u09 internal dynamics
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ESSENTIAL NATURAL SCIENCE 2Unit 9 HOME CONTENTS RESOURCES
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Internal dynamics of the Earth
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CONTENTSINTERNAL DYNAMICS OF THE EARTH
The interior of the Earth Why the interior is so hot
Characteristics Volcanic eruptions
Volcanic eruptions Volcanic materialTypes of eruptions
Earthquakes
EarthquakesEffectsSeismic waves
Reducing the damages Reducing the damage
Warning systems
Mountain building
Relief featuresDistribution of seismic and volcanic activityInteraction of processes
Rocks
Igneous rocksMetamorphic rocks The rock cycle
Internal heat
PhenomenaEvidence
Tectonic plates
Tectonic plates
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Evidence of the heat from the interior of the Earth
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Why the interior of the Earth is so hot
Characteristics of the interior of the Earth
Phenomena produced by internalenergy
Volcanic eruptions
Eruptions and volcanic material
Types of eruptions
Earthquakes Effects of earthquakes
Reducing the damage
Warning systems Mountain building and relief features
Interaction of internal and external processes
Igneous rocks Metamorphic rocks
Seismic waves
Tectonic plates
Distribution of seismic and volcanicactivity
The rock cycle Links
The interior of the Earth
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Why the interior of the Earth is so hot
Earth today4,000 million years ago4,600 million years ago
solid crust
ocean
liquid outer core
solid inner core(6,000 ºC)
solid mantle
meteorite
metal materialscrust
mantle
nucleusGiant meteorites continually collided with the Earth. As the Earth heated
up, it expanded in size. Metal materials sunk to the centre.
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Characteristics of the interior of the Earth
At a depth of 50 km:• the temperature is 600 ºC• the pressure is 20,000 atmospheres
Temperature and pressure increase with depth.
Rate of increase in temperature:
30 ºC per kilometre
GEOTHERMALGRADIENT
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Tectonic plates
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Tectonic plates
At divergent boundaries, plates move apart.
At convergent boundaries, plates push together.
At transform boundaries, plates slide by each other.
Plates move in three ways.
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Volcanic eruptions
Molten rock and gases are ejected through the Earth’s crust.
Phenomena produced by internal energy
Earthquakes
A violent trembling of the Earth’s crust which lasts a short time and varies in intensity.
Continental drift
Isostasy
Slow vertical movement of the Earth’s crust.
A slow horizontal movement of the continents.
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Formation of a magnetic field
Evidence of heat from the interior of the Earth
Formation of the atmosphere Hot rocks
Hydrothermal phenomena
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Volcanic eruptions
crust
mantle
outer core
inner core
crust
mantle
hotspot
hot spots within the
mantle
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Eruptions and volcanic material
vent
volcanic cone
PYROCLASTICMATERIALS
GASES
LAVA
magma chamber
pipe (conduit)
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vent
volcanic cone
PYROCLASTICMATERIALS
GASES
LAVA
magma chamber
pipe (conduit)
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Eruptions and volcanic material
GASES
carbon dioxde
water vapour
sulphur gases
carbon monoxide
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vent
volcanic cone
PYROCLASTICMATERIALS
GASES
LAVA
magma chamber
pipe (conduit)
CLICK TO SEE MORE
Eruptions and volcanic material
PYROCLASTIC MATERIAL
ash
lapilli
volcanic bombs
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vent
volcanic cone
PYROCLASTICMATERIALS
GASES
LAVA
magma chamber
pipe (conduit)
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Eruptions and volcanic material
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LAVA
At more than 1,000 ºC, lava is very liquid and flows easily.
At less than 700 ºC, lava is thick and flows slowly.
Bubbles of gas escape gently.
Bubbles of gas splatter and cause explosions.
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Types of eruptions CLICK ON THE GREEN
BUTTONS TO LEARN MORE.
HAWAIIAN STROMBOLIAN VULCANIAN
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STROMBOLIAN VULCANIAN
Types of eruptions
HAWAIIAN
• magma temperature: very high (over 1,000 ºC)• very liquid lava• not very destructive nor explosive
Shield volcano
magma chamber
central ventpipe (conduit)
[close]
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HAWAIIAN STROMBOLIAN VULCANIAN STROMBOLIAN
Types of eruptions
• magma temperature: moderate (700 - 1,000 ºC)• thick lava• explosive pyroclastic material
pipe (conduit)
Stratovolcano (composite volcano)
magma chamber
volcanic conecentral vent
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HAWAIIAN STROMBOLIAN VULCANIANVULCANIAN
Types of eruptions
• magma temperature: low (less than 700 ºC)• violent, destructive explosions• generally gases and ash are expelled
magma chamber
Dome volcano
volcanic pipe of solidified lava
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Earthquakes
seismic waves
epicentre
hypocentre (focus)
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy from the Earth’s crust.
