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TRANSCRIPT
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pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - tkyfpk (1)yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;tBudrf - yxrtBudrfxkwfa0aomckESpf - 'DZifbmv? 2015/tkyfa& - 1000xkwfa0ol -
usm;-r nDrQrI&efukef?Myanmar School of Politics?yxrtBudrf?2015/pmrsufESm - 212 rsufESm? 13.3 pifwD_21 pifwDrl&if;trnf - Gender Equality
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Myanmar School of PoliticsrS
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GENDER EQUALITY
within Political Parties and Women’s
Cross-party Cooperation
(ynma&;twGuf oD;oefYoHk;&ef)
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usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI109
pkESpfawGu 'Dvkdyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIukd NYUKIS (The Coalition
of Finnish Women's Associations) u wkd;wufatmifvkyfcJhw,f/'DtzGJUxJrSm ygvDrefxJu ygwDtm;vHk;&JU trsdK;orD;tiftm;pkawG?trsdK;orD;jynfolYvlYtzGJUtpnf;awGeJY ynm&SiftrsdK;orD;avhvma&;udk,fpm;vS,fawGvnf;ygw,f/
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EdkifiHawmftqifheJY EkdifiHwumtqifhawGrSm &v'faumif;awG&aeayr,fhvnf; wpfurÇmvHk;twkdif;twmrSmawmh trsdK;orD;tenf;pkom qHk;jzwfcsufcsolawGjzpfaeao;w,f/
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zkdYtwGufawmh ESdrfhcswJhoabmxm;&Sd&rSmjzpfw,f/ cifAsm;wkdY[m 'Drkdua&pDukd wifoGif;vkdYr&bl;/ 'Drkdua&pDwnfaqmufzkdYtwGufyJ cifAsm;wkdYulnDvkdY&w,fqkdwJh 'Drkdzifvef&JUqkd½kd;pum;vkdaygh/
Mari Kiviniemi
OECD (Organisation for Economic
Co-operation Development)
&JU vufaxmuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;zifvefEk difiH0efBuD;csKyf 2010-2011ygvDreftzGJU0if 1995-2014zifvefEk difiHA[kdygwD&JU Ouú| 2010-2012
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uRefrwkdY[m q,fESpfausmfumvtwGif; tm&SeJY tmz&durSm&SdwJhEkdifiHaygif;pHku EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGtm;vHk; yg0ifEkdifzkdYtwGufaxmufyHhay;aew,f/ uRefrwkdY&JUtpDtpOfawGxJrSm EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGeJY trsdK;orD;EkdifiHa&;orm;awG&JU pGrf;aqmif&nfawGwkd;wufvmatmifvkyfaqmifrI yg0ifw,f/ 'ghtjyif trsdK;orD;awG&JUygwDcsif;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIjrifhwufvmzkdY? tm;vHk;yg0ifwJhEkdifiHa&;,Ofaus;rI jzpfay:vmzkdY &nf&G,fcsufpwmawG[mvnf; uRefrwkdY&JUtpDtpOfawGxJrSmyg0ifw,f/ 'DvufpGJpmtkyfxJrSm EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGtwGif; usm;-rnDrQrIwkd;wufvmzkdYtwGuf vkdtyfwJh ud&d,mwefqmyvmawGukdazmfjyxm;w,f/ trsdK;orD;awG&JU ygwDcsif;yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIwkd;jrifhvmzkdYtwGuf vkdtyfwJhud&d,mwefqmyvmawGukdvnf;'DvufpGJpmtkyfxJrSmxnfhoGif;xm;w,f/ 'Drkdzifvef&JU aumif;rGefwJhtavhtusifhawGukd 'DpmtkyfxJrSm azmfjyxm;NyD; EkdifiHa&;twGif; usm;-
usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI13 14
rnDrQrIwkd;jrihfvmzkdYtwGuf wpfurÇmvHk;rSm toHk;jyKaewJh enf;pepfaumif;awGukdvnf; txl;tav;ay;azmfxkwfxm;w,f/ 'Dpmtkyf[moifwef;pDpOfolawGtwGuf &nf&G,fxm;wmjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJh 'DvufpGJpmtkyfxJrSm trsdK;orD;awG&JU EkdifiHa&;rSm yg0ifrIwkd;wufjrifhrm;vmzkdYukd pdwf0ifpm;olwkdif;twGuf tjcm;aomtcsuftvufawG? ud&d,mwefqmyvmawG? aumif;rGefwJh&nfñTef;udk;um;csufawGvnf;trsm;BuD;ygw,f/ 'Dpmtkyf[m toHk;0ifNyD; pdwful;pdwfoef;uGeYfjrL;vmEkdifw,fvkdY uRefrwkdY arQmfvifhygw,f/
