TYPES OF POETRY

Dr.Dushyant Nimavat

IITE

Gandhinagar

Subjective vs. Objective• The difference between these two important ideas is the

difference between fact and opinion. • Facts are objective and provably true; however, if no clear

facts exist about a topic, then a series of balanced opinions needs to be produced to allow the reader to make up his or her mind; opinions are subjective ideas held by individuals and so are always biased

• An objective piece of information, therefore, needs either to be the whole truth and at least be unbiased or balanced, whereas a subjective point of view is biased because it is either not the complete picture or it is merely a viewpoint or expression of feelings.

Ballad

• Ballads tell a story and are considered a form of narrative poetry. They are often used in songs and have a very musical quality to them.

• The most popular ballad form is the four-line stanza in which the first and third lines are written in iambic tetrameter (four iambs) and the second and fourth are written in iambic trimeter (three iambs), with a rhyme scheme of ABAB (the third line doesn’t necessarily have to rhyme with A)

Examples

The Ballad of the Cars "Now this is the price of a stirrup-cup,"

The kneeling doctor said.And syne he bade them take him up,For he saw that the man was dead.

They took him up, and they laid him down( And, oh, he did not stir ),And they had him into the nearest townTo wait the Coroner.

They drew the dead-cloth over the face,They closed the doors upon,And the cars that were parked in the market-placeMade talk of it anon.

Rudyard Kipling

Sonnet

Shakespearean • Has fourteen lines and

is written in iambic pentameter

• Three quatrains and a couplet

• Rhyme scheme is abab, cdcd, efef, gg

Petrarchan • Has Fourteen lines and

is written in iambic pentameter

• Composed of an octave and a sestet

• Rhyme scheme is abbaabba, cdecde or cdcdcd

Examples• In what bright realm, what sphere of radiant

thoughtDid Nature find the model whence she drewThat delicate dazzling image where we viewHere on this earth what she in heaven wrought?What fountain-haunting nymph, what dryad, soughtIn groves, such golden tresses ever threwUpon the gust? What heart such virtues knew?—Though her chief virtue with my death is frought.He looks in vain for heavenly beauty, heWho never looked upon her perfect eyes,The vivid blue orbs turning brilliantly –He does not know how Love yields and denies;He only knows, who knows how sweetly sheCan talk and laugh, the sweetness of her sighs.

- Translation of Petrarch, Sonnet 159

• Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer's lease hath all too short a date:Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shinesand often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometimes declines,By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed;But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st;Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st:So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

- Shakespeare, Sonnet 18

Ode

Remember:Extraodedinary

• an elaborately structured poem praising or glorifying an event or individual, describing nature intellectually as well as emotionally

Example In December,

unabated,the tomatoinvadesthe kitchen,it enters at lunchtime,takesits easeon countertops,among glasses,butter dishes,blue saltcellars.It shedsits own light,benign majesty.Unfortunately, we mustmurder it:

the knifesinksinto living flesh,redvisceraa coolsun,profound,inexhaustible,populates the saladsof Chile,happily, it is wedto the clear onion,and to celebrate the unionwepouroil,

- Excerpt from Ode to Tomatoes

By Pablo Neruda

NARRATIVE

narrative poem is one that tells a story. It follows a similar structure as that for a short story or novel. There is a beginning, a middle and an end, as well as the usual literary devices such as character and plot.

usually contains a series of rhyming couplets (ABAB). It can also contain any of the usual literary devices: alliteration, assonance, consonance, repetition, and so on

• Remember:Narrator tells a story

Ex. Narrative poem

Here is an excerpt from Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven.”

   Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered

weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.`'Tis some visitor,' I muttered, `tapping at my chamber door -Only this, and nothing more

LYRIC POEM

• A lyric poem is a relatively short, non-narrative poem that expresses emotions or personal feelings. A lyric can be an ode or even a sonnet, but does not have to be set to music.

The lyric poet addresses the reader directly, portraying his or her own feeling, state of mind, and perceptions.

• Remember : song lyrics demonstrate emotion

Example of lyric

To an Athlete Dying Young by A. E. Housman

The time you won your town the raceWe chaired you through the market-place;Man and boy stood cheering by,And home we brought you shoulder-high.

To-day, the road all runners come,Shoulder-high we bring you home,And set you at your threshold down,Townsman of a stiller town

A dramatic monologue is a literary form, usually a poem, in which you have one person, speaking to an audience or "thinking aloud," who is clearly a character and not the poet.

Prologue: an introduction to a play or poem. drama: an episode that is turbulent or

highly emotional.

He didn’t move; the digging still went on; Men stooped and shoveled; someone gave a grunt, And moaned and died with agony in the sludge. Then the long hiss of shells lifted and stopped.

He stared into the gloom; a rocket curved, And rifles rattled angrily on the left Down by the wood, and there was noise of bombs. Then the damned English loomed in scrambling haste Out of the dark and struggled through the wire, And there was shouts and curses; someone screamed And men began to blunder down the trench Without their rifles. It was time to go: He grabbed his coat; stood up, gulping some bread; Then clutched his head and fell. I found him there In the gray morning when the place was held. His face was in the mud; one arm flung out As when he crumpled up; his sturdy legs Were bent towards his trunk; heels to the sky.

An elegy poem is a poem that is written on the occasion of or about someone's death.

an elaborately formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or public figure

• Remember: elegy is like empty. Sorrow.

Joachims Du Bellay's "Elegy on His Cat”

I have not lost my rings, my purse, My gold, my gems-my loss is worse, One that the stoutest heart must move. My pet, my joy, my little love, My tiny kitten, my Belaud, I lost, alas, three days ago