Types of Parallelism

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Types of ParallelismPresented to: Ms. Atyah RahmanPresented by:

Rashida Kausar Bhatti (3021)

4th Semester, M.Phil Linguistics

Lahore Leads University, Lahore

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Rashida Kausar BhattiIntroduction

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ParallelismLinguistic phenomenonExplains the relationship that may be understood between units of linguistic structuresIn parallelism, there is always a relationship in the structures and ideas so just apposed generally in the form of synonymy, repetition, antithesis, apposition and other forms.

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Definition

“Sameness relationship between two sections of a text.”Example: “Out of sight-out of mind.” (Fabb,1997)“Parallelism is the most useful and flexible aspect of poetic language.”(Leech 1969).

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Common Examples of ParallelismLike father, like son.The escaped prisoner was wanted dead or alive.Easy come, easy go.Whether in class, at work or at home, Shasta was always busy.Flying is fast, comfortable, and safe.

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“A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles Dickens

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair.”

Repetition of Parallel structures•Phonological•Lexical•Structural

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Exampleعلم القران-خلق االنسان- ہالرحمان ۔

ہعلم البیان-(۵۵ہ :سور الرحمان۴ تا ۱۔)آیات

ربان-اس ن ی م ایت :)خدا(ن ےترجم ہ ہ ہ ہےقرآن کی تعلیم فرمائی-اسی ن انسان اس کو ےکو پیدا کیا- اسی نسکھایا-

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Types of Parallelism

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Phonological Parallelism

Morphological Parallelism

Syntactic Parallelism

Semantic/Lexical Parallelism

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Types of Parallelism

Phonological parallelism Morphological parallelismGrammatical / Syntactical parallelism Lexical / Semantic parallelism Extended parallelism

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Phonological Parallelism

Repetition of similar soundsIncludes assonance, alliteration, consonance, and rhyme

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Assonance: Repetition of vowel soundsEdgar Allen Poe's famous poem "The Raven" is: "the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain.Repetition of “ur” sound

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Alliteration: Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of the words. J.K. Rowling of the Harry Potter series uses this lot with names. For example, "Severus Snape," "Luna Love good," "Rowena Raven claw," etc.

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Consonance: Repetition of the same consonant several times in a row, but this time the consonants can appear anywhere in the words. For example, “Humpty Dumpty."

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Rhyme: Repetition of similar sounding words. There are a lot of different types of rhyme, but usually they are things like "tap" and "map"; “Best and worst”.

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Morphological Parallelism

Repetition of MorphemesLess used than Syntactic parallelism“I kissed thee ere I killed thee.”

Shakespear,Othello.Act III:Sc.III:pg 358

Repetition in tensed morpheme “ed”

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Nazish Ashfaq

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Syntactic Parallelism

Focuses more "grammatical“Short (1985) quotes the following line from Shakespeare's Othello as the "best example ever" of parallelism: Example:1

“I kissed thee ere I killed thee.”

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‘The tragedy of Julius Ceasar.’ “Friends, Romans, Countrymen, lend me your ears;

I come to bury Ceaser, not to praise him.”

(William Shakespear.The tragedy of Julius Ceaser.)

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Examples from Novel “To the light house” by Virginia Woolf

1. Sentence parallelism: ...that was what she was thinking, this was what she was doing…(113)2. Main-clause parallelism: …she would never for a single second regret her decision, evade difficulties, or slur over duties. (11)3. Sub-clause parallelism: As summer neared, as the evenings lengthened, there cameto… (179)4. Phrase parallelism: Once in the middle of the night with a roar, with a rupture, as after a centuries… (177)5. Word parallelism: …able only to go on watching, asking, wondering. (198)

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Levels of Syntactic Parallelism

Sentence Main Clause

Sub-Clause Phrase

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Public Speech by Martin Luther King, Jr

"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood...

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character."

Martin Luther King, Jr., "I Have a Dream "speech

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Lexical / Semantic Parallelism

Repetition of lexical items Lexical equivalents need not have the same syntactic function or parts of speech in the two sentences in which they occurMay identical in form and in meaning, or they may be related by lexico-semantic relationship, such as synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy.

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Examples

Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle.

Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle.

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Examples

He is talented, intelligent and has charm.He is talented, intelligent and charming.

The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and in a detailed manner.The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly.

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Effects of parallelism

Antithesis: opposite ideas are put together Alexander Pope in his “An Essay on Criticism” uses antithetic parallel structure:

“To err is human; to forgive divine.”

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Synonymous is a kind of Parallelism in which theme of first line repeats itself in second line. 

ربان-اس ن قرآن ی م ایت :)خدا(ن ےترجم ہ ہ ہ ہےکی تعلیم فرمائی-اسی ن انسان کو پیدا اس کو سکھایا ےکیا- اسی ن -) ۵۵ہ :سور الرحمان۴ تا ۱۔آیات )

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The repetitive structures

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”

A Tale of Two Cities” by Charles Dickens

“What the hammer? what the chain?In what furnace was thy brain?What the anvil? what dread graspDare its deadly terrors clasp?”

Poem ““The Tyger” by William Blake

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Extended Parallelism

Usually found in Jokes, novels and funny stories where Parallelism go on longer

Example: Bill Clinton, Hillary Clinton and Al Gore die and go to meet God.Al goes first.God asks him: ‘Who are you?’Al replies: ‘I am the Vice-President of the United States of America!’God says: ‘Very well, come and sit on my left-hand side.’Bill goes next. God asks him: ‘Who are you?’Bill replies: ‘I am the President of the United States of America!’God says: ‘Very well, come and sit on my right-hand side.’ Hillary goes last.God asks her: ‘And who are you?’Hillary replies: ‘I am Hillary Clinton, and what are you doing sitting in my

place?!!’December 1,2013

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References

MINGZHU Z(2012) The Art of Balance: A Corpus-assisted Stylistic Analysis of Woolfian Parallelism in To the Lighthouse. Minzu University of China. IJES http://revistas.um.es/ijes Retrieved on November 20,2013

• Leech, G. (1969) A Linguistic Guide to English Poetry. Longman• Leech, G. and Short, M. (2007) Style in Fiction (2nd ed.) Pearson

Education Ltd.• Jakobson, Roman. 1987. "The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of

Poetry." In Language in Literature. K. Pomorska and S. Rudy, eds. Pp. 121-144. Cambridge, MA: The Belnap Press of Harvard University

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