General Biology 1—Exam 2 ReviewThis review has 2 parts, the first part being an outline to help you through studying. The second part contains practice questions that will be based off the topics from the outline, PowerPoints, or textbook chapter 6 through 9. Remember, this is student created and may NOT cover every topic, so it is up to you to ensure that you cover all the necessary topics. ~Good Luck!

Part 1: Chapter 6: Cellular Components/ Organelles What are cells? Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes Compare animal and plant cells Know the organelles, any special properties and their functions:

o Plasma membraneo Cytosolo Nucleus and nucleoluso Ribosomes

What is the endomembrane system? What organelles are involved?o ER: smooth and rougho Golgio Lysosomeo Peroxisomeso Vesicles/Vacuoleso Mitochondriao Chloroplasts

What is the endosymbiosis theory?o Cytoskeleton: Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilamentso Flagella and cilia

What are cell junctions?o What types are there?

How do we progress from DNA till we leave the cell?

Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function Describe the fluid mosaic model. What are the other names for the cell membrane? What creates the cell membrane?

o What types of things can be added to the membrane structure? What properties do they provide?

o Review phospholipids and proteins!! What types of proteins are associated with the cell membrane?

o Define amphipathico What are some of the functions of these membrane proteins?

What can carbohydrates be used for? What type of permeability does the membrane have? What types of proteins are used in transportation? What is a concentration gradient?

o What is the normal movement for the gradient?

What types of transportation are there?o Compare active and passive

What are the types of transportation used for bulk transport?o How does each work?

What is diffusion? Osmosis? Define: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

o How does water move in problems involving tonicity? What factors affect the rate of transportation?

Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism Define energy, and compare kinetic vs potential What do the laws of thermodynamics tell us? What is ATP?

o What is its structure?o What is it used for?

What is metabolism?o What are the different types of metabolisms in organisms?o How do cells use the energy?

What is delta G? What does positive and negative Delta G mean? Define: exergonic and endergonic Compare anabolic and catabolic pathways What is Activation energy barrier? Define/ describe: enzymes, active site, substrate, reactant

o What are enzymes made from?o What do enzymes do?o How do they effect delta G and activation energy?o What does specificity refer to?o What can affect the activity of enzymes?

What types of inhibitions exist? How do they function? What is allosteric regulation? Define feedback inhibition What is a kinase?

o What does phosphorylation mean?

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Review redox reactions What is cellular respiration?

o What is the overall reaction? Review phosphorylation between ADP and ATP Compare substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation Where does energy come from? What is necessary for cellular respiration?

o How does cellular respiration relate to metabolism?o Where is the energy stored?o Know NADH and FADH

Describe the processes of cellular respiration including Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, pyruvate oxidation and Electron Transport Chain

What is the importance of the parts of the mitochondria: Outer membrane, transporters, inner membrane (cristae) Matrix, intermembrane space

Is the process substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation? What must take place for the citric acid cycle to occur? Know the locations of each process, and modes of transport in ETC

How are prokaryotes and eukaryotes different? Net reactions, what goes in and what comes out of each sub-stage, by what method is the

ATP made in each substage What is chemiosmosis? What is ATP synthase? What does it do? And how does it do it? Where is the H+ or proton gradient? What is its importance? What is the final electron acceptor? What is fermentation? What types are there?

o When would this occur? How does this compare to cellular respiration?o What is the input? Output?

Understand how carbs, lipids, and proteins could be used as food sourcesPart 2:

1. Which of the following is paired correctly?a. eukaryotes and archaeab. prokaryotes and membrane bound organellesc. prokaryotes and bacteriad. eukaryotes and bacteria

2. Which of the following is false about phospholipids?a. They are found in cell membranesb. they contain glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphorous.c. They are polard. They are a type of polypeptide polymer

3. Condensation reactions results in:a. smaller moleculesb. larger moleculesc. increase monomersd. increase in polymerse. a and cf. b and d

4. Which is true about amphipathic structures?a. it contains polar groupsb. it is very largec. it contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic regionsd. it is found in all life formse. it can act as an acid

5. All cells are enclosed by a ____cell membrane (or plasma membrane)____.

6. The head groups of phospholipids molecules are said to be ___hydrophilic___ because they readily associate with water. On the other hand, the ___hydrophobic____ ends turn away from water and associate with each other.

