ubuntu€¦ · module-1 introducing ubuntu open source, free software movement and linux open...

$: UBUNTU€¦ · Module-1 Introducing Ubuntu Open Source, Free Software Movement and Linux Open Source : Open yux÷u ¾wÕ÷wk y™u ËtuËo yux÷u Ëtu^xðuh fu «tu„út{™tu ftuz$
UBUNTU

Introducing UbuntuModule-1

Open Source, Free Software Movementand Linux Open Source :Open yux÷u ¾wÕ÷wk y™u ËtuËo yux÷u Ëtu^xðuh fu «tu„út{™tu ftuz. Open Source yux÷u yuðtu “ËtuËo ftuz fu su ƒÄt™e …ntU[{tk ntuÞ”. ytu…™ ËtuËo Ëtu^xðuh fu yuÂÃ÷fuþ™ ƒ™tððt {txu W…Þtu„{tk ytð‚t ËtuËo ftuz™u, ftuE…ý ÔÞÂõ‚ òuE þfu Au y™u ‚u{tk ËwÄtht-ðÄtht fhe þfu Au. Open source «tu„út{™t ÞwÍh, Open

source Ëtu^xðuh™t zuð÷…h™u ftuE…ý ®f{‚ [qfÔÞt rð™t ‚u™tu W…Þtu„ ‚u{s ‚u{tk VuhVth fhe þfu Au y™u ƒeò™u ðnU[e …ý þfu Au.

Free Software Movement :

“£e Ëtu^xðuh ” {tk £e™tu yÚto “®f{‚ ð„h™wk” yuðwk ™rn …hk‚w “ftuE…ý Ëtu^xðuh™u ËwÄthe þftÞ” yu{ ÚttÞ Au. ftuE…ý «tu„út{ £e Ëtu^xðuh íÞthu s ntuE þfu ßÞthu ynª Œþtoðu÷ [th «fth™e Mð‚kºt‚t {¤u÷ ntuÞ.

(1) ftuE…ý nu‚w {txu «tu„út{™u run fhe þftÞ.

(2) «tu„út{ fuðe he‚u ftÞo fhu Au ‚u òýe™u ‚u{tk sYrhÞt‚ {wsƒ ËwÄtht fhe þftÞ.

(3) «tu„út{ fu Ëtu^xðuh™e ftu…e™wk rð‚hý fhe þftÞ.

(4) «tu„út{{tk ËwÄtht fhe™u ™ðe ytð]r¥t™u release fhe þftÞ.

£e «tu„út{ yu commercial use, development y™u distribution {txu s ntuÞ Au.

Linux :

E.Ë. 1980-1990 ™t ŒtÞft Œhr{Þt™ UNIX ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ £eðuh n‚e. Linux …ý ytÄtrh‚

£e ytu…™ ËtuËo ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ Au. Linux ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ yu Linus Torvald ™t{™t ÔÞÂõ‚ îtht

‚iÞth fhðt{tk ytðu÷ Au. òu fu ‚u{tk Ë{„ú rðï™t ½ýt zuð÷…Ëo™tu ËnÞtu„ Au. Linux ™u …ý £e{tk

ztW™÷tuz fhe þftÞ Au. ‚u{s ‚u{tk ËwÄtht fhe ‚u™wk rð‚hý fhe þftÞ Au. nt÷{tk Linux ™t ½ýt rð‚hýtu

(ytð]r¥tytu) …ý W…÷çÄ Au. su{ fu, Redhat, Ubuntu, SuSE, Fedora, Debian, Gentoo ð„uhu. yt

W…htk‚ Linux ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ W…h mail, X Windows, TCP/IP ð„uhu suðt Ëtu^xðhu Ëh¤‚tÚte

[÷tðe þftÞ Au.

Unix

Computer World Publication1

About Ubuntu :Ubuntu yu Linux (Debian) ytÄtrh‚ ytuhu®x„ rËMx{ Au. “Ubuntu” yu ytr£f™ þçŒ …hÚte ytðu÷ Au. su™tu yÚto “humanity to Others (ƒeò ËtÚtu {t™ð‚t)” yuðtu ÚttÞ Au. Ubuntu Ëti«Út{ 2004 {tk release ÚtÞwk n‚wk.

Ubuntu ™t VtÞŒt :

Ubuntu yu Ëk…qýo…ýu {V‚ Au. yt W…htk‚, Ubuntu Community …tËuÚte {V‚{tk updates y™u

support …ý {u¤ðe þftÞ Au.

ftuE…ý ÞwÍh, ÷tÞËLË Ve [qfÔÞt ð„h Ëtu^xðuh{tk ËwÄtht fhe ‚u™wk rð‚hý fhe þfu Au, ‚u™u share …ý fhe þfu Au.

Œhuf ÞwÍh …tu‚t™e ¼t»tt{tk W…Þtu„ fhe þfu Au. Ubuntu yu ÷„¼„ 61 «tŒurþf ¼t»ttytu{tk W…÷çÄ Au.

Ubuntu ™wk ™ðwk ðÍo™ Œh 6 {rn™u release ÚttÞ Au.

Ubuntu {tk ½ýe ƒÄe applications {V‚{tk ztW™÷tuz fhe™u install fhe þftÞ Au.

Ubuntu {tk drivers ™e sYh …z‚e ™Úte.

Ubuntu yu Secure (Ëwhrût‚) Au.

Ubuntu ™t „uhVtÞŒt :

Ubuntu ™tu yuf „uhVtÞŒtu yu Au fu ‚u™t …h yuf s Ë{Þu ½ýt ƒÄt zuð÷…Ëo ft{ fhu Au ‚uÚte ËtiÚte

yã‚™ ðÍo™ ™¬e fhðwk ½ýe ð¾‚ y½hwk ƒ™u Au.

yuf fh‚tk ðÄthu zuð÷…Ëo yuf ËtÚtu ft{ fh‚tk ntuðtÚte ½ýe ð¾‚ ËtuËo ftuz{tk {w~fu÷e Q¼e ÚttÞAu.

Windows ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ {txu ‚iÞth ÚtÞu÷ Ëtu^xðuh yLÞ ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ …h ftÞo fh‚tk ™Úte.

{txu Ubuntu {tk y{wf «fth™t Ëtu^xðuh™u install fhe þf‚t ™Úte.

fBÃÞqxh{tk Ubunto ƒhtƒh he‚u install ÚtE „Þwk ntuðt A‚tk y{wf «fth™t ntzoðuh™tu y{÷ fhðtu

{w~fu÷ Au.

Computer World Publication

Ubuntu

2

Key differences between using Ubuntuand Microsoft Windows :

Windows £e ™Úte ßÞthu Ubuntu yu £e Au.

Ubuntu ™t ½ýt rð‚hftu fu ytð]r¥t ntuE þfu. Windows yu ¾t™„e {tr÷fe™wk ntuðtÚte ‚u™tu {wÏÞ

yuf s rð‚hf ntuE þfu.

Ubuntu {tk Office Suite, Hex Editing, Software Development, Web Browsers (Fire

Fox), PDF Reader, FTP client, E-mail client ð„uhu suðt Ëtu^xðuh …nu÷uÚte s ytðu Au ßÞthu

Windows ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ {txu Ëtu^xðuh ¾heŒðt …zu Au yÚtðt ztW™÷tuz fhe™u install fhðt

…zu Au.

Windows fh‚tk Ubuntu {txu memory ™e sYrhÞt‚ ytuAe hnu Au.

Ubuntu yu Windows fh‚tk ðÄthu secure Au.

Windows «tu„út{™e yuf s søÞtyuÚte {ŒŒ {¤e hnu Au. ßÞthu Ubuntu {tk y÷„-y÷„ zuð÷…Ëo

ntuðtÚte ‚u þõÞ ™Úte.

Ubuntu, Multiple Desktop Environment (Unity, Gnome, Mate, KDE, LXDE) Ähtðu Au.

ßÞthu Windows Võ‚ UI Ähtðu Au.

Ubuntu yuf™e W…h yuf install fhe þftÞ Au. ßÞthu Windows {tk hard drive ™u format fhe™u

™ðuËhÚte «tu„út{ install fhðt …zu Au.

Ubuntu ™tu Desktop operating system y™u server ‚hefu W…Þtu„ fhe þftÞ Au. ßÞthu

windows desktop yu server {txu ‚iÞth fhtÞu÷ ™Úte.

