowloon peninsula and in 1898, the Second Convention of Peking further expanded the colony with the 99 year lease of the New Territories. In 1984, the governments of the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China (prc) concluded the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question in Hong Kong, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together with Hong Kong Island and Kowloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded under the Convention of Peking (1860), was scheduled to transfer to the prc on the 1 July 1997.

Since the Treaty of Nanking was brief and with only general stipulations, the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplementary treaty will be concluded in order to work out more detailed regulations for future relations. On 3 October 1843, the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue was concluded at Bocca Tigris outside Canton. Nevertheless, the treaties of 1842–43 left several unsettled issues. In particular it did not resolve the status of the opium trade. Although the American treaty of 1844 explicitly banned Americans from selling opium, the trade continued as both the British and American merchants were only subject to the legal control of their consuls. The opium trade was later legalized in the Treaties of Tianjin, which China concluded after the Second Opium War.

The Nanking Treaty ended the old Canton System and created a new framework for China's foreign relations and overseas trade, which would last for almost a hundred years. These were conceded partly out of expediency and partly because the Qing officials did not yet know of international law or understand the long term consequences. The tariff fixed at 5% was higher than the existing tariff, the concept of extraterritoriality seemed to put the burden on foreigners to police themselves, and most favored nation treatment seemed to set the foreigners one against the others. Although China regained tariff autonomy in the 1920s, extraterritoriality was not formally abolished until 1943.*

The terms of peace have been read, Elepoo the senior commissioner paused, expecting something more, and at length said “is that all?” Mr. Morrison enquired of Lieutenant colonel

Malcolm if there was anything else, and being answered in the negative, Elepoo immediately and with great tact closed

the negotiation by saying;

“all shall be grantedit is settled—it is finished.”

8

1842

–18

44

Pull Quotes & Extracts

Gill Sans, Regular, 12pt, Kerning: Optical, Leading: 14pt, 100% Black, Centered.

When dropping the quote or extract down I chose not to align it to the grid as I felt the spacing either side didn’t work. Instead I decided to equally space it in between the body copy.

abcdefghijklmnopqrStuvwxyz


A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

12

Adobe Caslon Pro

15

After setting both books in optima in my first draft I realized I needed to choose a family that consisted of a variety of different weights and styles as I was going to need to use elements such as small caps, lining & non lining numbers etc. My options were narrowed down to Joanna, Garamond, Camphor & Adobe Caslon Pro. From which I chose Caslon for it’s relevence and family size. Caslon is a serif typeface designed by William Caslon (1692–1766) which has seen numerous revivals since it was first published. Adobe Caslon is a varient of the original which was designed by Carol Twombly between 1734–70, including elements such as small caps, ligatures, subscripts & superscripts.

After it’s release Caslon types were widely distributed throughout the British Empire, and as a result they featured in numerous historical documents including the U.S. Declaration of Independence. Towards the end of the 1760s Caslon’s use was slowly diminishing however it did spark a revival between the dates of 1840–80 which was at the beginning of the First Opium War.

Body Copy









8

18

42

–18

44

Adobe Caslon Pro, Regular, 10pt, Kerning: 2, Leading: 12pt, 100% Black, Aligned Left.

Adobe Caslon adopted distinctive elements from the original Caslon English Roman sample such as the ligatures on the Q’s.

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV WXYZ


16

Folio’s

Running Heads

Referencing

NEW TERRITORIES




THE UNITED KINGDOM





JUNE 1898.

18

Wiltshire, Trea. Old Hong Kong - Volume One. Central, Hong Kong: Text Form Asia books Ltd. Page 75

In 1841, a rough outline for a treaty between the two countries was sent for

the guidance of Plenipotentiary Charles E

lliot. It had a blank after the words “the cession of the islands of…

” Pottinger sent this old draft treaty on shore, w

ith the letters struck out of islands and the words Hong K

ong placed after it. R

obert Martin, treasurer of H

ong Kong, w

rote in an official report:

This resulted in the Q

ing government agreeing to m

ake Hong K

ong Island a crow

n colony, ceding it to the British Queen “in perpetuity” to provide British

traders with a harbour w

here they could unload their goods ( article 111) . Pottinger w

as later appointed the first governor of Hong K

ong. In 1860, the colony w

as extended with the K

owloon peninsula and in 1898, the Second

Convention of Peking further expanded the colony w

ith the 99 year lease of the N

ew Territories.

