Types of Artificial Intelligence & Pioneers in the Field

By Vernon Crowder

Strong A.I.• John Searle coined the term

“Strong A.I.” in his article "Minds, Brains, and Programs (1980).“

• Searle says, “In strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations.“– http://www.ptproject.ilstu.edu

/STRONGAI.HTM

Weak A.I.

• “Weak A.I.” are machines that fake human thought.

• An example of “Weak A.I.” would be “Deep Blue”. It calculates 60,000,000,000 moves in 3 minutes.– http://www.spectacle.org

/cs/bess2.html

Fuzzy Logic• Fuzzy Logic is an attempt is

made to apply a more human-like way of thinking in the programming of computers.

• Fuzzy Logic has emerged as a a profitable tool for the controlling of subway systems and complex industrial processes, as well as for household and entertainment electronics.– http://www.flll.uni-

linz.ac.at/pdw/fuzzy/introduction.html

Alan Turing• Turing believed that if a

machine, it could do all mathematical operations, it could also do anything a person can do.

• The Turing Test– A person communicates with a

computer through a terminal, and when the person is unable to decide whether he is talking to a computer or another person, the computer can safely be said to possess characteristics of intelligence.

• http://cgi.student.nada.kth.se/cgi-bin/d95-aeh/get/turing

Marvin Minsky

• Minsky has been working on imparting the human capacity for commonsense reasoning to computers. He is also seen as one of the founders of the field of A.I.

• Minsky has made many contributions to AI.– http://web.media.mit.edu/

~minsky/

Allen Newell• The fields of artificial

intelligence and cognitive science grew in part from his idea that computers could process symbols as well as numbers, and if programmed properly would be capable of solving problems in the same way humans do.– http://www.princeton.edu/

~hos/frs122/newellobit.html

John Searle• Searle says that it would

be possible (in principle) to code the human mind to a von Neumann computer which would give us a mental machine.– http://www.helsinki.fi/

hum/kognitiotiede/searle.html