Ubuntu {tk ntu{ y™u «tuVuþ™÷ ÞwÍËo {txu yuf s Ëh¾wk ðÍo™ y™u Ve[Ëo ntuÞ Au. ßÞthu windows

{tk y÷„-y÷„ ntuÞ Au.

Ubuntu {tk Œh 6 {rn™u ™ðwk ðÍo™ rh÷eÍ ÚttÞ Au. ßÞthu Windows {tk Ë{Þ ™¬e ntu‚tu ™Úte.

Ubuntu {tk administrative user root, lock ntuÞ Au. ßÞthu Windows {tk administrative

user ™u Ëh¤‚tÚte access fhe þft‚tu ntuðtÚte malware fu viruses Úte ¾‚htu ðÄthu hnu Au.

Ubuntu {tk user ™tu data Võ‚ Home rzhuõxhe{tk Mxtuh ÚttÞ Au. ßÞthu Windows {tk yuf fh‚tk

ðÄthu søÞtyu Mxtuh ÚttÞ Au.


Ubuntu

3

InstallationModule-2

Ubuntu InltallationUbuntu 10.10 Installation fhðt™e he‚ step by step òuRyu.

‚{the CD/DVD zÙtRð™e ykŒh Ubumtu ™e CD insert fhtu. CD insert fÞto ƒtŒ PC Reboot fhtðtu. Reboot Út‚t CD …tu‚t™e ò‚u s installation «r¢Þt þY fhe Œuþu.

CD load ÚtÞt ƒtŒ Welcome Screen òuðt {¤þu. ‚u{t ‚{the ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{™e ¼t»tt rË÷uõx fhtu y™u install Ubumtu …h click fhtu.

nðu Ubuntu installation ™e «r¢Þt þY Útþu.

W…h™e Screen òuðt {¤u íÞthu ¾t‚he fhtu fu Œþtoðu÷ sYrhÞt‚tu yt…ýt fBÃÞwxh™u y™wY… Au fu ™rn òu ‚{u ™ðt updates fhðt {t„‚t ntuÞ ‚tu Download updates while installing ™t Cheak box W…h click fhtu.

Allocate drive space ™e Screen {tk ºtý option selecte fhtu. y™u Forward button …h click fhtu.


Option 1 : Install along side other operating system

òu ‚{u yt rðfÕ… …ËkŒ fhtu íÞthu ‚{u ‚{the system {tk Dual boot yux÷u fu XP, Win 7 ™e ËtÚtu Ubuntu install fhðt {tk„tu Atu.

Option 2 : Erase and use the entire disk

yt rðfÕ… …ËkŒ fhtu ßÞthu ‚{u ‚{the ð‚o{t™ Operating System ftZe ™t¾ðt {tk„‚t ntuÞ yÚtðt ‚{the Hard disk Format fhe installation fhðt {t„‚t ntuÞ.

Option 3 : Specity Partitions Manually (advanced)

yt rðfÕ… yã‚™ ð…htþf‚toytu {txu s y„ú„ýeÞ Au. ¾tË …txeoþ™tu ƒ™tððt yÚtðt {w¤¼q‚ fh‚t yLÞ VtR÷ rËMx{ ËtÚtu ntzo zÙtRð™u Format fhu Au.

Where are you ?

™e Screen {tk World Map ytðu Au. su{tk ‚{u ð‚o{t™ MÚtt™ …ËkŒ„e …h system ™tuu Ë{Þ (Time) set fhe þftu Atu.

Keyboard layout.

yt Screen …h, ‚{u ‚{the sYrhÞt‚ {wsƒ™tu Keyboard layout …ËkŒ fhe þftu Atu.

Who are you ?

yt Screen …h, ‚{tht System Detail ¼hðt {txu su{fu, ‚{thwk ™t{, ‚{the fk…™e™wk ™t{, ‚{the System ™wk ™t{, System Password ™e Detail ¼Þto ƒtŒ ‚{u òu Forward ƒx™ …h click fhtu, yux÷u Ubuntu installation «r¢Þt start ÚtR sþu. Installation «r¢Þt …qhe Út‚t ‚{the Screen …h yuf Message box òuðt {¤þu. ‚u™e ykŒh installation is complete, you need

to restart the computer.

‚{the System Reboot ÚtÞt ƒtŒ Ubuntu ™e Splash Screen òuðt {¤þu. Úttuze ðth …Ae Ubuntu ™wk login Window open Útþu. Username & password Enter fhe™u ‚{u login fhe þftu Atu.


Ubuntu

5

Module-3 Customizing the Desktopand applications

Basic file & Directory operationr÷™ût ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{, VtR÷ rËMx{ yu …Œ¢r{‚ (Hierarcy) {t¤¾t™u y™wËhu Au. su{ Windows {tk C:\ {wÏÞ rzhuõxhe ntuÞ Au ‚u{ Linux {tk Root yu {wÏÞ rzhufxhe Au, '/' Úte þY ÚttÞ Au y™u ‚u{tk s ƒeS VtE÷tu y™u Sub (…uxt) rzhufxhe ntuÞ Au. rzhuõxhe™t Œhuf element ™u …tÚt ™u{Úte ytu¤¾ðt{tk ytðu Au, su '/' Úte þY ÚttÞ Au y™u Œhuf element ™u '/' Úte s Aqxt …tzðt{tk ytðu Au. yt «r¢Þt absolute path name Úte ytu¤¾tÞ Au. [Exa : /user/bin/test]

Relative path yu '/' Úte þY Út‚tu ™Úte. yt «r¢Þt{tk rzhuõxhe, yt…u÷ …tuRLxÚte þY fhe yuf ƒtswÚte ƒeS ƒtsw ËwÄe òÞ Au. su{tk current ([t÷w) rzhuõxhe ytÄtrh‚ VuhVth ÚtÞt ht¾u Au. [Exa : bin/test, ../bin/test]

Œhuf rzhufxhe{tk . y™u .. yu ƒk™u ¾tË «fth™e rzhufxhe Au su rzhufxhe …tu‚t™tu s y™u ‚u™e …uhuLx rzhufxhe™tu r™Œuoþ fhu Au.

{tW®Lx„ y™u {tW®Lx„ …tuRLx :

r÷÷™ ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{{tk ftuE…ý ËtÄ™™tu W…Þtu„ fh‚tk …nu÷tk ‚u™u ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{{tk W…÷çÄ ntuE rzhufxhe ËtÚtu òuzðwk …zu Au. yt «r¢Þt™u “{tW®Lx„” fnu Au y™u ‚u rzhuõxhe fu su™e ËtÚtu ËtÄ™ òuzðt{tk ytÔÞwk ntuÞ ‚u™u “{tW®Lx„ …tuRLx” fnu Au.

Ubuntu ™tu yuf „uhVtÞŒtu yu Au fu ‚u™t …h yuf s Ë{Þu ½ýt ƒÄt zuð÷…Ëo ft{ fhu Au ‚uÚte ËtiÚte yã‚™

ðÍo™ ™¬e fhðwk ½ýe ð¾‚ y½hwk ƒ™u Au.

File Permissions :

File Permissions …ý VtR÷ ytu„uo™tRÍþ™ rËMx{{tk {n¥ð™tu ¼t„ ¼sðu Au. VtE÷ y™u rzhuõxhe Permission ™u ºtý ¼t„{tk ðnU[ðt{tk ytðu Au.

(1) Read (r) (2) Write (w) (3) Execute (x)

Võ‚ {tr÷f (owner) s file/directory ™e Permission ™u ƒŒ÷e þfu Au. Ët{tLÞ he‚u owner ™u non-executable file ™u read y™u write fhðt™t nf ntuÞ Au. ‚u{s executable file ™u read, write y™u execute fhðt™t …ý nf ntuÞ Au.


File Name y™u Permission Character :Linux {tk VtR÷™wk ™t{ 256 character ËwÄe ht¾e þftÞ Au. su{tk “–”, “_” y™u “.” character, letters y™u numbers ËtÚtu yt…e þftÞ Au.

Linux ™e Œhuf VtE÷{tk 10 character òuðt {¤u Au.

File System Hierarchy :

Linux file Directory StructureROOT

/boot

/bin

/dev

/etc

/home

/lib

/media

/mnt

/opt

/sbin

/srv

/sys

/tmp

/usr

/var

/usr/local

/usr/share

/usr/sbin

/usr/bin

/usr/lib

/var/run

/var/lock

/var/log

/var/tmp

/usr/local/bin

/usr/local/sbin

/usr/local/lib

/root (&÷u»t Yx) rzhuõxhe :

root yu W…Þtu„f‚to™e {q¤ yux÷u fu Home rzhuõxhe Au, su r÷™ût{tk Ët{tLÞ …qðor™Ätorh‚ yuzr{r™MxÙurxð W…Þtu„f‚to Au.

