types of chemical bonds honors chemistry/biology 10 th grade - ferguson
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Types of Chemical Bonds
Honors Chemistry/Biology10th grade - Ferguson
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What is a Chemical Bond?• The interaction between
electrons of different atoms.• The electron cloud of an atom reacts to
any electric charge, not just that of its own nucleus.–Can even react to the positive charge of another atom’s nucleus.
• There are different kinds of interactions between atoms depending on the elements.
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Electrons have a negative electric charge.
If negative charges repel each other,
how does an atom stay together?
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proton: a tiny particle in the nucleus that has a positive charge.
neutral: having zero total electric charge.
Protons in the nucleus have a positive electric charge.
Electrons have a negative electric charge.
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Because the electrons have energy and momentum
- The same reason why the Earth does not fall into the sun, but gravitates around it instead.
Why don’t the negative electrons “fall” into the positive nucleus?
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Electrons are responsible for bond formation.
Electrons can be:
+-
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Enthalpy of formation
∆Hf (kJ/mole)
Chemical bonds form because there is an advantage in energy.
Lower energy =
more stable
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Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat
Density
Hardness
Elasticity
Transparency
Strength
Electrical conductivity
Thermal conductivity
Physical properties of Metals
Why?
Metallic bonding
Metallic bonding
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Metallic bonding
Electrons are small, light, and therefore fast
They can carry energy quickly Thermal conductivity
They can carry charges quickly Electrical conductivity
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Metallic bonding
Solo (unbonded) metal atom
Metals have low ionization energies;
valence electrons are not strongly bound
to their parent atoms.
A metal is like a fixed lattice of positive ions in a sea of free electrons
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Ionic Bonds• Occurs between a metal and non-metal.• Happen when one or more electrons are
transferred between atoms.• Causes one atom to become positive, and one to
become negative.• The oppositely charged ions are now attracted to
each other.
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In ionic compounds, electrons are NOT SHARED but TRANSFERRED.
1 electron
Sodium ion Chloride ion
Cl –1+1Na
Sodium atom Chlorine atom
Ionic bond
ClNa
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Ionic Bond Example:
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In ionic compounds, electrons are NOT SHARED but TRANSFERRED.
Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is also an ionic compound.
Magnesium ion
1 electron 1 electron
+2Mg–1Chloride ion Cl Cl –1 Chloride ion
Chloride atomChloride atom Mg
Magnesium atom
Cl Cl
Ionic bondIonic bond
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Covalent Bonds• Occurs between 2 non-metals.• When electrons are shared between
atoms to fill the outer shell of each.• As 2 atoms approach each other,
each nucleus begins to tug on the other’s electrons. Eventually, the orbitals overlap, forming a covalent bond.
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Covalent Bond Example:
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Covalent bondsA chemical bond is formed by sharing or transferring electrons.
covalent bond: a chemical bond that consists of two shared electrons.
molecule: a neutral group of atoms bonded together by covalent bonds.
There are two covalent bonds in a water molecule.
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Polar Covalent Bonds• In polar bonds, electrons are not
shared equally between the atoms.
• Occur when there is a large difference in electronegativity.
• As a result, polar bonds have dipoles (positive and negative ends).
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Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
• When there is little difference in the electronegativity.
• Electrons are equally shared between the atoms.
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Single bonds
Double bond Triple bond
Some elements can share multiple electrons
with the same atom.
Multiple bonds
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Determining Polarity• Electronegativity differences between
atoms sharing electrons can predict polarity.
Use numbers from pg 204 in textbookBond Type Electronegativity Difference
Non-polar covalent
Less than 0.5
Polar covalent
Between 0.5-1.7
Ionic Larger difference due to a bond between a metal and a non-metal atom
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Polar and Non-Polar Bonds
• 4.0 – 4.0 = 0• Non-Polar
Bond
• 4.0 – 2.1 = 1.9
• Polar Bond
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Valence Electrons and Bonding Patterns
• Only unpaired valence electrons bond.
• In a molecular compound, each unpaired electron can form one covalent bond.
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• In the diagram to the right, the arrow shows which way the shared electrons are being pulled in the polar bond.
• The q+ and q- indicate the partial positive and negative ends of the molecule.
q+ q-
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Determining if a Molecule has Polar Geometry
1. If all bonds in the molecule are non-polar, then the whole molecule is non-polar.
2. If there are polar bonds, but there is symmetry in the molecule, then the molecule is non-polar.
3. If there are polar bonds, but there is no symmetry, the molecule is polar.
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Molecular Geometries
When all attached atoms are the same…
Symmetrical Not Symmetrical
Tetrahedral Trigonal Pyramidal
Trigonal Planar Bent
Linear
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Carbon Dioxide
Each C-O bond is polar, however the symmetry of the molecule leads to the bonds cancelling each other out. Therefore, CO2 is a non-polar molecule.
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Water
Each O-H bond is polar, and the molecule is not symmetrical, so water is a polar molecule.
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CH4 CCl4 CH3F
Non-Polar Bonds
Polar Bonds C-F bond is polar
C-H bonds are not
Symmetrical Symmetrical Not Symmetrical
Non-Polar Molecule
Non-Polar Molecule
Polar Molecule
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Learning Check1. Which electrons are involved in bonding?2. What is the difference between ionic and
covalent bonds?3. What determines polarity?4. Hydrogen and Carbon bond together. What kind
of bond is this?5. Sodium and Fluorine bond together. What kind
of bond is this?6. How many bonds does Potassium make?7. How many bonds does Aluminum make?8. How many bonds does Sulfur make?9. How many bonds does Neon make?