7. List three things that affect the permeability of the cell membrane:Electric charge, size, shape

8. What are the two forms of carrier mediated transport?Active transport and facilitated diffusion

9. The energy for diffusion is provided by a ___concentration gradient____.

Use the following scenario to answer questions 10 to 13. Red blood cells are placed in 3 different beakers containing the following solutions:

Beaker A: distilled waterBeaker B: isotonic solutionBeaker C: 5% salt solution

10. What happens to cells in beaker A?a. shriveledb. swellc. are unaffected

11. What happens to the cells in Beaker B?a. water leaves the cellsb. salt enters the cellsc. they are unaffectedd. water enters the cellse. salt leaves the cells

12. The cells in Beaker C are considered?a. hypertonicb. hypotonicc. isotonic

13. Which of the following is NOT true about active transport?a. moves molecules against a gradientb. does not require transport proteinsc. requires use of ATPd. moves substances both into and out of cells

14. Diffusion rate depends on which of the following?

a. the flow of waterb. concentration gradientc. energy from the celld. the plasma membrane

15. Which is not a type of endocytosis?a. vesicle secretionb. pinocytosisc. phagocytosisd. receptor- mediatede. autophagy

16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with __ribosomes (bound)__ that are involved in protein synthesis.

17. _Lysosomes__ are small sacs containing digestive enzymes that can break down complex molecules, foreign substances, and “dead” organelles.

18. Which of the following is not included in the endomembrane system?a. Endoplasmic reticulumb. Golgi apparatusc. lysosomesd. nucleuse. vesicles

19. The nucleus functions include all of the following except:a. replication of DNAb. selective permeabilityc. production of ribosomesd. synthesis of mRNAe. location of chromatin** or all of the above are functions

20. A patient comes in complaining of being lethargic (tires quickly), where might there be an issue within their cells?a. smooth ERb. nucleusc. golgi apparatusd. chloroplastse. mitochondriaf. ribosomes

20. A disorder of malfunctioning lysosomes is called_____Tay Sachs____.

21. The symbiotic relationship of mitochondria inside animal cells was possible due to the ____Endosymbiotic Theory________.

22. Chemical reactions may release or absorb heat energy. ___Exergonic___ reactions release energy; ___Endergonic_____ reactions absorbs energy.

23. Phosphate bonds in ATP are broken by the process known as ___hydrolysis_____.

24. Which of the following is does not function for motility?a. microtubulesb. flagellac. intermediate filamentsd. cilia

25. Which type of junction is incorrectly matched to it function?a. tight junctions, holds plasma membranes togetherb. desmosomes- holds plant cells togetherc. gap junctions- channel between cellsd. plasmodesmata- channel between cells 26. What is true regarding enzymes?a. They are nonspecificb. They can change the delta G of a reactionc. They can lower the energy of activation of a reactiond. They can be depletede. They slow down the reaction

27. ____Noncompetitive_____ inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a site other than the active site.

28. Enzyme activity may be affected bya. cofactorsb. temperaturec. pHd. substrate concentratione. genesf. all of the above

29. ____Catabolism_____ is the exergonic aspect of metabolism involving breakdown of complex molecules.

30. Most cells that live environments where oxygen is plentiful use the catabolic process called _____Cellular (aerobic) respiration_____ to extract free energy from nutrients.31. Circle the descriptions that are correct if delta G is negative?

a. energy is being: released absorbedb. molecules are being: built brokenc. the reaction is: endergonic exergonicd. the reaction is: spontaneous not spontaneouse. the process is: catabolic anabolic

32. Transporters are generally made from:a. Lipidsb. vacuolesc. carbohydratesd. integral proteinse. peripheral proteins

33. Diffusion occurs:a. against a gradientb. with the gradientc. from low to high concentrationd. from high to low concentration

34. What is not required for facilitated diffusion?a. proteinsb. ATPc. a gradient

35. What is not a factor that would result in a faster diffusion?a. larger concentration gradientb. increase in temperaturec. increased in pressured. transportation of larger molecules

36. Which of the following correctly describes the sodium potassium pump?a. 3 sodium ions and 2 potassium ions are pumped out of the cell using energyb. 2 sodium ions and 3 potassium ions are pumped into the cell without using energyc. 2 sodium ions are pumped in and 3 potassium ions are pumped out of the cell using energyd. 3 sodium ions are pumped out and 2 potassium ions are pumped into the cell without energye. 3 sodium ions are pumped out and 2 potassium ions are pumped into the cell using energy

37. Allosteric regulation is a type of ___Noncompetitive____ inhibition that uses the product to ________regulate creation of additional product__________.

