types of pipes

PIPE CONNECTIONSGROUP 1

PRESENTED BY:-

ANTARIKSH AGARWAL

KAUSTUV S. RUHELA

ROHIT ANAND

VATSAL GARG

INTRODUCTION

A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport

treated drinking water/potable water to consumers/building.

They differ according to sizes:-

1) Large diameter main pipes, which supply entire towns

2) Smaller branch lines that supply a street or group of

buildings,

3) Small diameter pipes located within individual buildings

MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PIPES

• PIPES COME IN SEVERAL TYPES AND SIZES. THEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO

THREE MAIN CATEGORIES: METALLIC PIPES, CEMENT PIPES AND PLASTIC

PIPES.

• METALLIC PIPES INCLUDE STEEL PIPES, GALVANISED IRON PIPES AND CAST

IRON PIPES.

• CEMENT PIPES INCLUDE CONCRETE CEMENT PIPES AND ASBESTOS

CEMENT PIPES.

• PLASTIC PIPES INCLUDE PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PIPES

SOURCE:http://www.slideshare.n

et/ManishPandey63/ppt-on-

waution-system-by-manish-

pandeyter-distrib

DIFFERENT TYPES

• CAST IRON (CI) PIPES

• STEEL PIPES

• GALVANIZED IRON (GI) PIPES

• COPPER PIPES

• PLASTIC OR POLYTHENE OR PVC PIPES

• ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPES

• CONCRETE PIPES

• POLYPROPYLENE(PPR) PIPES

GALVANIZED IRON PIPES

• THIS TYPE OF PIPE IS USED FOR WATER

SUPPLY WORK INSIDE THE BUILDING.

THESE PIPES ARE WROUGHT STEEL PIPES

PROVIDED WITH ZINC COATING.

• APPLICATION AREAS:

• WATER & SEWERAGE.

• FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS.

• PLUMBING SYSTEMS.

• ADVANTAGES :-

• LOW INSTALLATION AND

MAINTENANCE COST

• LONG LIFE

• TOUGHNESS

• ANTI-RUST PIPES

• USEFUL FOR LARGE CONSTRUCTION

PROJECTS-DURABLE AND LARGE

DIAMETER

• DISADVANTAGES :-

• HEAVY TO HANDLE.

• DEVELOPS BLOCKAGES.

• DIFFICULT TO REPAIR.


• USE T CONNECTORS TO MAKE A BRANCH OFF A MAIN LINE, Y JOINTS

WHERE A SINGLE LINE IS SPLIT INTO TWO OR STRAIGHT-LINE

CONNECTORS TO JOIN THE ENDS OF TWO PIPES, OF THE SAME OR

DIFFERENT SIZES.

• JOINTING METHODS :-

I. SCREWED JOINTS

II. GROOVED JOINTS

III. WELDED JOINTS

IV. FLANGED JOINTS


Source :-

www.pmengineer.com/ext/...

/0208PME_Pipe_Joining_M

ethods_07.pdf


Screwed joints Grooved Joints

Welded JointsFlanged Joints

• INSTALLING :-

1. CUT.

2. DEBURR.

3. FITTINGS-USING TEFLON TAPES.

4. HANGING THE PIPES-A GOOD RULE OF THUMB FOR PLACING

SUPPORTS IS EVERY 6-8 FEET ON HORIZONTAL PIPING.

5. JOINING WITH COPPER-DONE IN CASE OF LEAKAGE.


• AVAILABLE FITTINGS :-

• THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN LIGHT,

MEDIUM AND HEAVY GRADES

DEPENDING ON THE THICKNESS

OF THE METAL.

• THESE PIPES ARE AVAILABLE IN

SIZE RANGE FROM DN 20MM –

DN 300MM SUPPLIED IN

STANDARD LENGTH OF 5.8 – 6

MTRS AS PER BS 1387 WHICH IS

EQUIVALENT TO EN: 10255.


PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES

• THESE PIPES ARE BEING USED INCREASINGLY

THESE DAYS FOR SUPPLY OF COLD WATER IN

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PLUMBING WORK.