Tiina Kukkamaa-Bah
(trIaqmif 'g½kdufwm) Political Parties of Finland for Democracy-Demo Finland
ANC African National Congress (South Africa)
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AU African Union
CEDAW United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women
CSO Civil Society Organisation
CSW Commission on the Status of Women
IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IMF International Monetary Fund
INTERNATIONAL IDEA International Institute for Democracy and
Electoral Assistance
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
MDGS Millennium Development Goals
MP Member of Parliament
NGO Non-governmental organisation
NAP National Action Plan
NDI National Democratic Institute
NYTKIS Coalition of Finnish Women’s Associations
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OSCE Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe
PAN National Action Party (Mexico)
PSOE Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (Spain)
SADC Southern African Development Community
SDWF Social Democratic Party Women’s Forum (Croatia)
TANE Parliamentary Committee for Equality (Finland)
T-WCP Tanzania Women Cross-Party Platform
UNDATA Database of the United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women (since 2010
UN Women)
WEF World Economic Forum
WILPF Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
WSCF Women Support Campaign Fund (Zambia)
WSP Women’s Shadow Parliament in Kenya
twkdrSwf
usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI15 16
The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) [m trsdK;orD;EkdifiHa&;orm;awG&JUt&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifjcif;vkyfief;ukd EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJrSm trsdK;orD;awG&JU yg0ifrIta&twGufjrifhwufvmzkdY BudK;pm;wJh t"duenf;vrf;awGxJuwpfcktjzpfoabmxm;w,f/ EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJrSm trsdK;orD;awGyg0ifcGifhtwGuf jzpfEkdifajcawG[m trsdK;orD;awGtwGuf uGef&ufr&SdvkdYtwm;tqD;jzpfaew,f/ 'gaMumifhtrsdK;orD;awG[m b,favmufyJ ZGJ&Sd&Sd?b,favmufyJpdwf"mwfwuf<uNyD; ,HkMunfrI&Sd&Sd? olwkdYukd,fpm;jyKwJhEkdifiHa&;ygwDawG[m ykdNyD; 'Drkdu&ufwpfrjzpfbl;qkd&if? atmufajcuaetxufykdif;txdtrsdK;orD;awGukdae&mray;bl;qkd&if EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJrSm trsdK;orD;awG&JUMoZmukd½kwfcsnf;awGU&rSmr[kwfbl;/ EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJrSm trsdK;orD;awG&JUyg0ifrIukd jrifhwufatmifvkyfaewJh EkdifiHa&;ygwDawG&JU tcef;u@[m ta&;BuD;ovkdolwkdY&JUtcef;u@ukdavQmhwGufvkdYr&bl;/
'DvufpGJpmtkyf&JU&nf&G,fcsufawGuawmh atmufrSmygwJhe,fy,fawGxJrSm t&nftaoG;jrifhwufvmzkdYtwGuf axmufyHhay;jcif;yJjzpfw,f/
- ygwDwGif;'Drkdua&pDeJY usm;-rnDrQrI bufpHktjrifawGeJYywf
oufNyD; t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifwJhudpöukd vkyfaqmifaewJhEkdifiHa&;ygwDawGukd tiftm;jznfhqnf;ay;zkdY? - ygwDwGif;rSm usm;-rnDrQrIjrifhwufvmzkdYtwGuf tñTef;awGygwJhvkyfaqmifrItpDtpOfawGukd zGHUNzdK;atmifvkyfaqmifzkdY? - EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGxJrSm&SdwJhtrsdK;orD;tzGJUtpnf;awG&JU r[mrdwfzGJUjcif;eJY ygwDpHkyl;aygif;aqmif&GufrItwGuf taumif;qHk;tavhtusifh&&SdEkdifzkdYulnDzkdY? - vlYtzGJUtpnf;xJu trsdK;orD;awG&JUtqifhtwef; wkd;wufvmzkdYtwGuf jynfolYvlYtzGJUtpnf;awGeJY EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGxJu trsdK;orD;tzGJUtpnf;awGMum;rSm yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIukdulnDaxmufyHhzkdY?
'DvufpGJpmtkyf[m - NrdKUe,ftqifh? a'oqkdif&mtqifheJYEkdifiHawmftqifh EkdifiHa&;awGrSm yg0ifaqmif&GufEkdifzkdYtwGuf wpfoD;yk*¾v trsdK;orD;awGukdt&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifzkdYtwGuf &nf&G,fxm;w,f/
zifvefEkdifiHa&;trsdK;orD;tzGJUtpnf;awG[m wpfzGJUeJYwpfzGJUaumif;aumif;rGefrGefyl;aygif;aqmif&GufwwfMuw,f/ 'ghtjyifjynfolYvlYtzGJUtpnf;awGeJYqufqHwJhae&mrSmvnf; uRrf;uRrf;usifusifqufqHEkdifMuw,f/ The Coalition of Finnish Women's Asso-
ciations-NYTKIS ukd 1988 ckESpfrSmzGJUpnf;cJhw,f/ 'DtzGJU[m jynfolYvlY tzGJUtpnf;awGeJY EkdifiHa&;ygwDawGa&maESmaygif;pyfxm;wJh tifpwDusL;&Sif;awGyg0ifwJhtzGJUwpfckjzpfw,f/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyJ Net-
work of Women Parliamentarians of the Parliament of Finland
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usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI23 24
'Denf;pepfuawmh trsdK;orD;0g'DtkyfpkukxHk;awGrSmoHk;wJhenf;pepfjzpfw,f/ oifwef;BuD;Muyfol[m ta&;BuD;wJhtcef;u@rSmyg0ifovkd tcsdefukdnDnDrQrQay;wm[mvnf; ta&;BuD;w,f/tqHk;rSm aqG;aEG;xm;wJhjyóem? udpötay:cifAsm;&JUcHpm;csufawGukdajymNyD;yg0ifyg/ cifAsm;&JUudk,fykdifrdefYcGef;twGuftcsdef owfrSwfxm;yg/ tm;vHk; wpfvSnfhpDajymNyD;oGm;wJhtcgrSm? pum;enf;enf;ajymNyD;ed*Hk;csKyfrSmajymcJhwmawGeJYywfoufNyD; qHk;jzwfcsufay;wm? 'grSr[kwfoHk;oyfwmrsdK;rvkyfygeJY/ olwkdY&JUtjrifawGeJYywfoufNyD; oifwef;om;wkdif;[m vHkNcHKw,fvkdYcHpm;&ygap/ auseyfw,fvkdYcHpm;&ygap/ wu,fvkdY trsdK;orD;trsm;pk[m taMumif;t&mwpfckckeJYywfoufNyD;wkefvIyfajcmufjcm;cJh&if ]uRefrwkdYMum;cJh&ovkdyJ? uRefrwkdYtrsdK;orD;awG[m (Oyrm - nzufrSm tpnf;ta0;wufcGifhr&Sdwm? EkdifiHa&;eJYtvkyf? rdom;pkukdaygif;pyfxm;wm? trsdK;om;BuD;pkd;wJhtpnf;ta0;awGrSm uRefrwkdY&JUtoHukdrMum;&wm) pwJhjyóemawGeJYBuHKawGUae&wm} vkdYcifAsm;u&Sif;jyyg/
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'Drkdzifveftvkyf&JUtajccHtkwfjrpfuawmh twlwuGoif,ljcif;jzpfw,f/ 'DvkdtwlwuGoif,ljcif;jzpfpOfxJrSm oifwef;om;awG[m wpfa,mufqDuwpfa,mufoif,lEkdifMuw,f/ wpfa,mufukdwpfa,mufem;axmifjcif;[m twlwuGoif,lrI&JUtESpftom;jzpfw,f/ oifwef;om;awG&JU yk*¾dKvfa&;Zmwfvrf;awG[m aMuuGJp&m?'grSr[kwf omrefjzpfaew,fqkd&if olwkdYukd tjynfht0tm½kHpkdufxm;zkdYta&;BuD;w,f/
3-1 ; EkdifiHa&;xJrSm trsdK;orD;rsm;yg0ifjcif;orkdif;tusOf;csKyf
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taemufEkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;rSm trsdK;orD;awG[m trsdK;om;awGxuf q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aemufusNyD;rS rJay;ykdifcGifh&Muw,f/'gayrJh tJ'DEkdifiHawGxJrSm zifvefEkdifiHrygcJhwmuawmh odyfukdrSwfom;p&maumif;w,f/ zifvefEkdifiHrSm 1906 ckESpfuaepNyD; trsdK;om;awGeJYtrsdK;orD;awGukd EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m tcGifhta&;awGtjynfht0ay;cJhw,f/'gayrJh jyifopfEkdifiHrSmawmh trsdK;om;awG[m 1848 ckESpfuaepNyD;rJay;cGifh&Muayr,fh trsdK;orD;awGuawmh 1945 ckESpfrS rJay;cGifh&Muw,f/ trsdK;om;awGvTrf;rkd;xm;wJh EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJukd trsdK;orD;awGxkd;azmuf0ifa&mufEkdifzkdYtwGuf tcsdeftMumBuD;apmifhcJh&ovkd
