United Arab Emirates UniversityCollege of Engineering

Graduation Project (I) CourseGraduation Project Code: PETE 585

Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the B.Sc. Degree in Petroleum Engineering

Marwan Waleed alkhalifi 970710280 Walid Mohed AbdullHay 970711290

AbdulMohsen mohamed 980710963

Abdulaziz Mohamed 970710613

Acidizing TreatmentAcidizing Treatment

The aim of the acidizing.The aim of the acidizing.

The result of the acidizing.The result of the acidizing.

Acidizing in the well.Acidizing in the well.

The Carbonate RockThe Carbonate Rock

The rock that our experiment has been run The rock that our experiment has been run on is from Hafit mountain.on is from Hafit mountain.

The rock should be one big piece?The rock should be one big piece?

Why we choose rock from Hafit mountain?Why we choose rock from Hafit mountain?

Hafit Mountain Carbonate RockHafit Mountain Carbonate Rock

Core SamplesCore Samples

Cutting the big rock into small core Cutting the big rock into small core sample.sample.

Eight core sample.Eight core sample.

The dimensions of these core sample.The dimensions of these core sample.

Core Samples CutterCore Samples Cutter

Core SamplesCore Samples

SATURATE THE CORE WITH SATURATE THE CORE WITH WATERWATER

The procedure for the experiment:The procedure for the experiment: Put the core in sealed chamber.Put the core in sealed chamber. Start the vacuum pump which are connected to the sealed Start the vacuum pump which are connected to the sealed

chamber.chamber. Keep the vacuum pump socking the air in the chamber for 24 Keep the vacuum pump socking the air in the chamber for 24

hour.hour. The vacuum pump will sock until pressure inside the chamber The vacuum pump will sock until pressure inside the chamber

is -150 psi.is -150 psi. After that we open the valve that are connected to the saucer After that we open the valve that are connected to the saucer

which contain brine water.which contain brine water. The brine salt is 50,000 ppm in water (25 gm brine in 500 ml The brine salt is 50,000 ppm in water (25 gm brine in 500 ml

water).water).

gmmlmassbrine 25500*000,000,1

000,50)(

Vacuum PumpVacuum Pump

Sealed ChamberBrine Water

Core Sample

Vacuum Pump

THE POROSITY OF THE CORE THE POROSITY OF THE CORE SAMPLESAMPLE

The weight of the core when it is dry The weight of the core when it is dry should be taken.should be taken.

The weight of the core when it is saturated The weight of the core when it is saturated with water should be taken.with water should be taken.

Applying the equation we can find the Applying the equation we can find the porosity of each core.porosity of each core.

The data and result for the different cores The data and result for the different cores are been encountered in the table.are been encountered in the table.

56.1808.4*)

2245.2

(*

056.172.3989.42

/056.1)(

21

2

AM

w

drysat

Lr

WW

Vb

Vp

ccgdensityWater

The Calculation of the PorosityThe Calculation of the Porosity

The Permeability of the Core The Permeability of the Core SampleSample

The core laboratories has been used to The core laboratories has been used to know the flow rate of the water passing know the flow rate of the water passing through the core.through the core.

This flow rate is calculated from the This flow rate is calculated from the volume of the water passing the core volume of the water passing the core divided by the time took for the water to divided by the time took for the water to accumulate in the tube.accumulate in the tube.

From the flow rate that been calculated From the flow rate that been calculated then the permeability can be calculated then the permeability can be calculated from an specific equation.from an specific equation.

Core LaboratoriesCore Laboratories

Nitrogen Cylinder

Pressure Control

Overburden Pressure

Pump

Pressure Gauge

The Permeability CalculationThe Permeability Calculation

mdK

darcyK

PA

QLK

psiP

mlml

time

VQ

cpwaterVisocisty

AM

AM

6.44

0446.0)7.14/23(*)

2245.2

(*

08.4*05895.0*15.1

23

sec/05895.0sec1.72

25.4

15.1)(

2

1

1

Core LaboratoriesCore Laboratories

The oil saturation & irreducible The oil saturation & irreducible water saturationwater saturation

The oil has been injected into the core sample to The oil has been injected into the core sample to saturate it with oil.saturate it with oil.