1. /boot rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhufxhe [t÷f …Ør‚™u W…Þtu„e yuðe rËMx{ {u… VtE÷ ‚u{s r÷™ût f™o÷ Ähtðu Au.

2. /bin rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhufxhe ½ýt W…Þtu„e ytŒuþ yux÷u fu f{tLz Ähtðu Au. su Ët{tLÞ he‚u rËMx{ ÔÞðMÚtt…f yux÷u fu System Adminis-trator y™u Ët{tLÞ W…Þtu„f‚to yux÷u fu General User yu{ ƒk™u îtht W…Þtu„{tk ÷uðtÞ Au. su bash, csh suðt Ëu÷ (Shell) y™u cp, mv, cat, ls suðt f{tLzÍ Ähtðu Au.

3. /dev rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhufxhe{tk yt…ýt fBÃÞqxh rËMx{™u ÷„‚e zÙtEð (Drive) ™e {trn‚e Ët[ððt{tk ytðu Au. su{fu yt…ý™u yt rzhufxhe{tk hda1, hda2 ð„uhu {tMxh zÙtEð (master drive) òuðt {¤u Au. /dev/CDROM yt…ýt cdrom zÙtRð™u hsq fhu Au.

4. /etc rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhufxhe{tk [t÷f …Ør‚™u W…Þtu„e yuðe Configuration VtE÷tu™u Ët[ððt{tk ytðu Au. yLÞ ½ýe Configuration VtR÷™e su{s lilo.conf yt rzhuõxhe{tk s hnu÷e ntuÞ Au. ¼rð»Þ{tk òu õÞthuf [t÷f …Ør‚™u …w™:«MÚttr…‚ yux÷u fu re-install fhðt™e ntuÞ ‚tu ‚u ð¾‚u Vhe Configuration fhðwk …zu Au. òu yt Ë{Þ ƒ[tððtu ntuÞ ‚tu yt rzhuõxhe™tu yðth-™ðth ƒuf-y… ÷u‚t hnuðwk òuEyu.


Ubuntu

7

5. /home rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhufxhe{tk r÷™ût [t÷f …Ør‚™t W…Þtu„f‚toytu™u ÷„‚e rzhufxhe™u Ët[ððt{tk ytðu Au. su{fu hemang, shiv ð„uhu W…Þtu„ f‚toytu Au. ‚tu ‚uytu™e rzhufxhe yt home rzhufxhe {tk Ëk„úrn‚ ÚttÞ Au. W…Þtu„f‚toytu™e rzhufxhe™u yt home rzhufxhe™e …uxt rzhufxhe ‚hefu Ët[ððt{tk ytðu Au su{fu /home/sumit.

6. /lib rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhufxhe{tk ƒeS ðÄtht™e Ën¼t„e VtE÷tu Ët[ððt{tk ytðu Au.

7. /lost+found rzhuõxhe :

r÷™ût [t÷f …Ør‚™e ÔÞðMÚtt …ze ¼tk„ðt™t yux÷u fu system crash Útðt™t ftuE…ý Ëkòu„tu{tk ÔÞðMÚtt …w™: MÚtt…™ fhðt yt rzhuõxhe W…Þtu„ Au. r÷™ût nk{uþt ÞtuøÞ he‚u ƒkÄ ÚttÞ ‚u sYhe Au. r÷™ût™u yÞtuøÞ he‚u ƒkÄ fhðt™t fu y[t™f rðs¤e s‚e hnuðt™t Ëkòu„tu{tk yt rzhufxhe W…Þtu„{tk ytðu Au. yux÷u fu ÔÞðMÚtt …ze ¼tk„e ntuÞ íÞthu currupt files ™u þtuÄe™u ‚u™u repair fhu Au.

8. /mnt rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhuõxhe {tWLx …tuRLx rzhuõxhe Au yux÷u fu ftuE…ý ËtÄ™™u r÷™ût [t÷f …Ør‚ ËtÚtu s ftÞo fhtððt {txu™e W…Þtu„e yuðe VtR÷tu™u yt rzhuõxhe{tk Ët[ððt{tk ytðu Au.

9. /usr rzhuõxhe :

yt rzhuõxhe ËtiÚte y„íÞ™e rzhuõxheytu …ife{tk™e yuf Au, fthý fu ‚u{tk W…Þtu„f‚to™e ‚{t{ ƒtÞ™hentuÞ Au.

10. /sbin rzhuõxhe :

Sbin ™wk …qhwk ™t{ system binaries Au. yt rzhuõxhe [t÷f …æÄr‚™wk ft{ …qýo fhðt {txu ytð~Þf yuðe ‚{t{ ƒtÞ™he VtR÷ Ët[ðu Au. yt rzhuõxhe{tk …æÄr‚ ÔÞðMÚtt…™ yux÷u fu system administration ‚u{s ntzoðuh y™u {uELxu™LË fÂLVøÞwhuþ™ «tu„út{™tu Ë{tðuþ ÚttÞ Au.

Folder ™e ykŒh folder ƒ™tððt {txu, File menu …h mouse ðzu right click fhtu. File menu {tk yt…u÷

rðfÕ…tu{tkÚte 'create folder' ðt¤tu rðfÕ… …ËkŒ fhe ‚u™e …h click fh‚t ™ðwk folder ƒ™e òÞ Au y™u ‚u

view pane {tk òuðt {¤u Au. yt ™ðt ƒ™u÷ folder ™u ™t{ yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au.

Creating New Folders


Ubuntu

8

Copy Files & Folders : su file ™u copy fhðe Au ‚u file ™u view pane {tkÚte …ËkŒ fhtu. Menubar …h ytðu÷t Editmenu …h click fhe copy ™t rðfÕ…™u …ËkŒ fhtu.

Edit ® Copy

su folder {tk file ™u copy fhðe Au ‚u folder ™u open fhe™u, Vheðth menubar {tk Edit menu ™u …ËkŒ fhe ‚u{tk ytðu÷t rðfÕ… Paste …h click fhðt{tk ytðu Au.

Paste File & Folder : su folder {tk file ™u copy fhðe Au ‚u folder ™u open fhe Vheðth menubar {tk Edit menu ™u …ËkŒ fhe ‚u{tk ytðu÷t rðfÕ… paste …h click fhðt{tk ytðu Au.

Edit ® Paste

File ™u copy fhðt™tu ƒeòu xqkftu hM‚tu (short cut) : Ëti «Út{ su folder {tkÚte file copy fhðe Au ‚u file ™t icon ™u …ËkŒ fhe …ËkŒ„e™t icon …h mouse ™wk right ƒx™ press fh‚tk yuf ™t™wk menu òuðt {¤u Au. su “Short cut menu” ‚hefu ytu¤¾tÞ Au. yt menu {tkÚte “Copy file” ðt¤tu rðfÕ… …ËkŒ fhðt{tk ytðu Au. nðu yt file ™u su folder {tk copy fhðt™e ‚u folder …h VheÚte yufðth mouse ™wk right ƒx™ «uË fh‚tk shortcut menu open ÚttÞ Au. su{tkÚte “Paste special” rðfÕ… …ËkŒ fhðt{tk ytðu Au. ytðe he‚u yts …Ør‚Úte folder …ý copy ÚtE þfu Au.

yuf fh‚tk ðÄw file y™u folders ™u copy fhe þftÞ Au. yt {txu …ËkŒ fh‚e ð¾‚u Ctrl key ™u press fhe ht¾ðe sYhe Au. Ctrl key ™e ËtÚtu mouse ðzu files yÚtðt folders select fhe þftÞ Au.

Desktop & System Preferences :Ubuntu ‚u™t W…Þtu„f‚to™u GNome, XFce y™u KDE suðt zuMfxtu… yuLðtÞ™o{uLx yt…u Au. Kubuntu «tusuõx yu Ubuntu ™t ÞwÍËo™u …qðor™Ätorh‚ GNOME zuMfxtu… yuLðtÞ™o{uLx™e ðifÂÕ…f …ËkŒ„e yt…u Au. Ubuntu

ÞwÍËo™u nðu ‚u™u install fhe KDE zuMfxtu…™tu Ëh¤‚tÚte W…Þtu„ fhðt {txu Ëût{ Au. Kubuntu zuMfxtu… …ufus RLMxtu÷ ÚtE „Þt …Ae ftuE…ý ÔÞÂõ‚ GNOME yÚtðt KDE zuMfxtu…™tu W…Þtu„ fhe þfu Au.