In 1984, the governments of the U

nited Kingdom

and the People's Republic

of China ( prc) concluded the Sino-British Joint D

eclaration on the Question

in Hong K

ong, under which the sovereignty of the leased territories, together

with H

ong Kong Island and K

owloon (south of Boundary Street) ceded

under the Convention of Peking ( 1860) , w

as scheduled to transfer to the prc on the 1 July 1997.

Since the Treaty of Nanking w

as brief and with only general stipulations,

the British and Chinese representatives agreed that a supplem

entary treaty will

be concluded in order to work out more detailed regulations for future relations.

On 3 O

ctober 1843, the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue w

as concluded at Bocca T

igris outside Canton. N

evertheless, the treaties of 1842– 43 left several unsettled issues. In particular it did not resolve the status of the opium

trade. A

lthough the Am

erican treaty of 1844 explicitly banned Am

ericans from selling

opium, the trade continued as both the British and A

merican m

erchants were only subject to the legal control of their consuls. Th

e opium trade w

as later legalized in the Treaties of T

ianjin, which C

hina concluded after the Second O

pium W

ar.

The N

anking Treaty ended the old Canton System

and created a new fram

ework for C

hina's foreign relations and overseas trade, which would last for alm

ost a hundred years. Th

ese were conceded partly out of expediency and partly because the Q

ing officials did not yet know

of international law or understand the long

term consequences. Th

e tariff fixed at 5% was higher than the existing tariff,

the concept of extraterritoriality seemed to put the burden on foreigners to police

themselves, and m

ost favored nation treatment seem

ed to set the foreigners one against the others. A

lthough China regained tariff autonom

y in the 1920s, extraterritoriality w

as not formally abolished until 1943.*

The term

s of peace have been read, Elepoo the senior com

missioner paused, expecting som

ething more, and at length

said “is that all?” Mr. M

orrison enquired of Lieutenant colonel M

alcolm if there w

as anything else, and being answered in

the negative, Elepoo imm

ediately and with great tact closed



8

1842–1844

Century Gothic , Bold, 8pt, Kerning: Optical, 100% Black, Aligned Left.

Century Gothic , Regular, 9pt, Kerning: Optical, Centered.

Century Gothic is a sans serif typeface designed in 1991. All characters are of consistent thickness, reduced curves and have a lack of decoration. For this reason I’ve used it for my folios in order for the information to be clear and cohesive.

C=0 / M=99 / Y=100 / K=0

1839

–1842

THE FIRST OPIUM WAR

The opium wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars, divided into the First Opium War from 1839–42 and the Second Opium War from

1856–60, were the climax of disputes over trade and relations between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire. After the inauguration of the Canton System in 1756, the British East India Company faced a trade imbalance in favor of China and invested heavily in the opium production to redress the balance. British and United States merchants brought opium from the British East India Company's factories in Patna and Benares, in the Presidency of British India, to the coast of China, where they sold it to Chinese smugglers who distributed the drug in defiance of Chinese laws. Aware both of the drain of silver and the growing numbers of addicts, the Dao Guang Emperor demanded action.

In 1834 to accommodate for the revocation of the East India Company's monopoly, the British sent Lord William John Napier to Macau. He tried to circumvent the restrictive Canton Trade laws which forbade direct contact with Chinese officials by attempting to send a letter directly to the Viceroy of Canton. The Viceroy refused to accept it, and closed trade starting on the 2 September of that year. Lord Napier had to return to Macau and, unable to force the matter, the British agreed to resume trade under the old restrictions. The British were selling roughly 1,400 tons of Opium per year to China. In March 1839, the Emperor decided to appoint a new strict Confucianist commissioner, Lin Zexu, to control the opium trade at the port of Canton. His first course of action was to enforce the imperial demand that there be a permanent halt to drug shipments into China. When the British refused to end the trade, Lin blockaded the British traders in their factories and cut off supplies of food. On 27 March 1839 Charles Elliot, British Superintendent of Trade, who had been locked in the factories when he arrived at Canton, finally agreed that all British subjects should turn over their opium to him, amounting to nearly a year's supply of the drug.*

As well as seizing supplies in the factories, Chinese troops boarded British ships in international waters outside Chinese jurisdiction, where their cargo was still legal, and destroyed the opium aboard. After the opium was surrendered, trade was restarted on the strict condition that no more drugs would be smuggled into China. Lin demanded that British merchants sign a bond promising not to deal in opium, under penalty of death. The British officially opposed signing of the bond, but some British merchants that did not deal in opium were willing to sign. Within the Chinese mandarinate there was an ongoing debate over legalising the opium trade itself. This idea was repeatedly rejected and instead, in 1838 the government sentenced native drug traffickers to death. In 1839, Lin took the step of publishing a letter addressed to Queen Victoria questioning the moral reasoning of the British. Citing what he understood to be a strict prohibition of the trade within Great Britain,

Le Pichon, Alain (2006). China Trade and Empire. Oxford University Press.