38. Animals are considered:a. heteroautotrophb. photoautotrophc. heterotroph

d. phototroph

39. Which is an example of passive facilitated diffusion from cellular respiration?a. glycolysisb. reaction of pyruvate to acetyl CoAc. the citric acid cycled. ATP synthasee. ETC

40. What is an electrogenic pump?a. a transport of ATPb. a pump along a membranec. a pump that moves ion and generates a voltaged. an active transporter

41. Where do we see an example of active transport in aerobic respiration?Proteins 1, 3, 4 of ETC

42. Which of the following reactions is correct?a. ATP ADP +P +energyb. ADP ATP + P + energyc. ATP + energy ADP +Pd. ADP + energy ATP + P

43. What are the electron carriers in cellular respiration?a. NADHb. FADH2

c. ATPd. a and be. all of the above

44. Acetyl CoA is produced from pyruvate and a. coenzyme Ab. cofactor Ac. Vitamin Cd. CO2

45. What is the final electron acceptor?a. waterb. oxygenc. carbon dioxided. glucose

46. The electron transport chain is made from protein complexes in the ____inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae)______.

47. Which of the following is paired correctly?a. glycolysis uses substrate level phosphorylationb. citric acid cycle uses oxidative phosphorylationc. ETC uses substrate level phosphorylationd. ETC uses chemiosmosis

48. Fill in the chart.Cycle Location What goes in Production

purposeTotal Products

Process

Glycolysis Cytoplasm(cytosol)

1 Glucose2 ATP2 NAD+

pyruvate 2 pyruvate2 NADH2 ATP (4)

Substrate level phosphorylation

Citric Acid Cycle

(kreb’s cycle)

Mitochondrial matrix

1 Acetyl CoA3 NAD+1 FAD

NADH, FADH2

3 NADH1 FADH2

1 ATP2 CO2

(per 1 acetyl CoA)

Substrate Level phosphorylation

ETCInner mitochondrial membrane

10 NADH2 FADH2

O2

ADP

ATP 26-28 ATPH2O

Oxidative phosphorylation

(w/ chemiosmosis)

TOTAL ATP= 32 (max)

49. If we have 5 molecules of glucose what products will be produced through the Citric Acid Cycle? How many turns of the Citric Acid cycle will occur?For every glucose, 2 acetyl CoA are produced, each acetyl CoA goes through CAC separately

5 glucose 10 acetyl CoA= 10 turns through CAC

1 acetyl CoA produces: 3 NADH x10 turns= 30 NADH1 FADH2 10 FADH2

1 ATP 10 ATP2 CO2 20 CO2

50. How much ATP will be produced from 3 molecules of glucose?(max)

32 ATP (for one cycle through respiration) x 3 glucose (1 glucose= 1 cycle) = 96 ATP

51. If a cell is 70 % water and it is in a solution that is 30% salt, what will happen to the cell?

Cell= 70% water; 30% saltSolution= 70% water; 30% salt

Isotonic nothing happens

52. If a cell is 75 % water and it is in a solution that is 25% water, what will happen to the cell?

Cell= 75% water; 25% saltSolution= 25% water; 75% salt

Cell is hypotonic cell would shrink

53. Label the following cell membrane.

1- carbohydrate2- transmembrane/ integral protein3- glycoprotein4- peripheral protein5- glycoplipid6- cytoskeleton7-cholesterol

54. What is the full reaction of pyruvate oxidation?2 pyruvate + coenzyme A + 2 NAD+ 2 Acetyl CoA + 2 NADH + 2 CO2

55. What are the two types of fermentation?

1

2

3

6

5

4

7

Lactic Acid Fermentation (pyruvate lactate)Alcohol Fermentation (pyruvate ethanol)

56. Break down the other food sources—Carbohydrates glucoseProteins amino acidsLipids fatty acids + glycerol