GNOME yu W…Þtu„f‚to™u …qðor™Ätorh‚ he‚u yt…ðt{tk ytð‚wk zuMfxtu… Au. su Windows XP ™t zuMfxtu…™u {¤‚wk ytðu Au. zuMfxtu… …h Applications, places, system {u™q, yuÂÃ÷fuþ™ ÷tuL[h, rËMx{ zux yuLz xtR{, ðtuÕÞw{ fkxÙtu÷h, xtMfƒth ð„uhu òuðt {¤u Au.


Ubuntu

9

yt {u™q …h Âõ÷f fh‚tk swŒt-swŒt rðfÕ…tu òuðt {¤u Au. Preferences rðfÕ… yu Windows ™t fkxÙtu÷ …u™÷ suðt s Au. Preferences rðfÕ… …h õËoh ÷E s‚tk òuðt {¤‚tk yLÞ rðfÕ…tu™e {ŒŒÚte Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Sound, Network ð„uhu™u ÷„‚t settings fhe þftÞ Au. su{ fu, Monitor rðfÕ… …h Âõ÷f fhe™u Monitor ™wk resolution y™u position ƒŒ÷e þftÞ Au.

Administration rðfÕ… …h fËoh ÷E s‚tk òuðt {¤‚tk yLÞ rðfÕ…tu™e {ŒŒÚte ™uxðfo™e {trn‚e, log files òuE þftÞ Au. ‚u{s Time and Date rðfÕ…™e {ŒŒÚte rËMx{™e ‚the¾ y™u Ë{Þ set fhe þftÞ Au.

Desktop …h ™e[u s{ýe ƒtsw ¾qýt{tk Trash ™tu icon òuðt {¤u Au. Trash «tu„út{ yu Windows ™t Recycle Bin suðtu «tu„út{ Au.

Desktop …h ËtiÚte W…h s{ýe ƒtsw shutdown ™tu symbol òuðt {¤u Au. íÞtkÚte Logout, Restart, Shutdown ð„uhu fhe þftÞ Au.

zuMfxtu…™wk ƒuf„útWLz ƒŒ÷ðwk :zuMfxtu… …h htRx Âõ÷f fhe Change Desktop Background …h Âõ÷f fhðwk. nðu open ÚtÞu÷ Box

{tk Background xuƒ …h Âõ÷f fhe, ÞtuøÞ picture select fhe, close ƒx™ …h Âõ÷f fhðwk.

Applications Menu :

Applications ƒx™ yu Windows ™t start ƒx™ suðwk s Au. Applications {u™q …h Âõ÷f fhe™u swŒt-swŒt «tu„út{ suðt fu, calculator, Text Editor, Games, browser, openoffice (word,

spreadsheet, presentation), Movie player ð„uhu™u open fhe™u ‚u™tu W…Þtu„ fhe þftÞ Au.

Places :

yt {u™q …h Âõ÷f fhe™u Desktop, Pictures, Computer ð„uhu suðt rðfÕ…tu{tkÚte ftuE…ý rðfÕ… …h

Âõ÷f fh‚tk ËeÄt s ‚u location …h sE þftÞ Au. yt W…htk‚ server ËtÚtu™wk f™ufþ™ fhe þftÞ Au.

‚u{s search for files rðfÕ…™e {ŒŒÚte ftuE [tu¬Ë VtR÷™u þtuÄe …ý þftÞ Au.

System :


Ubuntu

10

Concept of NetworkingModule-4

Network & Net. Working

Network ƒu yÚtðt ðÄw computer ËtÚtu òuztÞu÷t yÚtðt òuztý fhðt{tk ytðu ‚u™u yt…ýu Network ‚hefu ytu¤¾eyu Aeyu.

Network ™tu W…Þtu„ yt…ýu Files, internet shering fhðt {txu fheyu Aeyu.

Network ½ýtk «fth™t ntuÞ Au.

Ubunto operating ™e Network Manager ™t{™wk Tools avalable ntuÞ Au. su™t îtht yt…ýu Network Manage y™u contig fhe þfeyu Aeyu. Network Manager yu Ubuntu ™e ykŒh Defalt install ntuÞ Au. ‚uÚte yt…ýu y÷„ install fhðwk …z‚wk ™Úte.

Network ™e {wÏÞ ƒu categery Au.

1. Server based

2. Peer to peer

1. Server based

Server based categary ™e ykŒh primory serbeices suðt fu, File System, printer, inter net yu yuf computer ™e ykŒh set ntuÞ Au. su™u yt…ýu server ‚hefu ytu¤¾eyu Aeyu. yu™u yt services ™tu W…Þtu„ fhðt {txu servren ™e Reguest fhe Use fhu ‚u™u client ‚he¾u ytu¤¾ðt{tk ytðu Au.

2. Peer to Peer

Peer to Peer ™e ykŒh Cojmputer yuf ƒeò ËtÚtu òuztÞu÷t ntuÞ y™u su{tk ftuR servisae user fhðt {txu ftuR Regust server ™u send ™ fhðt …zu. Peer to Peer Network fnuðt{tk ytðu Au.

Network Contigration

™e[u Œþtoðu÷ «r¢Þt{tk ytu…ýu Manually IP Contigration rðþu òýeyu

Ëti «Út{ ‚{tht Desktop W…h Titlbor ™e ykŒh system ™t{™wk menu òuðt {¤u Au.

System Õ Preterences Õ Network Conneation

Network Conneation windows ™e ykŒh Auto etho select fhe Edit ƒx™ …h click fhtu.


IPv4 Setting ™e tab selecte fhtu. y™u Method ™e Mavual select fhtu.

Add ƒx™ …h click fhtu.

Address ™e ykŒh ‚{thtu IP Enter fhtu. yu s he‚u Netmask, gateway, DNS Server Enter fhtu.

Save ƒx™ …h click fhtu.

Wireless Network wbontu ™e ykŒh Defalte Set ÚtÞu÷wk ntuÞ Au. òu ‚{the System ykŒh wireless

system fonctility avalablel ntuÞ ‚tu ‚{u Witi on fhe Title bar …h Network ™t icon …h click

fhtu yux÷u ‚{the ytË…tË™t Wireless Network ™wk list ƒ‚tðu Au.

list ™e ykŒh™wk ftuR …ý Network Selsct fh‚t. su‚u Network, Pass word, Protect nþu ‚tu ‚u™tuu

Password …wAðt{tk ytðþu. y™u òu ftuR Protaction ™nª ntuÞ ‚tu Automaticly witi Network

connect ÚtR sþu.

Inireless Internet/Network Setop

Web BrowsingInternet ™wk connection ÚtE „Þt …Ae ‚u{tk ft{ fhðt {txu web browser ™e sYh …zu Au. Web browser ™e {ŒŒÚte Internet ™wk ftÞo ÚttÞ Au y™u ‚u {txu browser ™t address {tk (www - world wide web) www.website ™wk ™t{ yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au y™u yt…u÷ site browser {tk open ÚttÞ Au. Œt.‚. “www.computerworld.ind.in”. Web browser Net navigator ‚hefu …ý ytu¤¾tÞ Au. yt{, system {tk internet îtht work fhðt {txu Internet connection ËtÚtu browser application (S/W) …ý ntuðe sYhe Au.

Linux system {tk main menu {tk Internet option ™u select fh‚tk ‚u{tk Internet Applications, Evolution Mail, Instant Messanger, Mozilla web browser suðt suboption òuðt {¤þu.

Linux system {tk Mozilla web browser application îtht internet {tk ft{fhe þftÞ Au. Mozilla yu web browser, email client, news reader y™u webpage composer program Au. ‚u™u open main menu {tk™t Internet option {tkÚte fhe þftÞ Au.