Tsang, Steve (2007). A Modern History of Hong Kong. I.B.Tauris. p. 3-13, 29.

1

* †









8

1842

–18

44

Asterix, Kerning: 12In the situations where I’d referenced twice within the same piece of text I used a dagger glyph as my second marker.

Myriad Pro Condensed, 7pt.

17

Typographic Detail

18

Small Caps

THE SECOND OPIUM WAR

The chinese authorities were reluctant to keep to the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing. They had tried to keep out as many foreign merchants

as possible and had victimized Chinese merchants who traded with the British. To protect those Chinese merchants who were friendly to them at Hong Kong, the British granted their ships British registration in the hope that the Chinese authorities would not interfere with vessels which carried the British flag.

In October 1856, the Chinese authorities in Canton seized a vessel called the 'Arrow' which had been engaged in piracy. The 'Arrow' had formerly been registered as a British ship and was even still flying the British flag. The British consul in Canton demanded the immediate release of the crew and an apology for the insult to the British flag. The crew were released, but an apology was not given. In reprisal, the British governor in Hong Kong ordered warships to bombard Canton.

Clearly the Chinese had a good case: the 'Arrow' was a pirate ship and had no right to fly the British flag as its British registration had expired. The governor of Hong Kong had acted without consulting London. However, the British Prime Minister, Palmerston, supported the actions of his officials who claimed to be upholding British prestige and avenging the insult to the flag. Moreover, Palmerston was keen to force the Chinese into accepting full-scale trade with Britain, whether they wanted to or not. Negotiations between China, Britain, France, Russia and the United States of America led to the Tientsin Treaties of June, 1858, which theoretically brought peace. China agreed to open more treaty ports, to legalize opium importation, to establish a maritime customs service with foreign inspection and to allow foreign legations at Peking and missionaries in the interior.

China soon abrogated the Anglo-French treaties and refused to allow foreign diplomats into Peking. On the 25 June, 1859 British Admiral Sir James Hope bombarded the forts guarding the mouth of the Hai River, below Tientsin. However, landing parties were repulsed and the British squadron was severely damaged by a surprisingly efficient Chinese garrison. Commodore Josiah Tattnall commanding the usa Asiatic Squadron helped the British save face by assisting them in their withdrawal.

Anglo French forces gathered at Hong Kong in May 1860. A joint amphibious expedition moved north to the Gulf of Po Hai. It consisted of 11,000 British soldiers under General Sir James Hope Grant and 7,000 French soldiers under Lieutenant General Cousin-Montauban. Unopposed landings were made at Pei Tang (1 August, 1860). The Taku forts were taken by assault with the assistance of the naval forces (August 21). The expedition then advanced up

Keswick, Maggie; Weatherall, Clara (2008). The thistle and the jade: A celebration of 175 years of Jardine Matheson. ISBN. p.78

12

185

6

*









12

185

6

*

Small Caps have been applied to any abbreviations where the reader has either previously been told in full or when they are commonly recognisable.

A drop cap of two lines has been applied to the start of each chapter aswell as having the first three words in Small Caps. This was applied as I felt it helped emphasize traditional practice within British book design.

I made the decission to set all numbers (unless stated) as non-lining figures to avoid them from standing out from the block of text. I’ve also set all elided numbers to have an unspaced en dash which represents ‘to’. The kerning & baseline shift on the en dash required manual adjustment depending on the numbers, i.e 2–4, as the stroke would occasionally run into the horizontal’s of the following number.

Numbers









8

1842

–18

44

25

New Territories is one of the three main regions of Hong Kong, alongside Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula. It makes up 86.2 % of Hong Kong's territory. Historically, it is the region described in The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory. According to that the territories comprise the mainland area north of the Boundary Street of Kowloon Peninsula and south of the Sham Chun River which is the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China, as well as over 200 outlying Islands including Lantau Island, Lamma Island, Cheung Chau, and Peng Chau in the territory of Hong Kong.