The core laboratories has been used to know The core laboratories has been used to know the volume of the oil with water passing through the volume of the oil with water passing through the core.the core.

The volume of the water passing through the The volume of the water passing through the core is been encountered and we should know core is been encountered and we should know the total volume of water accumulated in the the total volume of water accumulated in the tube.tube.

From the volume of the water we can calculate From the volume of the water we can calculate the irreducible water saturation from a specific the irreducible water saturation from a specific equation.equation.

Nitrogen Cylinder

Pressure Control

Overburden Pressure

Pump

Pressure Gauge

81.019.01

1

%19

%19100*399.3

75.2399.3

%100*

399.3/056.1

59.3.

)1(

/056.1)(

So

SSo

S

S

Vp

VVpS

ccccgm

gmdiffwtVp

CWFor

ccgmwaterDensity

wir

wir

wir

waterwir

The Result of the ExperimentThe Result of the ExperimentSample #Sat.

WtDryWt.

Wt.Dff.

Vp(cc)

Diam.

(cm)

Length(cm)

C.SArea(cm2)

Vb(cc)

Φ %K(md)

Swir %

So%

AM142.8939.723.173.0022.2454.083.9616.1618.5644.60.170.83

AM244.2342.012.222.12.2354.0453.9215.8713.23140.60.210.89

CW142.1838.593.593.3992.254.033.97616.02321.21300.190.81

CW242.9239.743.183.0142,244.153.94116.35519670.280.72

MC140.5836.663.923.7122.024.03.20512.8228.91130.220.78

MC240.3736.953.423.2382.223.9053.8715.1121870.300.7

MC339.9335.234.74.5172.244.033.9415.87282720.190.81

MC443.5939.504.093.882.324.14.2217.3026169.30.310.69

Strategy of the treatmentStrategy of the treatment

Effect of Rock permeabilityEffect of Rock permeability

Effect of HCL concentration Effect of HCL concentration

Effect of Flow RateEffect of Flow Rate

Effect of HCL Con.Effect of HCL Con.

Q=1.0 cc/mQ=1.0 cc/mHCL HCL con.con.

Core #Core #K (md)K (md)

10%10%MC1MC1113113

15%15%CW1CW1130130

20%20%CW2CW2140140

Effect of Rock PermeabilityEffect of Rock Permeability

HCL concentration = HCL concentration = 15% wt.15% wt.

Q=1.0 cc/minQ=1.0 cc/min Core #Core #K (md)K (md)

MC3MC3272272

MC4MC4169169

CW2CW26767

Effect 0f Flow RateEffect 0f Flow Rate

Concentration of Concentration of HCL=15% wtHCL=15% wt

Core #Core #K (md)K (md)Q Q (cc/m)(cc/m)

MC2MC287872.02.0

CW2CW267671.01.0

SEM (Scanning Electronic SEM (Scanning Electronic Macroscopic)Macroscopic)

1 mm1 mm22..

Magnification x1000.Magnification x1000.

The Result of the ExperimentThe Result of the ExperimentSample #Sat.

WtDryWt.

Wt.Dff.

Vp(cc)

Diam.

(cm)

Length(cm)

C.SArea(cm2)

Vb(cc)

Φ %K(md)

Swir %

So%

AM142.8939.723.173.0022.2454.083.9616.1618.56440.170.83

AM244.2341.013.223.052.2354.0453.9215.8719.231400.210.89

CW142.1838.593.593.3992.254.033.97616.02321.21300.190.81

CW242.9239.743.183.0142,244.153.94116.35519670.280.72

MC140.5836.663.923.7122.024.03.20512.8228.91130.220.78

MC240.3736.953.423.2382.223.9053.8715.1121870.300.7

MC339.9335.234.74.5172.244.033.9415.87282720.190.81

MC443.5939.504.093.882.324.14.2217.30261690.310.69

Preparation of the Different HCL Preparation of the Different HCL ConcentrationConcentration

For 10% HCL we dissolved 277.7 ml conc. For 10% HCL we dissolved 277.7 ml conc. HCL(36%) and add to it 1000 ml of HHCL(36%) and add to it 1000 ml of H22O.O.