• THERE ARE 3 COMMON TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES

ARE AVAILABLE IN MARKET, AS GIVEN BELOW.

• UNPLASTICIZED PVC (UPVC) OR RIGID PIPES

FOR USE WITH COLD WATER

• PLASTICIZED PVC PIPES WHICH ARE PLASTICIZED

WITH ADDITION OF RUBBER. IT HAS LOWER

STRENGTH AND LOWER WORKING

TEMPERATURE THAN UPVC PIPES.

• CHLORINATED PVC (CPVC) PIPES WHICH CAN

WITHSTAND HIGHER TEMPERATURES UPTO

1200 (USED TO CARRY HOT WATER).


SUPPLY OF COLD WATER IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PLUMBING

WORK.

• FOR PIPES USED IN SOIL AND WASTE WATER DISCHARGE SYSTEMS, THE

THICKNESS OF THE WALL WILL BE LARGER THAN THAT OF USED FOR

ROOF DRAINAGE.

• RIGID PVC PIPES ARE USED FOR DISTRIBUTION OF WATER WITH

TEMPERATURE BELOW 450C.

• AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE, THE STRENGTH OF THE PIPES DECREASES.

SIMILARLY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION FROM SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS

FREQUENT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE REDUCES THE LIFE OF PVC PIPES.


• ADVANTAGES :-

1. DURABLE AND USABLE.

2. CORROSION RESISTANT.

3. INSULATION.

• DISADVANTAGES :-

1. HEAT CONSTRAINTS.

2. COST.

3. WEIGHT.


Source :-

www.pmengineer.com/ext/...

/0208PME_Pipe_Joining_M

ethods_07.pdf

JOINING METHODS :-


Solvent Cementing Heat Fusion


AVAILABLE FITTINGS :-

STEEL PIPES

• STEEL PIPES ARE COMPARATIVELY EXPENSIVE.

• BUT THEY ARE THE STRONGEST AND MOST DURABLE OF ALL WATER

SUPPLY PIPES.

• THEY CAN WITHSTAND HIGH WATER PRESSURE, COME IN

CONVENIENT (LONGER) LENGTHS THAN MOST OTHER PIPES AND

THUS INCUR LOWER INSTALLATION/TRANSPORTATION COSTS. THEY

CAN ALSO BE EASILY WELDED.

SOURCE:http://www.slideshare.net/M

anishPandey63/ppt-on-water-

distribution-system-by-manish-pandey

SIZES OF STEEL PIPES

Source :

https://www.googl

e.com/#tbm=isch

&q=steel+pipes+s

pecification+sizes

&imgrc=88ZUm-

ZhD0RPeM%3A

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES

• STEEL PIPES ARE HIGHLY EFFICIENT, AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE A SMALLER

DIAMETER OF PIPE MADE FROM STEEL THAN PIPES MADE FROM OTHER MATERIALS.

• THE MASS FLOW RATE FOR STAINLESS STEEL PIPES IS MUCH HIGHER PER DIAMETER

THAN MANY OTHER MATERIALS. THIS CAN SAVE ON THE COST OF THE PIPES

WITHOUT SACRIFICING FLOW RATE.

• STEEL IS STRONG AND WILL RESIST DAMAGING FACTORS THAT CAN RUIN OTHER

PIPES, SUCH AS TREE ROOTS, HUMAN ERROR, AND EXTREME WEATHER

CONDITIONS.

• UNLIKE PLASTIC PIPES, STEEL PIPES ARE 100 PERCENT RECYCLABLE. WHEN THE

PIPES ARE NO LONGER NEEDED, THEY CAN BE MELTED DOWN AND TURNED BACK

INTO OTHER USEABLE METAL PIECES IN OTHER INDUSTRIES.Source :

https://www.google.com/#tbm=

isch&q=steel+pipes+specificatio

n+sizes&imgrc=88ZUm-

ZhD0RPeM%3A

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES

• DIFFERENCE OF HEAT TRANSFER: UNLESS FOR BONDED ALUMINUM OR

COPPER BASE, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IS VERY POOR

• IT IS OFTEN MORE EXPENSIVEMANY PEOPLE THINK THAT THIS IS A

ONE-TIME PURCHASE, WORTH THE INVESTMENT

• IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO FABRICATE AND SINCE IT IS NOT THAT MUCH

MALLEABLE AS COMPARED TO OTHER METALS THEREFORE IT IS

DIFFICULT IN CASE OF REPAIR OR RE WORK BEING DONE.