Applications ® Internet ® Mozilla Firefox …h Âõ÷f fh‚tk


Ubuntu

12

suðe he‚u {tE¢tuËtu^x rðLztuÍ{tk E-{uE÷™u ÷„‚t ftÞtu o™u ËwÔÞðÂMÚt‚ ht¾ðt {txu Outlook

Express (ytWx÷wf yuõË«uË) ™tu W…Þtu„ fhðt{tk ytðu Au. ‚uðe s he‚u r÷™ût{tk …ý

Evolution (EðtuÕÞqþ™) ™t{™t rðr™Þtu„™tu W…Þtu„ fhðt{tk ytðu Au.

yt Evolution (EðtuÕÞqþ™) ™tu W…Þtu„ Ët{tLÞ E-{uE÷ õ÷tÞLx fh‚tk rðþu»t Au. yt

Evolution rðr™Þtu„™u þY fhðt {txu Application ƒx™ …h Âõ÷f fhe™u ‚u{tk ELxh™ux rðfÕ…

…h Âõ÷f fh‚tk òuðt {¤‚e …uxt ÞtŒe{tkÚte Evolution E-mail ™t{™tu rðfÕ… …ËkŒ fh‚t

Evolution-mail ™wk ztÞ÷tu„ ƒtuût òuðt {¤u Au. E-{uE÷ fhðt {txu y™u {u¤ððt {txu

EðtuÕÞqþ™ rðr™Þtu„{tk ½ýt ƒÄt «fth™e „tuXðý fhðe …z‚e ntuÞ Au. su{tk {wÏÞíðu

Protocols («tuxtuftuÕË) y™u E-mail Server (E{uE÷ Ëðoh) ™e „tuXðý fhðe ¾qƒ s sYhe Au.

EmailE-{uE÷™tu W…Þtu„ fhðtu :


Ubuntu

13

r{ºttu, nðu EðtuÕÞqþ™ {uE÷ îtht yt…ý™u fuðt-fuðt «fth™e ËwrðÄtytu …qhe …tzðt{tk ytðu Au ‚u rðþu Ë{Syu.

su{fu {uE÷ {tuf÷ðt, {u¤ððt, VtE÷tu™wk rƒztý (Attachment) fhðwk, ELxh™ux …hÚte VtE÷tu™u yt…ýe rzMf …h ÷tððe yux÷u fu Download fhðe. yt rËðtÞ E{uE÷™wk ð„eofhý yux÷u fu Filter

fhðwk, Íz…e þtuÄe þftÞ ‚uðe fu÷uLzh rþzâw÷h ð„uhu suðe y™ufrðÄ ËwrðÄtytu …qhe …tzðt{tk ytðu Au. yux÷u fu yu{ fne þftÞ fu EðtuÕÞqþ™ yu Ëk…qýo…ýu ËwrðÄtÞwõ‚ ELV{uoþ™ {u™us{uLx xq÷ Au.

EðtuÕÞqþ™ {uE÷ îtht {¤‚e ËwrðÄtytu yux÷u fu Facilities :


Ubuntu

14

Module-5Making the Most ofImages and Photos

gThumb Image ViewergThumb yu GNOME zuMfxtu… {txu™wk image viewer y™u borwser Au. gThumb image viewer yu „útrVf R{us VtR÷tu™u ¼u„e fhðt y™u òuðt {txu™wk ¾qƒ s W…Þtu„e xq÷ Au. yt W…htk‚, ‚u{tk Ët{tLÞ yurz®x„ ftÞo …ý fhe þftÞ Au.

Applications ® Graphics ® gThumb Image Viewer …h Âõ÷f fh‚tk ‚u open ÚttÞ Au.

Gthumb image viewer, .BMP, .JPEG, .GIF, .PNG, .TIFF, .ICO, .XPM ð„uhu suðt R{us Vtu{uox™u Ë…tuxo

fhu Au. yt W…htk‚ Vtu{uox ƒŒ÷e …ý þftÞ Au.

‚{u digital camera {tkÚte pictures ÷tðe þftu Atu, Photo CD ƒ™tðe þftu Atu ‚u{s pictures ™tu Slide

show …ý òuE þftu Atu, yt W…htk‚ images ™u full screen {tk …ý òuE þftÞ Au, rotate …ý fhe þftÞ Au

‚u{s black and white {tk …ý òuE þftÞ Au. Images ™e brightness y™u contrast ðÄthe fu ½xtze

þftÞ Au.


Open Office ImpressThe GIMPWindows {tk ‚{u Paint, Photoshop suðt «tu„út{™tu W…Þtu„ fhu÷ nþu. Ubuntu {tk yu «tu„út{™u ƒŒ÷u GIMP ™t{™tu £e «tu„út{ install fhe þftÞ Au. GIMP ™wk …qhwk ™t{ GNU Image Manipulation Program Au. GIMP yu {Õxe Ã÷uxVtu{o …h [t÷e þfu Au. GIMP yu Image {txu W…Þtu„e swŒt-swŒt ftÞtuo suðt fu photo retouching, image composition, image construction ð„uhu {txu Ëût{ Au. yt W…htk‚, GIMP ™tu Ët{tLÞ Paint program, online batch processing system, mass production image rendeer, image format converter ð„uhu ‚hefu …ý W…Þtu„ fhe þftÞ Au.

½ýt GNU/Linux rð‚hftu GIMP ™u «tÚtr{f yuÂÃ÷fuþ™ ‚hefu Ë{tðuþ fhe™u s yt…u Au. GIMP yu TM TMMicrosoft Windows yÚtðt Apple ™e Mac OS X (Darwin) suðe ytu…hu®x„ rËMx{ …h …ý W…÷çÄ

ntuE þfu Au.


Ubuntu

16

Ëk…qýo …uR®Lx„ xqÕË suðt fu brushes, pencil, airbrust, clonig ð„uhu yt…u÷t Au

Tile ytÄtrh‚ memory management ntuÞ Au. suÚte R{us™e ËtRÍ rzMf …h™e W…÷çÄ søÞt îtht {ÞtorŒ‚ ntuÞAu.

xÙtLË…huLËe ËtÚtu ftÞo fhðt {txu Ëk…qýo alpha channel ftÞo fhu Au.

Layers y™u Channels W…÷çÄ Au.

ƒnth™t «tu„út{tu su{ fu Script-Fu …hÚte ykŒh™t GIMP Vfht™tu calling {txu zuxtƒuÍ yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au.

ytÄwr™f rM¢Ãxª„ Ët{ÚÞo‚t Au.

yuf fh‚tk ðÄthu undo/redo ™u Ë…tuxo fhu Au.

Rotate, Scale, shear y™u flip suðt xÙtLËVtu{uoþ™ xqÕË™tu Ë{tðuþ ÚtÞu÷ Au.

GIF, JPEG, PNG, XPM, TIFF, TGA, MPEG, PS, PDF, PCX, BMP ð„uhu suðt ½ýt «fth™t VtR÷ Vtu{uox™u Ë…tuxo fhu Au.

™ðt VtR÷ Vtu{uox y™u ™ðt RVuõx rVÕxh™u Ëût{‚tÚte W{uhðt {txu™t plug-ins ™e …hðt™„e yt…u Au.

GIMP ™t features (÷tûtrýf‚tytu) y™u Capabilities (Ët{ÚÞo‚tytu)


Module-6 Advance Topics

Command Line BasicsLinux ™e ykŒh GUI (Graphical Usuer Interface) ntuÞ Au. ßÞtk ‚u{tk clicking, dragging ð„uhu fhe þftu Atu. y™u ftuE…ý ò‚™e {ŒŒ ð„h ‚{thwk ftÞo fhe þftu Atu. ßÞthu Unix yuLðtÞ™o{uLx yu CLI

(Command Line Interface) Au. ßÞtk yt…ýu þwkfhðwk Au ‚u {txu™t commands xtR… fhe™u fBÃÞqxh™u fnuðwk …zu Au. r÷™ût™e ½ýe ƒÄe ytð]r¥tytu Au …ý ÷„¼„ Œhuf ytð]r¥t Command Line Interface terminal

…h yufËh¾t command ™tu s W…Þtu„ fhu Au.

Command Line ™tu W…Þtu„ fhðt™t VtÞŒtytu :

‚{tht xtE{™tu ƒ[tð fhu Au.

ßÞthu ‚{u GUI ™tu W…Þtu„ fhðt {txu yËût{ ntuÞ. su{ fu, Crash yÚtðt Configuration issue ð¾‚u

GUI Ët{tLÞ he‚u ™ fhe þf‚wk ntuÞ (su{ fu Scripting repetitive task) ‚uðt Ë{Þu Linux ™tu W…Þtu„ fhðt {txu ‚{u Ëût{ ntuE þftu Atu.