tcef; - 3trsdK;orD;awG&JU EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fxJrSmyg0ifcGifheJYEkdifiHa&;xJuusm;-rnDrQrIqkdif&m oDtkd&DaemufcH
usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI25 26
tm;tifpkdufxkwfcJh&w,f/ tjrif&SdNyD; ZGJaumif;wJhtrsdK;orD;awG&JU aus;Zl;aMumifh 'Drkdu&ufwpftusqHk;EkdifiHawGrSm &SnfMumwJh trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwfxHk;wrf;&SdvmcJhw,f/ zifvefEkdifiHu yxrqHk;trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwfukd 1907 ckESpfrSm a&G;cs,fcJhw,f/ udk,fhukd,fudk,ftmPmykdifpkd;wJh Grand Duchy of Finland &JU ygvDrefopfxJu trwf200 rSm trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwf 19 a,mufa&G;cs,fcHcJh&w,f/yxrqHk;pGefYOD;vrf;xGifolawG atmifjrifrI&cJhayr,fh trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwfOD;a&[m wpfurÇmvHk;twkdif;twmt& jrifhwufvmzkdYtcsdeftawmfBuD;Mumatmif,lcJh&w,f/ trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwfOD;a& 40 &mcdkifEIef;jrifhwufcJhwJha'ouawmh aem'pfe,fajryJjzpfw,f/trsdK;orD;awG[m wpfurÇmvHk;rSm EkdifiHa&;t& udk,fpm;jyKcGifh tawmfBuD;aysmufqHk;aeMuw,f/ (wpfoD;yk*¾v? 'grSr[kwf txufvTwfawmf? atmufvTwfawmf? 'grSr[kwf qD;edwf) rSm (IPU, The
Inter-Parliamentary Union &JU 2015 pm&if;t&) trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwf 22.1 &mcdkifEIef;yJ&Sdao;w,f/ (atmufvTwfawmfrSm) trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwfOD;a& 50 &mcdkifEIef;xufrsm;wJhEkdifiHqkdvkdY &0rf'gwpfEkdifiHyJ&Sdao;w,f/ (tcef;-7.1 rSmMunfhyg/)
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usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI27 28
trsdK;orD;awGeJY trsdK;om;awG[m rlvADZt& uGJjym;jcm;em;Muw,f/ 'Dtjrif[m tESpfom&0g'D t,ltq (essentialist think-
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IPU u odyfrMumcifuvkyfcJhwJh okawoejzpfwJh ]Equal-
ity in Politics : A Survey of Women and Men in Parliaments}qkdwJh okawoet& trsdK;om;awGeJY trsdK;orD;awG&JUEkdifiHa&;rSm OD;pm;ay;cH&rIeJYywfoufNyD; uGmjcm;rI&Sdaewmukd od&w,f/ urÇmay:uEkdifiHaygif; 110 rSm&SdwJh vTwfawmftrwf 300 eD;yg;avmufukdavhvmwJhtcgrSm pm&if;aumufrIukd ajzMum;ay;wJhol 40 &mcdkifEIef;[ma,musfm;awGjzpfMuw,f/ ajzMum;ay;oltm;vHk;&JU 90 &mcdkifEIef; ausmfausmf[m atmufrSmygwJhtcsufukd oabmwlMuw,f/ tJ'Dtcsufuawmh trsdK;orD;awG[m uGJjym;jcm;em;wJhtjrifawG? pGrf;aqmif&nfawG? t,ltqawGukd EkdifiHa&;xJ ,lvmEkdifpGrf;&Sdw,fqkdwJhtcsufyJjzpfw,f/ trsdK;orD;vTwfawmftrwfawG usm;-rtajcjyKtMurf;zufrIawGukd &ifqkdifwkdufckdufzkdY a&SUwef;rSm &SdaeMuw,f/ olwkdYawG[musm;-rnDrQrIOya'awG? yifpifawG? uav;oli,fjyKpkapmifha&SmufrIawG? rD;zGm;cGifhawG pwJhjyóemawGeJYywfoufNyD; twnfjyKvkyfaqmifwJhae&mrSm ta&;ygwJhtcef;u@uaeyg0ifaew,f/ vTwfawmfxJukd trsdK;orD;awG 0ifa&mufEkdifcGifhukdjr§ifhwifwJh a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJrIawG[m Oya'jyKa&;vkyfief;pOfawGxJrSm ay:xGufvmw,f/