Source :

https://www.google.com/#tb

m=isch&q=steel+pipes+specif

ication+sizes&imgrc=88ZUm-

ZhD0RPeM%3A

USES OF STEEL PIPES

• WATER MAINS

• SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.

INDUSTRIAL WATER LINES

• PLANT PIPING.

• DEEP TUBE-WELLS

• CASING PIPES

• PIPE LINES FOR NATURAL GASSource :

https://www.google.co

m/#tbm=isch&q=steel

+pipes+specification+s

izes&imgrc=88ZUm-

ZhD0RPeM%3A

STEEL PIPES

• INSTALLATION OF STEEL PIPES :-

SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.org

/pdf/pex_designguide_residen

tial_water_supply.pdf

STEEL PIPES

SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.org/pd

f/pex_designguide_residential_wat

er_supply.pdf

STEEL PIPES

SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.o

rg/pdf/pex_designguide_resi

dential_water_supply.pdf

PRP PIPES

• THE PPR PIPE IS ONE OF THE LATEST PIPES RESULTING FROM

EUROPEAN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY OF GOS. ITS RAW MATERIALS,

A PROPYLENE RANDOM COPOLYMER

• FEATURED BY EXCELLENT CLEANNESS, COST EFFECTIVENESS,

APPLICABILITY AND ADVANTAGE IN SAFETY, IT IS CONSIDERED AS THE

OPTIMAL PIPE MATERIAL FOR COLD AND HOT WATER SYSTEM, WATER

PURIFYING ENGINEERING, UNDERGROUND HEATING SYSTEM FOR

WOODEN FLOOR, CHEMICAL PIPE WORKS

https://www.google.com/#q=ppr+p

ipes+specification+sizes&tbm=isch

TOLERANCES AND THICKNESS OF PRP PIPES

https://www.google.com/#q=ppr

+pipes+specification+sizes&tbm=i

sch

SIZES OF PRP PIPES

https://www.google.com/#

q=ppr+pipes+specification

+sizes&tbm=isch

ADVANTAGES OF PRP PIPES

• PPR PIPE IS COST-EFFECTIVE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY.

• IT CAN BE USED AS A COLD WATER PIPE, HOT WATER PIPES CAN ALSO BE

USED

• ONCE INSTALLATION DONE AND PRESSURE TEST PASSED , THERE ARE

NOT THE SAME AS THE ALUMINUM PIPE LEAKING A LONG TIME ON THE

AGING PHENOMENON.

• :MODERATE PRICE, STABLE PERFORMANCE, HEAT INSULATION,

CORROSION RESISTANCE, SMOOTH INNER WALL, SAFE AND RELIABLE,

DOES NOT PENETRATE, USE FIXED NUMBER OF YEAR CAN BE UP TO 50

YEARS.

https://www.google.com/#q=pp

r+pipes+specification+sizes&tbm

=isch

DISADVANTAGES OF PRP PIPES

• THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS HIGHER

• NEED TO USE SPECIAL TOOLS AND PROFESSIONALS TO UNDERTAKE

CONSTRUCTION IN ORDER TO ENSURE SYSTEM SAFETY.

• IT IS STILL NOT THAT MUCH POPULAR AMONGST THE USERS AND THE

CONSUMERS .