The colony of Hong Kong attracted a large number of Chinese and Westerners to seek their fortune in the city. It's population increased rapidly which resulted in the city becoming overcrowded. The outbreak of bubonic plague in 1894 became a concern to the Hong Kong Government. There was a need to expand the colony to accommodate it's growing population. The Qing Dynasty's defeat in the First Sino Japanese War had shown that it was incapable of defending itself. Victoria City and Victoria Harbour were vulnerable to any hostile forces launching attacks from the hills of Kowloon.

»

On the few occasions where I’ve used percentages I’ve kept the numbers as lining figures as it broke up the flow of the book due to the size difference.

19

Dates

Parentheses

For the dates featured in the book I kept the numbers as non-lining figures as I felt they worked well with the x-height of the lower case letters next to them. I also decided it wasn’t neccesary to have ‘st’, ‘nd’, ‘th’ in dates – unless it was in the context of centuries or within dialogue. See examples of exceptions below:

When I had small caps or non-lining numbers within brackets I applied a baseline shift to the brackets of -1. This centralised the brackets around the type. However this wasn’t applied if the content began with a capital letter as it didn’t work.









12

185

6

*

The nationalist party had its origins in the earlier United League against the

Qing dynasty. The name Nationalist Party was adopted in 1912, after the suppression of this expanded party by Yuan Shikai, elements from it were organized by Sun Sen in 1914 into the Chinese Revolutionary Party, which failed to generate much support. Sun and a small group of veterans were stimulated by the patriotic upsurge of 1919 to rejuvenate this political tradition, as well as to revive the Nationalist Party name. The party's publications took on new life as the editors entered the current debates on what was needed to “Save China.” Socialism was popular among Sun's followers.

The formation of an effective party took several years, however. Sun returned to Guangzhou from Shanghai late in 1920, when Chen Jiongming (Chiung-ming) drove out the Guangxi militarists. Another rump parliament elected Sun president of a new southern regime, which claimed to be the legitimate government of China. In the spring of 1922 Sun attempted to launch a northern campaign as an ally of the Manchurian warlord, Zhang Zuolin, against the Zhili clique, which by

now controlled Beijing. Chen, however, did not want the provincial revenues wasted in internecine wars. One of Chen's subordinates drove Sun fromthe presidential residence in Guangzhou on the night of June 15–16, 1922. He was able to return to Guangzhou in February 1923 and began to consolidate a base under his own control and to rebuild his party.

Mao Zedong was a Communists leader of China from 1949–76. He is the founder of People's Republic of China, which was established in 1949, and remained ruler untill his death. He commanded the Long March, and he led the Communist party into victory over Jiang Jieshi in the civil war. In Mao's political campaigns, including, The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution (Tokuda). These political campaigns are blamed for millions of death. He is ranked among the worst of 20th century dictators along the side of Stalin and Adolf Hitler, yet ranked one of the most influential poeple in the 20th Century in the Time Magazine (Mao Zedong). Mao Zedong is remembered as a great revoltionary who tried his best to stick up for the lower class.*

THE NATIONALIST PARTY

New Approaches to the Study of Political Order in China, by Donald Clarke, 2009. P.73-84.

22

*

Superscript, Kerning: -20

WAR OF WORDS

By the late 1970s, it had become a concern in China and particularly in colonial Hong Kong that the 99–year land lease of the New Territories,

a major region of Hong Kong, to Britain would expire in approximately 20 years time. The public concern immediately resulted in a series of negotiations between the Chinese and British government's in the early 1980's regarding the future of Hong Kong. The negotiations resulted in the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the 9th December 1984 stating the transfer of the sovereignty to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. In the wake of Governor MacLehose's visit, Britain and the pcr established initial diplomatic contact for further discussions of the Hong Kong question, paving the way for Thatcher's first visit to the transfer of sovereignty in September 1982. In discussion with Deng Xiaoping, Margaret Thatcher reiterated the validity of an extension of the lease of Hong Kong territory, particularly in light of binding treaties, including the Treaty of Nanking in 1842, the Convention of Peking in 1856, and the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory signed in 1890.

After her visit with Deng in Beijing, Thatcher was received in Hong Kong as the first British Prime Minister to set foot on the territory whilst in office. At a press conference, Thatcher re-emphasized the validity and the importance of the three treaties in place, asserting the need for countries to respect treaties on universal terms. During the same time, in the 5th session of the 5th National People's Congress, the constitution was amended to include a brand new clause, which stated that the country might establish a special administrative region (sar) when necessary. The clause would hold tremendous significance in settling the question of Hong Kong, putting into social consciousness the concept of "One country, Two systems".*

Sino-British Joint Declaration, para. 19. Retrieved 8 August 2011.