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usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI29 30
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3.3 ; EkdifiHa&;rSm trsdK;orD;awG udk,fpm;jyKcGifhr&jcif;twGuf taMumif;t&if;rsm;
IDEA (The International Institute for Democracy and
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usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI31 32
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port ESpfcsKyfukd xkwfa0cJhw,f/ tJ'DESpfcsKyfxJrSm usm;-rnDrQrIeJYywfoufNyD; wpfurÇmvHk;uEkdifiHawGukd tqifhowfrSwfay;xm;w,f/ 'ghtjyifusm;-rnDrQrIeJYywfoufwJh tvGefus,fjyefYNyD;em;vnf&vG,fulwJh tcsuftvufawGukdvnf; xkwfjyefay;xm;w,f/ tJ'DtpDt&ifcHpm[m EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHcsif;pD&JU trsdK;om;eJY trsdK;orD;Mum;u uGm[csufukd tm½kHpkdufxm;w,f/ EkdifiHawG&JU zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrItqifhukdawmh'DtpDt&ifcHpmu tm½kHrpkdufbl;/ 'Dae&mrSm rSwfom;oifhwJhtcsufuawmh zdvpfykdifEkdifiH[m usm;-rnDrQrIrSm uGmjcm;rItenf;qHk; ig;ae&mrSm&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dwkdif;xGmcsufukd pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&myg0ifrI? ynma&;qkdif&m&&SdEkdifajc? usef;rma&;eJYtouf&SifoefEkdifcGifh? trsdK;om;rsm;trsdK;orD;rsm;&JU EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m pGrf;&nfwkd;wufrI pwmawGeJYwkdif;wmxm;w,f/ (tHhMop&modyfrvkdwJhtcsufuawmh aem'pfEkdifiHrsm;? tkdufpvef? zifvef? aemfa0;eJY qDG'ifEkdifiHawG[m tJ'DtpDt&ifcHpmrSm xdyfqHk;uajy;aew,fqkdwJhtcsufyJjzpfw,f/) 'DtpDt&ifcHpmxJrSm wpfEkdifiHcsif;pD&JUtcsuftvufawGukdvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;w,f/2013 ckESpftpDt&ifcHpmukdawmh http://www3.weforum.org/docs/
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International civil society [m vlYtcGifhta&;^trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;awGukd wpfurÇmvHk;qkdif&m taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufrIeJYywfoufNyD; apmifhMunfhw,f/ Human Rights Watch tpDt&ifcHpmukd http://www.hrw.org/publications/reports, rSmMunfh½IEkdifw,f/'ghtjyif Amnesty International tpDt&ifcHpmukd http://amnesty.
org/en. rSmMunfh½IEkdifw,f/EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;[m EkdifiHawmftqifh usm;-ray:vpDeJY
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Against Gender Based Violence, 2010 twGuf EkdifiHawmftqifhvkyfief;pOfawG&Sdw,f/ armf½kdukdEkdifiH[mvnf; 2012? 2016 usm;-ray:vpDuk da&;om;cJhw,f/ t*Fvdyfbmomjyefukd http://ww
w.slideshare.net/Gobernabilidad/2-presentation-marocco-eng.