For 15% HCL we dissolved 416.6 ml conc. For 15% HCL we dissolved 416.6 ml conc. HCL(36%) and add to it 1000 ml of HHCL(36%) and add to it 1000 ml of H22O.O.

Volume of the AcidVolume of the Acid

For 20% HCL we dissolved 555.55 ml For 20% HCL we dissolved 555.55 ml conc. HCL(36%) and add to it 1000 ml of conc. HCL(36%) and add to it 1000 ml of HH22O.O.

The volume of the acid has been used is The volume of the acid has been used is 30% of the pore volume.30% of the pore volume.

For AM1 For AM1 VVHCLHCL= 0.3 PV= 0.3 PV

VVHCLHCL= 0.3 * 3 cc = 0.9 cc = 0.3 * 3 cc = 0.9 cc

The Procedure of the Experiment for the The Procedure of the Experiment for the effect of the Flow Rate Studyeffect of the Flow Rate Study

We Injected mud into the core sample to damage the We Injected mud into the core sample to damage the core and reduce the permeability.core and reduce the permeability.

After that we injected 15% wt acid about 0.3 of PV.After that we injected 15% wt acid about 0.3 of PV.

We injected water to displace the acid in the core and We injected water to displace the acid in the core and wait to become the pressure constant.wait to become the pressure constant.

A constant flow rate of 2 cc/min for MC2 and 1 cc/min for A constant flow rate of 2 cc/min for MC2 and 1 cc/min for CW2. CW2.

Acid Treatment UnitAcid Treatment Unit

Control Panel

Pump

Core Holder

Pressure Gauge & Valves

Effect of HCL ConcentrationEffect of HCL Concentration

Q=1.0 cc/mQ=1.0 cc/mHCL HCL con.con.

Core #Core #K (md)K (md)

10%10%MC1MC1113113

15%15%CW1CW1130130

20%20%CW2CW2140140

Effect of Rock PermeabilityEffect of Rock Permeability

HCL concentration = 15% wt.HCL concentration = 15% wt. Q=1.0 cc/minQ=1.0 cc/min

Core #Core #K (md)K (md)

MC3MC3272272

MC4MC4169169

AM1AM16767

Effect 0f Flow RateEffect 0f Flow Rate

Concentration of HCL=15% wtConcentration of HCL=15% wt

Core #Core #K (md)K (md)Q Q (cc/m)(cc/m)

MC2MC287872.02.0

CW2CW247471.51.5

AM1AM167671.01.0

The Results of the ExperimentThe Results of the ExperimentSample #Sat.

WtDryWt.

Wt.Dff.

Vp(cc)

Diam.

(cm)

Length(cm)

C.SArea(cm2)

Vb(cc)

Φ %K(md)

Swir %

So%

AM142.8939.723.173.0022.2454.083.9616.1618.56470.170.83

AM244.2341.013.223.052.2354.0453.9215.8719.231400.210.89

CW142.1838.593.593.3992.254.033.97616.02321.21300.190.81

CW242.9239.743.183.0142.244.153.94116.35519670.280.72

MC140.5836.663.923.7122.024.03.20512.8228.91130.220.78

MC240.3736.953.423.2382.223.9053.8715.1121870.300.7

MC339.9335.234.74.5172.244.033.9415.87282720.190.81

MC443.5939.504.093.882.324.14.2217.30261690.310.69

Acid Treatment UnitAcid Treatment Unit

The Procedure of the ExperimentThe Procedure of the Experiment

Inject mud into the core sample to damage the Inject mud into the core sample to damage the core and reduce the permeability.core and reduce the permeability.