• MOREOVER COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE NOT

FULLY RELYING ON IT.

https://www.google.com/#q=ppr

+pipes+specification+sizes&tbm

=isch

USES OF PRP PIPES

RESIDENTIAL COLD AND HOT WATER SYSTEM

UNDERGROUND HEATING SYSTEM

CONVEYOR OF INDUSTRIAL WATER AND CHEMICAL MATERIALS

SANITARY AND PURE WATER PIPELINES

HOT WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM

COMPRESSED AIR PIPELINES

DRINK MANUFACTURING AND CONVEYING SYSTEM

OTHER INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL PIPELINES

https://www.google.com/#q

=ppr+pipes+specification+s

izes&tbm=isch

PPR PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION

• PPR PIPE IS KNOWN OF POLYPROPYLENE PIPE. IT IS USED IN MOST

HOME IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS A WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE.

http://www.hengxing-

group.com/faq/products-

knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-

pipe.html

PPR PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION



knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-pipe.html

INSTALLATION OF PPR PIPES




PICTURE CLIPS SHOWING PPR PIPES AFTER BEING INSTALLED




IRON PIPES

• SOURCE:HTTP://WWW.123RF.COM/PHOTO_7606230_

VECTOR-COLLECTION-OF-DETAILED-CONSTRUCTION-

PIECES-PIPES-FITTINGS-GATE-VALVE-FAUCET-ELLS.HTML

They come in various shapes such as L-

shape,T-shape,I-shape etc.

IRON PIPES ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

• CAST IRON PIPE IS THE PREFERRED CHOICE FOR HANDLING HIGH PRESSURES AND

LOADS OF WATER.

• HOWEVER, THESE PIPES ARE VERY HEAVY AND IT REQUIRES SPECIFIC MEANS OF

TRANSPORTATIONS.

• THEY ARE CHEAPER IN COST, IT HAS HIGH RESISTANCE TO CORROSION, IT IS

HIGHLY DURABLE.

• IT IS ALSO NOT ADVISABLE TO USE CAST IRON PIPES IN INACCESSIBLE PLACES

• BECAUSE OF THEIR HEAVY LOAD, THESE PIPES ARE MADE IN SHORTER LENGTHS.

THIS EQUATES TO MORE JOINTING AND A MORE COMPLICATED LAYOUT.

IRON PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION

In this diagram L-shaped , T-

shaped and Y-shaped iron

pipes are used.

Pipes are usually given a

bend at places where

needed.

U-shaped pipes are used at

places where a cleanout is

needed.

SOURCE:http://www.123rf.com/photo_76

06230_vector-collection-of-detailed-

construction-pieces-pipes-fittings-gate-

valve-faucet-ells.html

MANUFACTURING METHODS

• HORIZONTALLY CAST (MC WARE PIPES)

• VERTICAL CAST (PIT CAST IN SAND MOULDS)

• CENTRIFUGALLY CAST IN SAND LINES MOULDS SPUN TYPE

• CENTRIFUGALLY CAST IN WATER COOLED METAL MOULDS

Now a days horizontally cast C.I. pipes are no longer used.

Centrifugally cast pipes posses fine grained dense structure and uniform thickness

and therefore they are widely used.

CUTTING METHODS FOR CAST IRON

• CUTTING CAST IRON SOIL PIPE WITH A SNAP CUTTER

GENERALLY CATOGARISED IN TWO.

Require external power.

require only hand operation. Examples of this type of equipment

include the abrasive saw (sometimes called a chop saw).

JOINING METHODS FOR CAST IRON

THREE TYPES:-

• Compression Gaskets

• Hubless Joints

• Caulked Joints


COMPRESSION GASKET

The compression gasket is a precision molded

one-piece gasket that is made of an

elastomer that meets the requirements of

ASTM C-564. The physical characteristics of

this elastomer ensures that the gasket will not

decay or deteriorate from contact with the

materials flowing in the pipe or chemicals in

the soil or air around the pipe.


• THE HUBLESS COUPLING SYSTEM

TYPICALLY USES A ONE-PIECE

NEOPRENE GASKET AND A

SHIELD OF STAINLESS STEEL

RETAINING CLAMPS. THE GREAT

ADVANTAGE OF THE SYSTEM IS

THAT IT PERMITS JOINTS TO BE

MADE IN LIMITED-ACCESS AREAS.

HUBLESS JOINT


ANY TIME CAULKED JOINTS ARE

USED, SAFETY PROCEDURES SHOULD

BE OBSERVED AND PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING SHOULD

BE EMPLOYED. USE CUSTOMARY

PRECAUTIONS IN USING OR

HANDLING MOLTEN LEAD. IF A

HORIZONTAL JOINT IS TO BE MADE, A

POURING ROPE MUST BE USED TO

RETAIN THE MOLTEN LEAD IN THE

HUB.