Terminal þY fhðwk :

Terminal open fhðt {txu Applications ® Accessories ® Terminal …h Âõ÷f fhðwk.

File & Directory Commands :

(1) man : man yu manual ™wk xqkfwk ™t{ Au, su™e {ŒŒÚte ftuE…ý f{tLz™e {ŒŒ {u¤ðe þftÞ Au. su{ fu, man echo

(2) date : rËMx{™e ‚the¾ y™u Ë{Þ òýe þftÞ Au.

Example : date + “%d” – Võ‚ yts™e ‚the¾ òýðt

date + “%d%m” – yts™e ‚the¾ y™u {rn™tu òýðt

Date {txu™t W…Þtu„e Options :

d – ‚the¾ H – f÷tf

m – {rn™tu m – r{r™x

y – ð»to™t AuÕ÷t ƒu ytkfzt S – ËufLz

D – mm/dd/yy MðY…™e ‚the¾ T – hh:mm:ss MðY…™t Ë{Þ {txu.


Open Office.org Printer Setup (3) pwd : ÞwÍh™e current (nt÷™e) rzhufxhe™tu …tÚt òýe þftÞAu.

(4) CD (Change Directory) : rzhuõxhe ƒŒ÷ðt {txu yt f{tLz™tu W…Þtu„ ÚttÞ Au. su{ fu,

Cd / : root rzhufxhe{tk sðt

cd yÚtðt cd ~ : rzhufxhe{tk sðt

cd . . : rzhufxhe{tkÚte ƒnth ™ef¤ðt

cd _ : …tA¤™e rzhufxhe{tk sðt

cd / var/ www : yuf s Ë{Þu rzhufxhe™t yuf fh‚tk ðÄthu level …h sðt.

(5) ls : Current rzhufxhe™e VtE÷tu™u òuðt {txu ÚttÞ Au. su{tk file type, name, size, date, time ð„uhu {trn‚e òuðt {¤u Au.

(6) who : Linux ™uxðfo rËMx{{{tk yuf fh‚tk ðÄthu ÞwÍËo y÷„-y÷„ terminal …h ftÞo fh‚tk ntuÞ íÞthu fux÷t user ftÞo fhu Au. ‚u òýe þftÞ Au.

(7) Who am i :ÞwÍh su ÷tu„e™ ™u{ yt…e™u rËMx{{tk ÷tu„e™ ÚtÞtu ntuÞ ‚u ÞwÍh™u{ òuðt {¤u Au.

(8) mkdir : ™ðe rzhufxhe ƒ™tðe þftÞ Au. su{ fu,

mkdir compworld

mkdir Author Admin Account

(9) rmdir : rzhufxhe™u remove fhe þftÞ Au. su{ fu,

rmdir compworld

(10) cat : VtR÷™u create fhe þftÞ Au, òuE þftÞ Au ‚u{s ƒu VtR÷tu™u {so fhe þftÞ Au. su{ fu,

cat data1 : VtR÷™e content òuðt

cat > newdata : ™ðe VtR÷ ƒ™tððt

(™tUÄ : p yt…‚tk ™ðe ƒ™tðu÷e VtE÷ y™u ‚u™t p Úte sþu.

cat data1 newdata : ƒu VtE÷ yuf ËtÚtu òuðt

(11) echo : echo ËtÚtu Œþtoðu÷ string ™u ËkŒuþ ‚hefu display fhe þftÞ Au. su{ fu,

x = 5

echo “The value of x is $X”

(12) cal : fu÷uLzh òuE þ¾tÞ Au. su{ fu,

cal 2008

cal

(13) Clear : Screen Clear fhe þftÞ Au.


Ubuntu

19

(14) CP : yuf fu ‚uÚte ðÄw VtE÷™e ftu…e ™ðe rzhufxhe yÚtðt VtR÷{tk fhe þftÞ Au. su{ fu,

CP data1 newdata compworld

compworld ™t{™e rzhufxhe{tk data1 y™u newdata ™t{™e VtE÷ ftu…e Útþu.

(15) mv : mv ™wk …qhwk ™t{ move Au, su™e {ŒŒÚte VtE÷™u yuf søÞtyuÚte ƒeS søÞtyu ÷E sE þftÞ Au. yÚtðt VtR÷™wk ™t{ ƒŒ÷e þftÞ Au.

(16) df : ƒÄt s partitions ™e W…Þtu„{tk ÷eÄu÷ VtR÷ rËMx{™e rzMf M…uË Œþtoðu Au.

(17) free : rËMx{{tk W…Þtu„{tk ÷eÄu÷ y™u £e {u{he™wk «{tý Œþtoðu Au.

ƒu ftuüf ƒ‚tððt


Ubuntu

20

File & Directory PermissionSystem yuf fh‚tk ðÄw users ™u ßÞthu Ëk¼t¤u Au íÞthu, ‚u {txu sYhe Au ‚u{™e file system ™e security y™u privacy ™u Ët[ððe y™u ‚u «{týu ‚u{™e Þkºt h[™t fhðe, ËtÚtu ËtÚtu system resources (system ËtÚtu òuztý Ähtð‚tk Þkºt suðt fu printer, scanner ð„uhu) Œhuf y÷„-y÷„ user ™u ‚u{™e sYrhÞt‚ «{týu W…÷çÄ ÚttÞ ‚uðe he‚u „tuXðý fhe™u {ksqhe yt…ðt™wk ftÞo ÔÞðÂMÚt‚ he‚u ÚttÞ ‚u {txu system {tk group level ™wk r™{toý fhðt{tk ytðu Au. yt{tk, Œhuf user ™u ftuE yuf [tu¬Ë „úw…™tu ËÇÞ ƒ™tððt{tk ytðu Au y™u ‚u {wsƒ ‚u™u system {tk ft{ fhðt™t n¬ «MÚttr…‚ fhðt{tk ytðu Au. ftuE yuf group ™u yt…u÷ n¬tu ‚u™t Œhuf ËÇÞ {txu ntuÞ Au. (System {tk group ™u {¤‚t privileges ‚u™t system operation ™u ytÄthu yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au).

yt rðþu»t‚t™u Ëh¤ ƒ™tððt {txu ‚u™u ºtý rð¼t„{tk ðnU[ðt{tk ytðu Au.

(1) Owner (2) Group (3) Other

File PermissionFile permissions ™u …ý ºtý ¼t„{tk ðnU[ðt{tk ytðu Au. (File {tk ftÞo fhðt {txu ºtý «fth™e {ksqhe Œþtoðu÷ Au. fÞt «fth™wk ftÞo VtR÷{tk fhðwk Au ‚u ytÄthu permission yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au.)

1. Read (r) 2. Write (w) 3. Execute (x)

File ™u Œþtoðu÷ ºtý rð¼t„ – owner, group y™u others {tkÚte ftuE yuf rð¼t„{tk «MÚttr…‚ fhðt{tk ytðu Au. File su rð¼t„ ËtÚtu Ëkf¤tÞu÷ nþu ‚u rð¼t„™t ƒÄt n¬tu™e {ksqhe ‚u™u {¤u Au.

Œhuf user ™u ‚u™wk yuf UserId ntuÞ Au. su ‚u™t rð¼t„ ytÄtrh‚ ntuÞ Au y™u ‚u file ËtÚtu Ëk÷ø™ ntuÞ Au. System ™t ƒeò UserId yu file ËtÚtu Ëk÷ø™ ntu‚t ™Úte. Ët{tLÞ he‚u owner ™u non-executable file ™u read y™u write fhðt™t n¬ ntuÞ Au. ‚u{s executable file ™u read, write y™u execute fhðt™t …ý n¬ ntuÞ Au.

File DirectoryFile ™e su{ s directory permission ™u …ý ºtý ¼t„{tk ðnU[ðt{tk ytðu Au.

1. Read (r) 2. Write (w) 3. Execute (x)

File «{týu directory ™u …ý n¬ yt…e þftÞ Au. File manager application ™tu W…Þtu„ file y™u folder ™u yt…u÷ {tr÷fe y™u ‚u™e {ksqheytu™u (ownership & permission) òuðt {txu ‚u{ s yu{tk VuhVth fhðt {txu ÚttÞ Au.

Võ‚ {tr÷f (owner) s file/folder ™e permissions ™u ƒŒ÷e þfu Au y™u superuser yÚtðt root s file/folder ™t {tr÷fe…ýt (ownership) ™u ƒŒ÷e þfu Au.