Calculate the pore volume of injected mud and Calculate the pore volume of injected mud and the damage pressure.the damage pressure.

Inject water to displace the acid in the core and Inject water to displace the acid in the core and wait to become the pressure constant.wait to become the pressure constant.

Calculate the pore volume of injected acid amd Calculate the pore volume of injected acid amd the water and also the treated pressure. the water and also the treated pressure.

The Damage Permeability The Damage Permeability CalculationCalculation

mdK

darcyK

PA

QLK

barP

mlQ

cpmudVisocisty

MC

MC

2.2

0022.0)7.14/127(*)

232.2

(*

1.4*60/1*2.1

127

min/1

2.1)(

2

4

4

The Stimulated Permeability The Stimulated Permeability CalculationCalculation

mdK

darcyK

PA

QLK

barP

mlQ

cpwaterVisocisty

MC

MC

27

027.0)7.14/8(*)

232.2

(*

1.4*60/1*1

25

min/1

1)(

2

4

4

Effect of the flow rateEffect of the flow rate

Pore volume of acid injected.Pore volume of acid injected.

MC2MC2

CW2CW2

AM1 AM1

PVI=0.3 * 3.238=0.9714

PVI=0.3 * 3.014=0.9042

PVI=0.3 * 3.002=0.9006

K (md)PV

870

8710

8620

8030

7040

5550

4060

2570

1080

584

586

688

2195

37110

51125

61140

62155

62177

Core MC2Core MC2K vs. PV Injected

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

PV Injected

K (m

d)

Mud Inje

ctio

nA

cid w

ith W

ate

r In

ject

ion

Core CW2Core CW2K (md)PV

670

6715

6530

5645

4550

3365

2480

1595

7110

2125

2130

5134

17155

22175

27195

31220

32240

32260

Aci

d w

ith W

ate

r In

ject

ion

Mud Inje

ctio

n K vs. PV Injected

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

PV Injected

K (m

d)

Core AM1Core AM1

Aci

d w

ith W

ate

r In

ject

ion

Mud Inje

ctio

nK vs. PV Injected

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

PV Injected

K (m

d)

K (md)PV

470

475

4411

3617

2823

1930

1237

844

552

2.960

2.968

471

881

1292

15102

19113

21121

21130

KDQ (cc/min)

51

17.51.5

9.02

KD vs. q

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

q (cc/min)

KD

KD = (Ki – Kacid) / Kdamage

Effect of the rock permeabilityEffect of the rock permeability Pore volume injectedPore volume injected

MC3MC3

MC4MC4

AM1AM1PVI=0.3*3.88=1.164

PVI=0.3*4.517=1.355

PVI=0.3 * 3.002=0.9006

Core AM1Core AM1

Aci

d w

ith W

ate

r In

ject

ion

Mud Inje

ctio

nK vs. PV Injected

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

PV Injected

K (m

d)

K (md)PV

470

475

4411

3617

2823

1930

1237

844

552

2.960

2.968

471

881

1292

15102

19113

21121

21130

Core MC4Core MC4

Aci

d w

ith W

ate

r In

ject

ion

Mud Inje

ctio

n

)md(K PV

1700

1457

12215

9522

7529

4837

2345

1455

665

277

282

685

12100

17115

21130

25145

28160

28180

K vs. PV Injected

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

PV Injected

K (m

d)

Core MC3Core MC3

Aci

d w

ith W

ate

r In

ject

ion

Mud Inje

ctio

n

)md(KPV

2700

25010

21520

18530

15040

11550

8560

5075

1590

3100

3107

6110

12130

18150

24170

30190

36210

36230

K vs. PV Injected

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 50 100 150 200 250

PV Injected

K (m

d)

KD = (Ki – Kacid) / Kdamage

KD vs. K

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

K (md)

KD

DK) md (k

9.047

71170

78.0270

Problems faced in our experimentProblems faced in our experiment

High over burden pressure needed.High over burden pressure needed.

When we stop our mud injected?When we stop our mud injected?