types of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum
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Types of Radiation in the Electromagnetic Spectrum. We live in a sea of radiation…. Personal Radiation Dose IONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATION Non-ionizing: Carries LESS energy Can only excite the water molecule. Ionizing: Carries MORE energy than 1216 kJ/mol - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Types of Radiation in the Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Personal Radiation DoseIONIZING AND NON-IONIZING RADIATIONNon-ionizing:
Carries LESS energy Can only excite the water molecule.
Ionizing:Carries MORE energy than 1216 kJ/mol Can remove an electron from a water molecule
We live in a sea of radiation…
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Ionizing & non-ionizing radiation is a part of the electromagnetic spectrum
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Strips an electron from a moleculeMolecule becomes positively charged.Can cause the formation of free radicals
Ionizing radiation: X-Rays and Gamma
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Contain an unpaired valence-shell electron and are extremely reactive.
Destroy biologically active moleculesEither remove electrons or removing hydrogen
atoms from them.Damage the membrane, nucleus,
chromosomes, or mitochondria of the cell; this inhibits cell divisionresults in cell deathproduces a malignant cell.
Free Radicals
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Ionizing particles—alpha & beta particlesAlpha
Nuclei of HeliumCharge = +2Stopped by a piece of paper
BetaBeta- (electron emission)Beta + (positron emission or electron capture)Positron
They cause most damage when they are emitted inside the human body.
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Less ionizingDamage includes burns and cancer through
mutations
Gamma rays
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Dangerous in direct exposure (degree of danger is a subject of debate)
Animals (including humans) can also be exposed to ionizing radiation internallyif radioactive isotopes are present in the
environment, they may be taken into the body. Example:
radioactive iodine is treated as normal iodine by the body and used by the thyroid
its accumulation there often leads to thyroid cancer.
More about Ionizing Radiation
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Ionizing RadiationPrincipal Effect of low doses: to
induce cancers which don’t manifest for 20 years
Principal Effect of high doses: More immediate effectsCells that are actively dividing are
more susceptible to radiation exposure
Bone marrow & skin more likely to sustain injury than the central nervous system or the kidneys.
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Has enough energy to make the atoms in a molecule vibrate, but not remove electrons
Large ranges:UV, visible light, infrared,
microwaves, radio waves, and other low frequency waves.
Thought to be essentially harmless below the frequencies that cause heating.
Non-ionizing radiation
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At low-energy end of the electromagnetic spectrum: (radio waves and microwaves)Excites the movement of atoms and molecules, which is
equivalent to heating the sample. In or near the visible portion of the spectrum:
Excites electrons into higher-energy orbitals. When the electron eventually falls back to a lower-
energy state, excess energy is given off to neighboring molecules in the form of heat.
Principal effect of non-ionizing radiation = increase in the temperature of the system.
Effect of Non-Ionizing Radiation
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Non-Ionizing: 7 moles of photons of visible lightIonizing:
300 joules of x-ray or gamma-ray radiation lethalEven though it only raises the temperature of the
body 0.001°C!Internally, alpha particle radiation is even more
dangerous; a dose equivalent to only 15 joules is fatal for the average human; 7 x 10-10 moles of the particles emitted by alpha
particles of 238U is fatal.Polonium-210 (alpha emitter) suspected in lung,
bladder cancer related to tobacco smoking!
Fatal Doses
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Kill cancerous cellsGenerate electricity
Problem: waste produces ionizing radiationRadiography—enhancing images that are
hard to capture, such as inside the body.Irradiating foodMedical sterilizationSterile insect technique
Uses