types of banks (2003, 3 oldal)

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Types of Banks

Central banking

The Bank of England as the country's central bank plays the major role in controlling the

British monetary system and it is at the hub of most banking activity. The Bank of England is

controlled by a court of directors appointed by the state. This court consists of a governor, a

deputy governor and sixteen directors.

Functions of the Central Bank:

It is the government's bank. It manages the government's banking accounts, for

example for the Exchequer and other government departments.

It advises the government on formulation of monetary policy and assists the

government in carrying out the monetary policy.

It handles the arrangements for government borrowing: short- term: through the sale

of Treasury Bills, and long-term: management of government stocks It manages the exchange equalisation account and through this the Bank can influence

the value of sterling by selling or buying pounds to affect foreign exchange market

prices.

It controls the note issue: The Bank has the sole responsibility for the issue of bank

notes in England and Wales.

It is the bankers' bank: Each of the clearing banks has an account with the Bank. The

clearing banks keep about the half of their liquid reserves deposited at the Bank (short

call money) and use these for settling debts among themselves. The commercial banks

rely on the Bank if they run short of money or require loan.

It has international responsibilities: The Bank provides services for other central

banks and for example for the IMF.

It is the lender of last resort: If the commercial banks run short of cash they recall

deposits they have in the money market. This leaves the discount houses short of

funds, but The Bank 'lends as last resort' to the discount houses at a higher rate of

interest.

Other banks and financial institutions:

Discount houses:

They accept very short-term deposits in return for a low rate of interest

They use funds to purchase a variety of assets, e.g. treasury bills, bills of exchange

and guilt-edged securities

They provide immediate finance for companies by discounting reliable bills of

exchange = they buy them for less then their face value and resell them and charge a

higher rate of discount to achieve a profit

Clearing banks:

They accept deposits of money

They provide a system of payments mechanism

They provide a wide range of services

They handle the exchange and settlement of cheques

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Trustee Savings Bank (TSB)

It is a fully fledged bank that offers a variety of services similar to the other clearing banks:

current, deposit, savings and investment account, credit transfer facilities, overdrafts,

personal and mortgage loans, combined credit and cheque guarantee card, travel cheques andforeign currency.

State banks

The National Savings Bank operated through the Post office

The National Girobank: financially independent from the Post Office

Merchant banks

They are private firms that offer highly specialised services almost exclusively for business

customers. Their main activities: Acceptance house activities: they lend their name to a bill of exchange issued by less

well-known traders, so that it becomes more acceptable because of the bank's good

reputation. They confirm the buyers ability to pay for the product

Issuing house activities: they sponsor first issues of companies' shares , and they are

intermediaries between companies seeking capital and those willing to provide it.

Capital market activities: they accept larger deposits, provide finance for hire-

purchase, advise on company problems such as capital reorganisations, offer

consultancy services etc.

Foreign banks

There area bout 400 foreign banks in London. They provide services and credit to companies

from their own countries operating in Britain, but some of them make substantial sterling

loans to British borrowers, too.

Banking in the USA

In 1913, the Congress established the Federal Reserve System and required all national banks

to belong to this system. State banks were invited to join and many did. Now most American

banks belong to the FRS, which regulates banking in America.

The nation is divided into 12 Federal Reserve Districts. There is one Federal Reserve Bank in

each district. They operate under the centralised control of the Federal Reserve Board in

Washington. It consists of 7 members appointed by the President and approved by the Senate

for a 14-year term. This Board makes most of the major decisions for FRS.

The Federal Reserve Banks do not business with individuals or business firms. They serve

only the Federal Government and the members banks of FRS.

The Federal Reserve Banks serve two main purposes:

The Federal Government uses them to handle its own banking needs. The Federal

Reserve Banks also handle the sale of bonds issued by the US Administration

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The Federal Reserve Banks provide important services to the member banks. Member

banks are required by law to set aside a part of their depositors' money . This is called

their reserve and each bank must deposit its reserve in the FRB that serves its Federal

Reserve District.

Vocabulary

Deposit bett (bank tmakrben), de lehet lett is

Treasury bill Kincstrjegy

Gilt-edged securities Biztonsgos llamktvnyek

Bill of exchange Idegenvlt; vlt = felttel nlkli fizetsi

felszlts, amit vki alrsval killt vki

msnak; a cmzettet arra utastja, hogy

meghatrozott idben fizessen ki egy adott

sszeget vagy egy bizonyos szemly

szmra, vagy a dokumentum

bemutatjnak.

To discount a bill of exchange vltt leszmtolni, diszkontlni

Clearing Banks klring bankok, zsr bankok = olyan

bankok, melyek tagjai a London Bankers

Clearing Bank Association-nek, mely

lehetv teszi a csekk- s kszpnzforgalom

elszmolst Angliban

Savings bank takarkpnztr

Overdraft szmlahitel, hiteltllps = folyszmla-hitel, meghatrozott hatrrtkig vltoz

sszeggel

To buy on the hire-purchase system rszletre vsrol

Acceptance house/ accepting house vltbank; olyan pnzintzet, melynek

tevkenysgei kz tartozik a vltk

rtkestse akr elfogadssal, akr

garancival. Valjban garantlja az ruk

vsrljnak vagy importrnek pnzgyi

helyzett azzal, hogy vllalja a

vltktelezettsget, azaz alrsval

igazolja, megersti, hogy a vev illetve az

importr az rut ki tudja fizetni

Issuing house kibocsthz; olyan pnzintzet, mely a

vllalatok tzsdei bevezetsben, illetve

rszvnyeik kihelyezsben s a

tkenvekedst clz tovbbi tranzakcik

lebonyoltsban segdkezik

Merchant bank szakosodott kereskedelmi bank

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types of banks (2003, 3 oldal)

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