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1997 - tdrfwGif;t"r®rI? 'grSr[kwf vdifykdif;qkdif&m jypfrI&JUom;aumif[m Oya'abmiftwGif;u ulnDaxmufyHhrIukd&Ekdifw,f/ 'ghtjyifEkdifiHawmfuaxmufyHhay;wJh axmufyHhulnDolukdvnf;&&SdEkdifw,f
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vnf jyKjyifjcif;1970 - udk,f0efzsufcsjcif;qkdif&m Oya'rlMurf;1972 - jynfolYusef;rma&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIukd axmufcHaom ukd,f0ef
wm;aq;ukd a,bk,stm;jzifh &&SdEkdifjcif;1972 - usm;-rnDrQrItwGuf aumifpDukdwnfaxmifjcif;1973 - jynfolYaeYykdif;uav;oli,fapmifha&Smufjcif;qkdif&m Oya'
rlMurf;1975 - tkyfxdef;olqkdif&m Oya'rlMurf;1983 - uav;rsm;\jyKpkapmifha&SmufcGifhESifh rdbrsm;ukd jrifawGUEkdif
cGifhESifhywfoufaom Oya'rlMurf;1985 - toufoHk;ESpfatmufuav;rsm;twGuf tdrfwGif;apmifha&Smuf
rI cGifhjyKcsufqkdif&m Oya'rlMurf;1985 - a&SUqHk;pmvHk;emrnfrsm;ESifhywfoufaom Oya'rlMurf;-tdrf
axmifjyKNyD;om;trsdK;orD;rsm;onf olwkdY\a&SUqHk;pmvHk;emrnfrsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; vGwfvyfpGm qHk;jzwfEkdifcGifh&Sdjcif;?uav;wpfa,muf[m rdbESpfyg;aemufuae emrnfwyfEkdifcGifh&Sdw,f
1986 - trsdK;orD;rsm;ESifh trsdK;om;rsm;Mum; nDrQrI Oya'rlMurf;1994 - vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rItwGif; (Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;xJrSm aemufqHk;
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Murf;opfrSm jynfolY0efxrf;rsm;ESifhywfoufNyD; bufvkdufrIr&SdwJh qufqHa&;Oya'oawGygw,f
1995 - (tdrfrsm;) pwJh yk*¾vdutajccHtaqmufttHktwGif;rS omreftvGJoHk;pm;rI[m vlxkMum;rSm jypfrIjzpfvmw,f/ 'Dhrwkdifcif ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m tvGJoHk;pm;rIawGrSm wu,fvkdY w&m;pGJcH&&if tjypfusL;vGefoltxdjzpfvmEkdifw,f/
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tcef; - 5a'oESifh EkdifiHtvkdufEkdifiHwumBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrIrsm;
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5-1 trsdK;orD;rsm;ukd qefYusifcGJjcm;owfrSwfrI yHkpHtm;vHk;ukd z,f&Sm;rIoabmwlnDcsuf
trsdK;orD;rsm;ukd qefYusifcGJjcm;owfrSwfrIyHkpHtm;vHk;ukd z,f&Sm;rIoabmwlnDcsuf (CEDAW) [m EkdifiHwumtrsdK;orD;rsm;&JUtajccH&ykdifcGifhwpfckjzpfNyD; (CEDAW) trsdK;orD;awG&JUu@wkd;wufrItwGuf Oya'qkdifqkdif&m tajccHtcsufawGukd yHkazmfygw,f/ ukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcH[m CEDAW oabmwlnDcsufukd 1979 'DZifbmrSm oabmwlcJhwmjzpfNyD; CEDAW aumfrwD[m 1982 ckESpfuwnf;u oabmwlnDcsuf&xm;wJhtzGJU0ifEkdifiHawGeJY av;ESpfwpfBudrf
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The Inter-Parliamentary Union, IPU rSm trsdK;orD;awG&JU EkdifiHa&;qkdif&myg0ifrIawGeJYywfoufwJh aumif;rGefwJhpm&if;Z,m;&Sdw,f/ 2013 ckESpf EkdifiHa&;xJrSm trsdK;orD;awGyg0ifrIukd oHk;oyfxm;wJh oHk;oyfcsufukd http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/
WIP2013-e.pdf. rSmMunfh½IEkdifygw,f/
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Demo Finland has produced a video on women’s campaigning for
national elections in Finland:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_kAEqlZVh0
The Tanzania Women Cross-party Platform and Demo Finland have
produced a video on the work of
the platform: https://mail.google.com/mail/#inbox/
145d142cbbb227cc?projector=1
Guidance on canvassing:
http://www.dailykos.com/story/2006/10/07/254733/-Beginner-s-
Guide-to-Canvassing-Streetwalking#
Thorough guidance on participatory training methods:
https://icvanetwork.org/system/files/versions/ro_28_toolkit.pdf
Pippa Norris & Lena Krook (The Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)):
Gender Equality in Elected Office: A Six Step Action Plan: http://