Ubuntu

21

Linux Files y™u File PermissionLinux system {tk file create ÚttÞ íÞthƒtŒ ‚u file ™u access fhðt {txu ‚u™u yt…u÷ access control ™u æÞt™{tk ht¾e™u s ftÞo ÚtE þfu Au. yux÷u fu file ™u yt…u÷ permission control ™u æÞt™{tk ht¾e™u ftÞo fhe þftÞ Au. File access ºtý «fth™tk Au.

(a) Read (b) Write (c) Execute

Linux ™e Œhuf file specific user y™u group {tk hnu÷e ntuÞ Au. File ™u access fhðt {txu ‚u™wk controlling user, group yÚtðt other îtht ÚttÞ Au.

Permission setting {tk “Other” user file ™tu use fhe þfu ‚u {txu executable, read yÚtðt write permission yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au.

File Names y™u Permission Character rðþu {trn‚eLinux {tk file ™wk ™t{ 256 character ËwÄe ht¾e þftÞ Au. su{tk “_”, “-” y™u “.” character letters y™u numbers ËtÚtu yt…e þftÞ Au.

Œt.‚. dreamweaver

Linux ™e Œhuf file {tk total 10 character òuðt {¤u Au. …nu÷tu character file type Œþtoðu Au. su y™w¢{u user, group y™u other {txu ntuÞ Au. ºtý «fth™e permission ºtý «fth™t user {txu Œþtoðu÷ Au.

-rwxr- - r - - 1 compworld 18 sep 6 13 : 28 script1.txt

ynª «Út{ r[Ln VtE÷ Œþtoððt {txu Au, ‚Útt òu «Út{ d ntuÞ ‚tu ‚u rzhuõxhe Œþtoðu Au. íÞthƒtŒ ‚u™e …h{eþ™ Œþtoðu÷ ntuÞ Au.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

File User Permission Group Permission Other Permission

Type Read Write Execute Read Write Execute Read Write Execute

d r w e r w e r w e

Character 1 yu File type Au. su{tk d yu directory, l yu link Œþtoðu Au.

î Character 2 Úte 4 yu Owner permission Œþtoðu Au.

Character 2 = Read, 3 = Write, 4 = Execute

î Character 5 Úte 7 group permission Œþtoðu Au.

Character 5 = Read, 6 = Write, 7 = Execute


Ubuntu

22

î Character 8 Úte 10 other permission Œþtoðu Au.

su Ët{tLÞ he‚u ƒeò user {txu ntuÞ Au.

Character 8 = Read, 9 = Write, 10 = Execute.

î Permission field {tk 5 Ëk¼rð‚ character òuðt {¤u Au.

Directory PermissionDirectory permission field {txu ƒu «fth™tk special bit ntuÞ Au.

–s set group ID

–t save text attribute (sticky bit)

User Võ‚ ‚u s file ™u delete yÚtðt modify fhe þfu Au.

Save text attribute

/temp directory yu common typical world writable directory Au, su™u list {tk òu‚tk, ŒþtoÔÞt «{týu™e premission òuðt {¤u Au.

drwxrwxrwt 13 root 4096 mar 15 01:05 tmp

yt directory ™u ƒÄt s (user) read, write y™u execute îtht access fhe þfu Au. “t” attribute Œþtoðu Au fu Vf‚ user (y™u root) s {tºt yt directory {tk file ƒ™tðe þfu ‚u{s delete fhe þfu Au.

Sticky bit (t) directory {tk set fhðt {txu ŒþtoÔÞt «{týu command yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au.

chmod +t data

Directory set group ID

Directory {tk group ID set fhðt{tk ytðu ‚tu yu{tk™e files ™u group ownership {¤u Au. [tu¬Ë files ™t Access {txu y{wf user ™u yt attribute ¾qƒ s ft{™tu ntuÞ Au.

Œt.‚. Administrator yuf group create fhu Au. su™wk ™t{ compuprj Au, ‚tu yt group {tk user A, B, C Ë{trðü Au. ftuE directory ™tu GID set fhðt{tk ytðu ‚tu ‚u{tk hnu÷ Œhuf user ™u ‚u directory {tk™e File ™u access fhðt™e permission {¤e òÞ Au. ƒeò group ™t user yt directory ™e file access fhe þf‚t ™Úte.


Ubuntu

23

User & Group Management

System Administration ® User and Groupyt Option rË÷uõx fh‚t òu ÷e™ût{tk yuz{e™eMxÙuxh login ÚtÞu÷w nþu ‚tu yt„¤ ™e «tuËuË Útþu, y™u ÞwÍh login nþu ‚tu Administrator ™t root …tËðzo {txu™tu Query diglog box Open ÚttÞ Au. ‚u{tk root …tËðzo ytÃÞt ƒtŒ s yt„¤™e «tuËuË fhe þftÞ Au. …tËðzo yt…e OK yt…‚t User Manager dialog box Open ÚttÞ Au.

®

Add group

ƒ™tðu÷ ÞwÍhtu{tkÚte ÞtuøÞ ÞwÍh …ËkŒ fhe™u ‚u™wk „úw… ƒ™tððt {txu Add group ™tu W…Þtu„ ÚttÞ Au.- Add group ƒx™ …h click fh‚t Create new group dialog box Open ÚttÞ Au. ‚u{tk „úw…

™t{ xtE… fÞto ƒtŒ „úw… ID {uLÞwy÷e yt…ðwk ntuÞ ‚tu ‚u Option ™u rË÷uõx fhe™u visible Út‚t GID {tk yt„¤ yt…u÷ ™ ntuÞ ‚uðw ID yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au. íÞthƒtŒ OK ƒx™ …h click fhðt{tk ytðu Au.

- yt…u÷ „úw… ™wk ™t{ User manager dialog box {tk rzMÃ÷u ÚttÞ Au. ‚u™t «tu…xeo Option …h click fh‚t Open Út‚t dialog box {tk su ÞwÍh ™u ‚u „úw… {tk ht¾ðt ntuÞ ‚u™u rË÷uõx fhðt{tk ytðu Au.

Linux {tk òu ÞwÍh ™u{ ‚hefu root ËtÚtu Administrator login ÚtÞu÷ ntuÞ ‚tu Terminal Open fh‚t ‚u{t # (hash) r[Ln òuðt {¤u Au. òu home ÞwÍh ËtÚtu login ÚtÞt ntuÞ ‚tu $ (ztu÷h) r[Ln òuðt {¤u Au.Note

r÷™ût{tk ™ðt ÞwÍh y™u „úw… ƒ™tððt {txu™e …æÄr‚

- Open ÚtÞu÷ dialog box {tk Add user Icon …h click fh‚t yÚtðt file menu {tk Add user Option …h click fh‚t Create New user dialog box Open ÚttÞ Au.- New user dialogbox {tk ÞwÍh ™u{, …tËðzo yt…ðt{tk ytðu Au ‚Útt su Shell {tk ftÞo fhðt™wk Au ‚u

Shell, login Shell ™t{™t Combobox {tkÚte …ËkŒ fhðt{tk ytðu Au.- Home Directory {tk ƒ™tðu÷ UserName Home Directory ™e yt„¤ òuðt {¤u Au.

Œt.‚. / home / Compworld.

- ƒ™tðu÷ ÞwÍh ™u ID {uLÞwy÷e yt…ðt {txu yt Option rË÷uõx fhe™u visible Út‚t UID {tkÚte ™t yt…u÷w ntuÞ ‚uðw UID yt…e þftÞ Au.

- User manager {tk yt…u÷t Option suðt fu,Properties - ÞwÍh ™u rË÷uõx fhe™u Properties Option rË÷uõx fh‚t ÞwÍh ™e «tu…xeo òuðt{¤u Au.Delete - ƒ™tðu÷ ÞwÍh y™u „úw… ™u Delete fhðt {txu.

Administrator {tºt ™ðt ÞwÍh y™u „úw… ƒ™tðe þfu Au. Note


Ubuntu

24

Backup & Compress Utilitytar y™u gzip yu r÷™™ ytÄtrh‚ rËMx{ W…h VtR÷tu™tu ƒuf ÷uðt™wk y™u compress fhðt {txu™wk «tÚtr{f

{tæÞ{ Au. ynª ½ýe ƒÄe VtR÷tu™u ¼u„e fhe yuf s VtR÷ ƒ™tððt{tk ytðu Au y™u ‚u™u compress fhe rzMf

…h™e søÞt ƒ[tðe þftÞ Au.