24

1970

–198

0

Deng Xiaoping cited clearly the lack of room for compromise on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong; the PRC,

as the successor of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China on the mainland, would recover the entirety of the

New Territories, Kowloon and Hong Kong Island.

*

TREATY OF NANJING

The treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) was signed on 29 August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United

Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland and the Qing Dynasty of China. It was the first of what the Chinese called the unequal treaties because Britain had no obligations to return the favour. In the wake of China's military defeat, with British warships poised to attack the city, representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiated aboard hms Cornwallis anchored at Nanking. On 29 August 1842, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives, Qiying, and Niujian, signed the treaty. The treaty consisted of thirteen seperate articles by QueenVictoria and Daoguang Emperor was exchanged nine months later.

The fundamental purpose of the treaty was to change the framework of foreign trade which had been in force since 1760. The treaty abolished the monopoly of the Thirteen Factories on foreign trade (article v) in Canton and instead Ningpo and Shanghai, where Britons were to be allowed to trade with anyone they wished. Britain also gained the right to send consuls to the treaty ports, which were given the right to communicate directly with local Chinese officials (article 11). The treaty stipulated that trade in the treaty ports should be subject to fixed tariffs, which were to be agreed upon between the British and the Qing governments.

The Qing government was obliged to pay the British government six million silver dollars for the opium that had been confiscated by Lin Zexu in 1839 (article 1v), three million dollars in compensation for debts that the Hong merchants in Canton owed British merchants (article v), and a further 12 million dollars in war reparations for the cost of the war (vi). The total sum of 21 million dollars was to be paid in installments over three years and the Qing government would be charged an annual interest rate of 5 percent for the money that was not paid in a timely manner (article vii). The Qing government undertook to release all British prisoners of war (article viii) and to give a general amnesty to all Chinese subjects who had cooperated with the British during the war (article 1x). The British on their part, undertook to withdraw all of their troops from Nanking and the Grand Canal after the emperor had given his assent to the treaty and the first installment of money had been received (article x11). British troops would remain in Gulangyu and Zhoushan until the Qing government had paid reparations in full (article x11).*

Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters. Routledge. p. 203.

6

1842

*

TREATY OF NANJING






6

1842

*

Dialogue: Superscript,Kerning: -20

20

Kerning

In certain situations the kerning on letters & numbers was completely out, so for this reason I manually adjusted them . These instances are as followed:

TREATY OF NANJING






6

1842

*

TREATY OF NANJING






618

42

*









8

1842

–18

44

Number ‘1’s when set as non lining numbers needed to be brought inwards.

Kerning: - 40 / Tracking: 7

At the start of each chapter I adjusted the kerning on the first two lines for legibility reasons.

Kerning: - 48

When using an apostrophe with S’s it always needed to be adjusted as the S stood out to far. The kerning on this was subject to change depending on the word. In this example it’s changed to the following:

Kerning: - 60 / Tracking: 7

Rules/Stroke

Originally I only planned to have rules on the pages in the Chinese book (right book) however I tried it and felt it worked equally well in the British book. I always used them on the page at the start of each chapter and they were taken off several times throughout the book when their was either too much type to include or when I felt it work with either the imagery or quotes etc.

Stroke: 0.25, C=0 / M=99 / Y=100 / K=0

21

Images

22

Images

1.

3.

5.

2.

4.

6.

7.

23

8.

10.

12.

9.

11.

13.

14.

24

Colour

RED: C=0 / M=99 / Y=100 / K=0

BLACK: 100% REGISTRATION

25

Binding & Stock

Covers:

Ratchford Colorado Tissue Lined Cloth (Senegal).

Coptic Bound

Paper Stock:

Colorplan China White, 135gsm.

Printed:

Hello Blue, Bristol.

Xerox DocuColor 242, Digital Printer.

26

Oversites

It wasn’t until half way through the binding process that I was aware of the issue that the registration didn’t line up correctly. This unfortunately meant certain double spreads were effected by this printing error.

27

Typographical Errors

On page 1 text reads:

On page 8 text reads:

Should read:

Should read:

After the inauguration ofthe Canton System…

All shall be grantedit is settled–it is finished…

After the inauguration of the Canton System…

All shall be granted–it is settled,it is finished…

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type spec: on this day by cj brown

Documents

aware i

hong kong question

colonial hong kong

future of hong kong

lease of hong kong territory

major region of hong

columns of text

centralized text box