www.osce.org/odihr/78432
iKNOWpolitics, the International Knowledge Network of Women in
Politics is an interactive network
of women in politics who share experiences, resources, advice and
collaborate on issues of interest:
http://iknowpolitics.org/en
usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI
tcef; - 11rSwfpkrsm;
1 Pippa Norris and Mona Lena Krook 2011: Gender Equality
in Elected Office: A Six-Step Action
Plan
2 https://www.ndi.org/files/Training-Manual-Increasing-
WPP-Through-Effective-Training-Programs.
3 http://www.womankind.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/
Section-5-Strategy-and-Planning.pdf
4 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/enabling-
environment2005/docs/EGM-WPD-EE-
2005-EP.12%20%20draft%20F.pdf
5 http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm
6 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/enabling-
environment2005/docs/EGM-WPD-EE-
2005EP.12%20%20draft%20F.pdf
7 Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2009
8 http://www.ipu.org/PDF/publications/equality08-overview-
e.pdf
9 http://www.womankind.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/
Section-5-Strategy-and-Planning.pdf
10 http://www.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/
2.%20Obstacles_to_Women%27s_participation_
in_Parliament.pdf
11 http://www.idea.int/publications/wip2/upload/
2.%20Obstacles_to_Women%27s_participation_
in_Parliament.pdf
12 http://www.unl.edu/rhames/courses/ppoint/polpar.pdf;
http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/
egm/enabling-environment2005/docs/EGM-WPD-EE-2005-
EP.12%20%20draft%20F.pdf
13 http://www.ihmisoikeudet.net/index.php?page=naisten-
oikeuksien-kehitys-suomess
14 http://www.cedaw2011.org/index.php/cedaw-works, http://
www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/
cedaw/protocol/
15 http://www.cedaw2011.org/index.php/cedaw-works
16 http://www.womankind.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/
11/Section-8-International-Processes-
and-Institutions.pdf
17 http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
18 http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/mdg-
momentum
19 http://www.unmillenniumproject.org/
20 http://www.womankind.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/
11/Section-8-International-Processes-
and-Institutions.pdf
21 http://www.achpr.org/files/instruments/women-protocol/
achpr_instr_proto_women_eng.pdf
22 http://www.womankind.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/
11/Section-8-International-Processes-
and-Institutions.pdf
23 http://www.unwomen.org/en/about-us/guiding-documents
24 http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/iwraw/Freeman-
Timothy.html#table
89
25 http://www.unifem.org/cedaw30/about_cedaw/
cedaw_beijing_platform_for_action.html
26 http://www.unwomen.org/en/how-we-work/
intergovernmental-support/~/media/
DFA04926C77F400E93A01048437FF503.ashx
usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI
27 http://www.usip.org/gender_peacebuilding/
about_UNSCR_1325#What_are_the_four_pillars_of_Resolution_1325_
28 http://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/
02_2013/wps_toolkit.pdf
29 https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/effects-of-conflict/
six-grave-violations/sexual-violence/
30 https://www.emu.edu/cjp/publications/faculty-staff/lisa-
schirch/women-in-peacebuilding-pt1.pdf
31 Clare Castillejo 2012: Gender, fragility and the politics of
state building
32 http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/