Backing up

Ëti«Út{ terminal þY fhðwk. y{wf rzhufxhe, ƒufy… {txu read y™u write fhðt root yÚtðt superuser ™e …hr{þ™ {tk„u Au. yt {txu ft{[÷tW root …hr{þ™ …ý {u¤ðe þftÞ Au. su™t {txu sudo

f{tLz™e {ŒŒÚte tar command run fhðtu …zu Au. yt WŒtnhý {txu yt…ýu rzhufxhe™u root {tk Vuhðeþwk fu ßÞtk ƒufy… ‚iÞth Útþu. yt RåAt {wsƒ™tu r™ýoÞ Au, ‚{u ƒufy…™u ƒeS søÞtyu …ý ‚iÞth fhe þftu Atu. yt {txu external hard drive, yLÞ partition yÚtðt W…÷çÄ disk ™u {tWLx fhe þftÞ Au. ‚u{s ntu{ rzhuõxhe{tk VtuÕzh™tu W…Þtu„ …ý fhe þ¾tÞ Au. yt Œhuf {txu …qh‚e søÞt ntuðe sYhe Au.

yt {txu ftuE…ý rzhufxhe{tk sðt Võ‚ CD f{tLz™tu W…Þtu„ fhðtu.

cd /

ynª system ™tu ƒufy… ÷uðt {txu™tu exemplary (Œt¾÷tY…) f{tLz yt…u÷ Au.

tar - cvpzf backup.tar.gz --exclude=/backup.tar.gz --exclude=/proc --execlude=/lost +

found --exclude=/sys --exclude=/mnt --exclude=/media --exclude=/dev /

nðu yt…ýu yt f{tLz™t Œhuf ¼t„™u Ë{Syu :

(1) tar

yt f{tLz archive ‚iÞth fhu Au. ‚u™u yuf letter îtht modify fhðt{tk ytðu Au. yt letters ™e[u {wsƒ Au.

C : ™ðwk ƒufy… archive ‚iÞth fhu Au.

V : Verbose (þçŒt¤w) {tuz, tar yu screen …h Út‚wk ftÞo print fhþu.

P : …tA¤Úte ƒufy…™u restore fhðt {txu VtE÷tu{tk …hr{þ™ {qfe™u Ët[ðe ht¾u Au.

Z : ƒufy… VtE÷™e ËtRÍ ½xtzu Au.

f <Filename> : ƒufy…™tu Ëk„ún õÞtk fhðtu ‚u ™¬e fhu Au. ynª backup.tar.gz VtR÷™u{™tu W…Þtu„ fhu÷ Au. ‚u nt÷™e rzhufxhe{tk Mxtuh fhþu.


Ubuntu

25

(2)-exclude=/example/path :

Options fu su yt mode ™u y™wËhu Au. ‚u tar ™u Ëq[™t yt…u Au fu fE rzhufxhe™tu ƒufy… Útþu ™rn.

ƒÄe s rzhufxhe™tu ƒufy… ‚uðtu sYhe ntu‚wk ™Úte. «Út{ exclution rule yu tar ™u Ëq[ðu Au fu …tu‚u

…tu‚t™tu ƒufy… fhþu ™rn, yt «r¢Þt operations ŒhBÞt™ ¼q÷tu (errors) ™u Œqh fhðt sYhe Au.

íÞthƒtŒ root {tk /proc, /lost+found, /sys, /mnt, /media y™u /dev rzhuõxhe™u exclude

fhu÷ Au. /proc y™u /sys yu ðåÞwoy÷ VtR÷ rËMx{tu Au. /del yu tmpfs yu Au su™t contents,

udev îtht ztÞ™ur{f he‚u ‚iÞth fhðt{tk ytðu Au y™u rzr÷x …ý fhðt{tk ytðu Au.

òu /media {tkÚte ƒufy… ÷uðt™tu ntuÞ ‚tu Võ‚ exclusion ™u rzr÷x fhe™u ‚u™e søÞtyu yt «{týu

™ðwk yuf partion xtR… fhtu.

(3) / :

rËMx{ …h™tu ƒÄtu s ƒufy… ÷uðt {txu yt…ýu root directory {txu '/' ™tu W…Þtu„ fheyu Aeyu.

Archive Splitting :

òu ‚{u archive ™u disk …h burn fhðt RåA‚t ntuð yÚtðt ðÄthu VtR÷ ËtRÍðt¤e VtR÷ rËMx{™u

{ÞtorŒ‚ søÞt{tk {tuf÷ðt RåA‚t ntuÞ ‚tu ‚u™u archive ‚iÞth fh‚t …nu÷tk fu …Ae y÷„ fhe þftÞ Au.

To Split during Creation

tar ~cvpz < put options here> / | split -d -b 3900m - /name/of / backup.tar.gz

(1) Pipe (|) ËwÄe™tu ¼t„ yt…ýt «Út{ WŒtnhý {wsƒ Au. Võ‚ 'f' ™u …z‚tu {qfu÷ Au.

(2) -d : yt option Œþtoðu Au fu archive yu þçŒ™t Auzu alphabetical ™u ƒŒ÷u numerical suffix

òuzþu. Œhuf split yu 01 ËtÚtu þY Útþu y™u Œhuf ™ðe split VtE÷ ËtÚtu ðÄ‚tu sþu.

(3) -b : yt option ™e ËtRÍ ™¬e fhu Au.

(4) - (hypen) : R™…wx VtR÷ {txu™wk placeholder Au y™u standard input ™tu W…Þtu„ fhðt split

™u Ëq[™ fhu Au.

(5) /name/of/backup.tar.gz : yt yuf prefix Au su Œhuf ‚iÞth ÚtÞu÷ split VtR÷{tk apply

Útþu.


Ubuntu

26

Split -d -b 3900m /path/to/backup.tar.gz /name/of/backup.tar.gz.

To Split After Creation :

Backup Using Wizard


Ubuntu

27

Partition ManagmentUbuntu ™e ykŒh Partition {tk ftuR VuhVth fhðt{ {txu yt…ýu installation «r¢Þt fh‚e Ë{Þu Partition {tk Change fhðt …zu Au.

òu ‚{thu ‚{the Disk ™t Partition {tk ftuR VuhVth fhðtu ntuÞ ‚tu installation Ë{Þu ™e[u Œþtoðu÷ step follow fhtu.

Allocete drive space ™wk rðLztu òuðt Au. íÞthu yt…u÷ rðLztu{tk ºtý option Œþtoðu÷ nþu, ‚u{tkÚte “Specify Partitions Manually Cadvoned” option selecte fÞto ƒtŒ forward ƒx™ …h click fhðwk.


Ubuntu

28

nðu …Ae™wk rðLztu ytu…™ Útþu. ‚u{tk Partition ƒ™tððt™e «r¢Þt þY Útþu.

Free space ™wk option rË÷uõx fhe™u Add ƒx™ …h click fh‚t yuf ™ðwk rðLztu yux÷u fu Creale New Partition ytu…™ Útþu.

Create New Partition ™e ykŒh Primary Logical y™u ƒu «fth™t Partition Create fhe þftu Atu.

nðu …Ae ‚{tht Partition ™e size {u„tƒtRx yux÷u fu MB {tk Enter fhtu.

‚{tht Partition ÷tufuþ™ selscte fhtu. su{tk Beginnig yux÷u fu þYyt‚{tk y™u end yux÷u fu yk‚{tk òuðt {¤þu.

Mount point rË÷uõx fhe OK ƒx™ …h Âõ÷f fhtu.‚{thw Partion Creacte ÚtR sþu.


Ubuntu

29

Useful Commands in UbuntuA comprehensive list of commands needed when using Ubuntu:

passwd – change your password

ifconfig – displays information network

sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart – reset the network

(file) /etc/network/interfaces – manual configuration

ifup interface – bring online interface

ifdown interface – disable interface

start service – service to start work

stop service – service to stop working

status service – check if service is running

runlevel – get current runlevel

ufw enable – turn on the firewall

ufw disable – turn off the firewall

uname -r – get kernel version

uname -a – get all the information kernel

apt-get update – refresh updates available

apt-get install pkg – installing pkg

apt-get remove pkg – uninstall pkg

nautilus – File Manager (GNOME)

dolphin – File Manager (KDE)

konqueror – Web browser (KDE)

kate – text editor (KDE)

gedit – text editor (GNOME)


Ubuntu

30

ubuntu€¦ · module-1 introducing ubuntu open source, free software movement and linux open...

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