types of virtual communities by manga. introduction the manga group are: - ashleigh banh - danny...
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Types of Virtual Communities
By Manga
Introduction
• The Manga Group are:
- Ashleigh Banh
- Danny D’Cruz
- Anna Masters
- Sangheon Park
Introduction
• Evolution – virtual communities from a historical perspective
• Types – defined by purpose and need
• Specifics – characteristics of a virtual community
Introduction
“virtual communities are more than just a series of CMC messages”
Jones (1997)
Evolution of Virtual Communities
Evolution of Virtual Communities :
Is it because of Technology?
Or
Because of Demands (Reaction)?
Evolution of Virtual Communities
ARPA paper predicts emergence of virtual communities
First ‘cyber community’ made up of researchers at ARPANet
1969
1973
CBBS (the first BBS)
ARPANET
1988 IRC
1992 WWW
Virtual reality and VRML
1998 - 99
1990 MOO
1995Groupware,3D immersive virtual world
1996
1968 ARPA paper predictsemergence of VC
Communityware
1980 MUD
19781979 Usenet
Evolution of Virtual Communities Asynchronous, text-based
communications: Email, BBS, Usenet
CBBS (Computerized Bulletin Board System) electronic message-posting and
file sharing network the primary kind of online
community through the 1980s and early 1990s
Usenet collection of user-submitted notes
or messages on various subjects Form communities by subjects. Request netiquette. FAQ’s are
provided.
1969
1973
CBBS (the first BBS)
ARPANET
1988 IRC
1992 WWW
Virtual reality and VRML
1998 - 99
1990 MOO
1995Groupware,3D immersive virtual world
1996
1968 ARPA paper predicts emergence of VC
Communityware
1980 MUD
19781979 Usenet
Evolution of Virtual Communities Synchronous, text-based
communications (real time) : MUD, IRC, MOO
MUD / MOO ongoing adventure games,
educational or social Computerized “Avatar” some new MUDs use
virtual reality settings IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
1969
1973
CBBS (the first BBS)
ARPANET
1988 IRC
1992 WWW
Virtual reality and VRML
1998 - 99
1990 MOO
1995Groupware,3D immersive virtual world
1996
1968 ARPA paper predicts emergence of VC
Communityware
1980 MUD
19781979 Usenet
Evolution of Virtual Communities WWW
utilizes various existing CMC technologies (email, usenet, MUD, IRC, etc)
VRML 3D virtual space Need a viewer or a browser
plug-in
1969
1973
CBBS (the first BBS)
ARPANET
1988 IRC
1992 WWW
Virtual reality and VRML
1998 - 99
1990 MOO
1995Groupware, 3D immersive virtual world
1996
1968 ARPA paper predicts emergence of VC
Communityware
1980 MUD
19781979 Usenet
Types of Virtual Communities
• Two ways to categorise Networking Communities:
• 1. Based on technologies for group computer-mediated communication (CMC). Examples: online chat rooms, email-list forums, newsgroups, shopping malls, MUD, MOO
• 2. Based on purpose or needs – Technology is an enabler
Types of Virtual Communities
• 1. communities of relationship
• 2. communities of fantasy
• 3. communities of transaction
• 4. communities of interest
-> not mutually exclusive.
Types of Virtual Communities
Communities of Relationships• Purpose: To interact on certain life or personal experiences,
situations or vocations• Examples: illness support groups (www.cfids-me.org), family
groups (www.myfamily.com), ethnic groups (www.latinonet.com)
Communities of Fantasy• Purpose: To create and participate in imaginary environment,
personalities or stories • Examples: roleplaying (www.thefeatheredhelm.com), sports (
www.fantasyleague.com), video games (www.pc-one.net/gamingonline)
Types of Virtual Communities
Communities of Transactions• Purpose: To facilitate buying and selling, or deliver information
for purposes of a transaction • Examples: www.fishmart.com - fishermans’ community centre,
www.oldandsold.com – specialise in fine antiques, auction and marketplace
Communities of Interest• Purpose: To interact on a specific topic or interest, person or
groups • Examples: hobbies (www.chessclub.com; www.scifichat.net),
politics, religion, social groups (www.women2women.com), celebrity fan sites (www.online-shrines.com)
Specifics of Virtual Communities
Jones “Virtual Settlement” theory
1) Minimum Level of Interactivity
2) Variety of Communicators
3) Common Public Space
4) Minimum Level of Sustained Membership
According to this definition…
VC’s include the following:
- Message boards
- IRC Chat sites (debatable)
- Videoconferencing
and exclude the following:
- Newsgroups
- ListServe
Comparison of Virtual Communities
Interactivity Communicators
Common Public Space
Minimum Membership
Email √ √ √Chat (IRC) √ √ √ √Newsgroups √ √ √Bulletin Boards √ √ √ √Database Queries / Interactions
√ √ √
Video / Audio Conferencing √ √ √ √
Hagel and Armstrong - Net Gain (1997)
• Distinctive focus • Capacity to integrate content and
communication • Appreciation of member-generated
content • Access to competing publishers and
vendors • Commercial orientation
Differentiating Characteristics
• Usually no face-to-face contact• Easy to maintain a history of interactions• Members can assume different identities• Security / Privacy is not easily maintained• Virtually unlimited membership• Surpasses the boundaries of time and place
Summary
1. Now a wide range of CMC technologies on the WWW.
2. The types of virtual communities can be defined by the purpose and needs of that community.
3. The specifics of a virtual community are more than just the technology that enables it.
Summary
Future DirectionsThe evolution continues …
“Virtual Communities to Smart Mobs” Jennings, L (2003)
New mobile technologies =
New types of virtual communities?
Summary
Any Questions ?
Summary
Thank you for taking part in our workshop
Manga Team
References
Anonymous (n.d.), “Electronic Communities Communities defined..”, Available:
http://www.itacs.uow.edu.au/cear/impact/intcomun.htm Hagel III, J. and Armstrong, A.G. (1997), Net Gain: Expanding Markets
Through Virtual Communities, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts.
Liu G., (1999) “Virtual Community Presence in Internet Relay Chatting”, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, vol. 5, no. 1. Available: http://www.ascusc.org/jcmc/vol5/issue1/liu.html
Kiesler, S. E. (1997). Culture of the Internet. Lawrence Earlbaum
Associates, Mahwah, NJ
Reference contd.
Komito, L. (1998), “The Net as a foraging society: Flexible communities”, Information Society, Apr-Jun98, Vol. 14 Issue 2, p97, 10p
Jennings, L. (2003) “From Virtual Communities to Smart Mobs”, Futurist, May/Jun2003, Vol. 37 Issue 3, p6, 3p, 1bw;
Jones,Q. (1997), Virtual-Communities, Virtual Settlements & Cyber-
Archaeology: A Theoretical Outline, Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 3 (3) (original at http://jcmc.huji.ac.il/vol3/issue3/jones.html)
Schlosser, A. (2001), “Virtual Communities”Avaliable:http://us.badm.washington.edu/ann.schlosser/ebiz501/
Win03%20Virtual%20Communities.pdf
References contd.
Turner, I. (1996), “Strategy in virtual communities”, Manager Update, Henley-on-Thames: Spring, . Vol. 7, Iss. 3; pg. 1, 10 pgs
Cothrel, Joseph (1999), “Where we are with virtual communities: A current Benchmark”, The second international conference on virtual communities, March 25, 1999
http://www.infonortics.com/vc/1999/cothrel/sld017.htm
Cronin, Kathleen, “Virtual Communities: A Brief History”
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~dabrent/380/webproj/kathleen.html
Keywords definitions from http://www.whatis.com