CAULKED JOINTS

COPPER PIPES

• BUT BECAUSE OF STEEL’S TENDENCY TO

CORRODE OVER TIME, COPPER PIPES HAVE

SUPERSEDED GALVANIZED STEEL AS THE

METAL OF CHOICE DURING THE LAST 70

YEARS. COPPER FACES COMPETITION TODAY

FROM PLASTICS SUCH AS PEX, PVC, AND

CPVC, BUT IT STILL REMAINS A POPULAR

CHOICE. WE’LL LOOK AT WHAT MAKES

COPPER AN ATTRACTIVE CHOICE FOR

PLUMBING—AND WHY SOMETIMES PLASTIC

IS THE BETTER OPTION

COPPER PIPES

ADVANTAGES

• Copper is a naturally corrosion-resistant metal.

• Durable metal (capable of withstanding 1,000 psi of pressure), copper is also

lightweight.

• Easier to extend over long stretches without supports.

DISADVANTAGE

• Copper pipes also encounter problems from water acidity, so they are not

good to install for plumbing systems that draw water from a well.

• Costs more than plastic.

• Copper is flexible as far as metals go, but plastic pipes can bend to fit into

almost any space necessary.

COPPER PIPES• CUTTING

Small diameter pipes, up to 12 mm OD are best cut with a junior hacksaw but it is

usually more convenient to use a tube cutter for 15, 22, 28 and 35 mm sizes.

• Annealing

It is sometimes necessary to anneal half-hard tube in the larger sizes, to

facilitate specialist bending or forming. To achieve this, the tube is heated to a

dull red heat (600°C) and is either allowed to air cool or may be quenched

immediately in cold water.

• Bending

Copper tubes in the annealed or half-hard condition are

easily bent by using bending techniques appropriate to

the size and temper of the tubes

COPPER PIPES

TYPES OF FITTING

Fittings fall into two main categories, capillary and compression types, with a new

third category of push-fit and press-fit fittings.

• Capillary fittings

The capillary fitting utilizes the force of capillary action to ensure that molten solder, or

brazing alloy, is drawn into the gap between the outside surface of the tube and the inside

surface of the socket of the fitting to produce a very strong joint. The strength of the joint,

when correctly made, is invariably stronger than the tube.

COPPER PIPES

• Jointing without fittings

Copper tubes can be joined without using a fitting by expanding the end of one

tube to form a socket and inserting the end of another tube of the same diameter.

This is achieved by using a precision expander.

Socket forming for

equal diameter tubes

Connections of tubes with

different diameters

ExpanderSocket

jointBranched joint

COPPER PIPES

• Compression fittingsType “A” non-manipulative compression fittings.

As the name implies, do not require any

manipulation of the tube end prior to

installation. The joint is made by tightening a

compression ring or sleeve onto the outside of

the tube when the compression nut is tightened

onto the body of the fitting. This type of fitting

can be used on straight lengths of half-hard

tubing but only up to 12 mm OD on coiled

annealed tubing unless a suitable supporting

sleeve is provided. Type “B” manipulative

compression fittings require the end of the tube

to be flared, cupped or belled with a special

forming tool after the end of the tube has

been cut square.

Type “B”

Type “A”Compression

ring

Fitting body Compression

nut

Fitting

body

(gunmetal)

Adaptor

Compression

ring Compression

NUT

CONCRETE PIPE

Steel reinforced concrete pipe (SRCP) has a product life of 100 years or

more - one of the best service lives of any pipe product. It is the low risk

choice for specifies with a long history of reliability, no limits to weather

exposure prior to installation and increasing strength over time. It is easy to

join and install, self heals and performs soundly above or below the water

table.