f3e9da5275a47b2ef5737781e26d5c76.pdf
33 http://www.1325.fi/tiedostot/NorthtoNorthReport.pdf,
Pippa Norris & Mona Lena Krook 2011:
Gender Equality in Elected Office: A Six-Step Action Plan
34 http://iknowpolitics.org/en/discuss/circles/e-discussion-
what-can-be-learned-iceland%
E2%80%99s-experience-closing-gender-gap
35 http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/WIP2013-e.pdf
36 https://www.ndi.org/files/
Gender%20and%20Political%20Parties%20Far%20from%20Parity.pdf
37 http://www.afrigap.org/IMG/pdf/
rapid_gender_assessment_and_audit_of_political_parties_in_
kenya.pdf
38 http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/egm/eql-men/docs/
EP.10_rev.pdf
39 http://www.quotaproject.org/cs/cs_europe-drude05.pdf
40 http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/WIP2013-e.pdf
41 Pippa Norris & Mona Lena Krook 2011: Gender Equality
in Elected Office: A Six-Step Action Plan
42 http://www.idea.int/publications/political-finance-
regulations/loader.cfm?csModule=security/
getfile&pageid=52121
43 https://www.ndi.org/files/
Gender%20and%20Political%20Parties%20Far%20from%20Parity.pdf
44 http://www.idea.int/political-finance/question.cfm?id=280
45 http://iknowpolitics.org/sites/default/files/
cr20best20practices20used20by20political20parties20to20promote20women20in20politics20en.
46 https://www.ndi.org/dcc-parties, https://www.ndi.org/files/
Empowering-Women-PolitParties-
ENG_0.pdf
47 https://www.ndi.org/files/
Gender%20and%20Political%20Parties%20Far%20from%20Parity.pdf
48 Banerjee & Duflo 2011: Poor Economics - A Radical
Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global
Poverty
49 http://www.idea.int/publications/funding-of-political-
parties-and-election-campaigns/loader.
cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageID=64347
90
50 http://www.idea.int/publications/funding-of-political-
parties-and-election-campaigns/loader.
cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageID=64347
51 http://www.idea.int/publications/funding-of-political-
parties-and-election-campaigns/loader.
cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageID=64347
52 https://www.ndi.org/files/
Gender%20and%20Political%20Parties%20Far%20from%20Parity.pdf
53 https://www.ndi.org/files/
Gender%20and%20Political%20Parties%20Far%20from%20Parity.pdf
54 http://www.idea.int/publications/
from_rhetoric_to_practice/loader.cfm?csmodule=security/
getfile&pageid=34735
55 https://www.ndi.org/files/
Gender%20and%20Political%20Parties%20Far%20from%20Parity.pdf
56 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Master_suppression_techniques
57 https://www.ndi.org/files/Training-Manual-Increasing-
WPP-Through-Effective-Training-Programs.
usm;-r nDrQrI usm;-r nDrQrI
58 https://www.ndi.org/files/Empowering-Women-
PolitParties-ENG_0.pdf
59 http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/
gender%20and%20governance/EmpoweringWomenFor%
20StrongerPoliticalParties.pdf
60 https://www.ndi.org/files/Training-Manual-Increasing-
WPP-Through-Effective-Training-Programs.
61 http://www.ipu.org/pdf/publications/gsp11ex-e.pdf
62 https://www.ndi.org/files/Training-Manual-Increasing-
WPP-Through-Effective-Training-Programs.
63 https://www.ndi.org/files/
One_Size_Does_Not_Fit_All_eng_0.pdf
64 http://twcp-women.or.tz/, http://www.Demofinland.org/
index.php/fi/ohjelmat/
tansania/342-naiset-vahvasti-edustettuina-tansanian-
perustuslakia-saatavassa-kokouksessa
65 http://www.womenshadowparliament.org/
Photo credits: Christopher Davy, Pact Myanmar, Daw Sandar
Min, Salai Kyaw Moe, and Myanmar School of Politics.