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Effects of earthquakes
Chile (1960)
9.6Richter Scale
hypocentre (focus)
epicentre
landslides
damage to buildings
tsunami
seismic waves
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seismogram
seismograph
Seismic waves
Studying seismic waves
seismic waves
WHAT OTHER INFORMATIONCAN SCIENTISTS LEARN FROM SEISMIC WAVES?
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Seismic waves
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Answer: They can learn information about the internal structure of the Earth.
liquid outer core
solid inner core
lithosphere
tectonic (lithospheric) plates
crust (granite and basalt)
mantle (perioditite)
core (iron)
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Reducing the damage from earthquakes and volcanoes
Risk map
Preparedness
Prediction
Emissions of water vapour and other gases are observed.
Buildings are designed to withstand seismic movement.
low high
Prediction
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satellite
An early warning buoy system receives information about waves, wind and seismic movement.
Warning systems
buoy
Hawaii
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Mountain building and relief features
RELIEF FEATURES OF THE EARTH
HOW RELIEF IS FORMED
The crust thickens.
outer core
mantle
rift valley
Two plates move apart.
rising current
Himalayas
Two plates push together.
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Pyrenees
Betic ranges
20 million years ago
Alboran plateIberian plate
Eurasia
60 million years ago
Iberian plateAlboran plate
Ebro massif
100 million years ago
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Mountain building and relief features
Two plates push together. RELIEF FEATURES
OF THE EARTH
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mantle
rift
rising current
The crust thickens.
Two plates move apart.
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Mountain building and relief features
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Mountain building and relief features
Continental shelves: areas near the coastline, under the sea, made up of continental crust
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Mountain building and relief features
Oceanic (mid-oceanic) ridges: chains of submarine mountains with intense volcanic activity
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Mountain building and relief features
Great plains: large extensions of flat land
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Mountain building and relief features
Mountain ranges:chains of mountains
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Mountain building and relief features
Ocean trenches: the deepest areas of the ocean
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Mountain building and relief features
Submarine volcanoescan create volcanic archipelagos.
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Mountain building and relief features
Abyssal plains: the largest plains on the planet
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Distribution of seismic and volcanic activity
high seismic activitymoderate seismic activitylow seismic activity
volcanic activity
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Interaction of internal and external processes
Isostatic movement
subsidence (sinking)
uplift The weight of deposited sediment produces subsidence.
Agents erode and reduce the weight of the lithosphere.
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Igneous rocksCommon igneous rocks
GRANITE PEGAMATITE SYENITE GABBRO
VOLCANIC SCORIA PUMICE OBSIDIAN BASALT
Plut
onic
or i
ntru
sive
ig
neou
s ro
cks
Volc
anic
or e
xtru
sive
ig
neou
s ro
cks
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Metamorphic rocks
Common metamorphic rocksClay
mineralsClay minerals
or slateClay minerals, slate, or schist
Sandstone with quartz Limestone
SLATE SCHIST GNEISS QUARTZITE MARBLE
Orig
inal
rock
and
m
etam
orph
ism
Met
amor
phic
rock
increase in temperature
and pressure
intense increase in temperature
and pressure
very intense increase in temperature
and pressure
intense
increase in temperature
and pressure
intense increase in temperature
and pressure
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The rock cycle
SEDIMENTS
MAGMASEDIMENTARY ROCK
IGNEOUS ROCK
METAMORPHIC ROCK
melting
metamorphism
metamorphismweathering and erosion
weathering
and erosion
wea
ther
ing
and
eros
ion
com
pact
ion
and
cem
enta
tion
melting
mel
ting
cool
ing
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Links
How do rocks undergo change?http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page01.cfm?chapter_no=investigation
Observe animations of processes that occur along plate boundaries. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
The Earth: A living planethttp://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/living_planet/index.htm
The rock cycle diagramhttp://www.learner.org/interactives/rockcycle/diagram.html
Animated guide: volcanoeshttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4972366.stm
Interactives: Volcanoeshttp://www.learner.org/interactives/volcanoes/
Earthquakes http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/hottopics/naturaldisasters/earthquakes.shtml
Rocks and the rock cyclehttp://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/rocks_intro.html
How earthquakes happenhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4126809.stm
Rockhoundshttp://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/expert/index.html
Plate tectonicshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/platetectonics/
The interior of the Earthhttp://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/earth/interior.html