Applications:

• Transverse culverts• Stormwater drainage• Pressure and irrigation• Pipe jacking and micro-tunnelling

CONCRETE PIPESAdvantages of the reinforced concrete pipes are as follows:

•Suitable for conveying all types of water;

•Easy to install and with flexible joints;

•Can withstand backfill pressure, as well as vehicle traffic loads taking place

above it;

•Because of the smooth inner surface, there are small friction losses;

•They are available in different diameters ranging (300-1,500 m for the first type

of pipe; 1,000-4,000 mm for the second type);

•They are water tight and durable, even with cracks in the inner and outer

coating layers

The Disadvantages of reinforced concrete pipes are as follows:

•It is necessary to conduct detailed studies regarding the pipe fittings, based on

the specific project requirements;

•They are heavy, with this feature being reflected in their transportation and

installation costs;

•It is difficult to re-establish the inner and outer pipe coating if it is damaged

during repair works;

•They require special care in its manufacturing, transportation and installation;

•They may require grounding measures in some cases.

CONCRETE PIPES

LOADS ON BURIED PIPES

WEIGHT ON MATERIAL

The width of the trench is related to the size of the force, with a wider

trench causing greater force. It is important not to exceed the width of the

pipe trench.

Correct Width Wider Trench= MORE SEVERE LOAD

The width and depth of trenches to be excavated will depend on

many factors including:

Pipe size

Type of soil and substrate

Application and load (local road, highway, inter-allotment, etc)

Pipe invert depth

Pipeline direction (whether straight or deflecting around a curve)

Pipe Laying Sequence

The pipe laying sequence is normally conducted facing

upstream, with the spigot end facing down-stream. The

spigot ends are pushed into the socket end.

Progress

Push home

JOINTSJoints have an in-wall rebated spigot and socket which is

designed to resist water ingress/egress using rubber ‘v’

rings, see Figure

Applying lube

Rubber V-Ring

Spigot Socket

V-Ring

faces thesocket

GasketGoove

Lubricant is a special compound that consists of a

soft soap solution, which facilitates jointing of the

rubber ring joint.

THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF CRACKS OBSERVED ARE AS FOLLOWS:CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACKING – TYPICALLY DUE TO INADEQUATE BEDDING AND

HAUNCH SUPPORT, WHICH LEADS TO BENDING OF THE PIPE. THIS TYPE OF DAMAGE CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY UNSTABLE TRENCH FOUNDATION AND WALLS

Damage and Repairs

Longitudinal

cracking – typically

due to over-loading

of the pipe.

Overload occurs

when an extremely

heavy wheel load is

imposed or where

there is not enough

cover over the pipe.

REPAIRING PIPE SECTIONS

Repairing damaged concrete pipes is

relatively straight forward as the material

does not contain steel reinforcing and is

easy to cut when using the right tools.

Damaged sections can be cut-out and

repaired using rubber

repair collars

RUBBER REPAIR

REPLACEMENT

SECTION

ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES

These pipes have been in use throughout the world since 1913. They

are made of a mixture of 82-90% cement and 10-18% asbestos fibers.

They are available in diameters ranging between 60-2,000 mm, and

can withstand pressures ranging between 6-20 atmospheric pressures.

These pipes are connected with separate special fittings. The use of

asbestos pipes to convey potable water over the last two decades, due

to increasing concern with their health hazards. However, they are still

used to convey irrigation and sanitary drainage water.

ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPESThe advantages of asbestos pipes are as follows:

• They are resistant to wear and corrosion, thereby being useful in situations

involving corrosive water or soil;

• They have smooth internal surfaces, resulting in low friction losses;

• They are easy to install and maintain;

• The major raw material (cement) required for their manufacture is usually

available locally.

The disadvantages of asbestos pipes are as follows:

•The asbestos material used in manufacturing the pipes represent a carcinogenic health

hazard when used to transport water for human consumption. It also is a hazard during the

manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the pipes;

•The pipes have a low resistance to vibrations from vehicular traffic passing over them;

•They have a low resistance to shocks, facilitating their breakdown during their loading,

transportation, unloading and installation;

•It is difficult to secure precise measurements of the thickness of the cylinder during the

manufacturing process, as well as difficult to determine the required resistance to pressures;

•There is a poor availability of fitting of the same material as the cylinder;

•They cannot be used in loamy soil that expands, or in liquid soils.

THANK YOU :P

types of pipes

Education