UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction 20150220.2335

UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWNEEE4106Z

Introductory Nuclear Physics00-00-00 Introduction

February 2015

Emeritus Professor David AschmanRoom 4T7, Physics DepartmentUniversity of Cape Townmailto:david.aschman@uct.ac.za

http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4106z/current/ .*

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mailto:david.aschman@uct.ac.zahttp://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4106z/current/file:///c:/home/physics/eee4106z/current/index.htm

UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction CT Gaunt *

EEE4106Z SyllabusUCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introductory nuclear physics and radia-tion for power supply 16 credits, NQF level 08

Course aims: To develop strong concepts of nuclear physicsand radiation in the context of nuclear power reactors.Course outcomes: An understanding of nuclear fission pro-cess and ability to calculate reaction energy.Course outline: Nuclear physics and radiation in the contextof nuclear power reactors: atomic nature of matter; binding en-ergy; radioactive decay; nuclear fission; neutron efficiency; ion-izing radiation; radiation detection and measurement; effects ofradiation on matter and biological systems.

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Reading and referencesEEE4106Z Reading list: Reading list on course website

Bennet D and Thomson J, El. of Nuclear Power, Longman 3e

Lewis E, Fund. of Nuclear Reactor Physics, Academic Press

Martin B, Intro to Nuclear and Particle Physics, Wiley (2006)

Lilley J, Nuclear Physics, Wiley (1986). Chapter 10

Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e.Stewart J Calculus: Concepts and Contexts, Brooks-Cole 4e

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http://www.phy.uct.ac.za/courses/eee4106z/current/eee4106zr15.htm

UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *

What is nuclear power?Convert nuclear binding energy to electricity.

Q: Where does the energy come from?

A: Errr . . . uranium ?

Q: And where does the energy in the uranium come from?

A: Hmmmm . . . Ultimately . . . gravitational energy??

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UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-05 *

Segre chart of nuclei

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UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction Lilley NP fig 01-01 *

Curve of binding energy

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EEE4106Z Course Outline- Concepts needed to understand physics of nuclear reactors.

- Review of basic physics concepts:mathematics for physics; mechanics; thermal physics; electro-magnetism; modern physics (relativity and quantum mechan-ics); basic nuclear physics.

- Introduction to nuclear physics:properties of nuclei; ; liquid drop model; nuclear shell model;nuclear decay modes; nuclear reactions; nuclear fission.

- Nuclear radiation and its detection: . . .

- Simple view of physics of nuclear reactors:fission, moderators, neutron economy, neutron capture, neutronkinetics . . .20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 7

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Are lectures useful?

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What must I do in physics module?1. Consult the course website daily.2. Do the in-course (pre-lecture) reading.3. Come to lectures4. Read the course material5. Discuss with the lecturer, the tutor, your friends, . . .6. Do the problem sets well7. Check course website often for news, readings, useful info,. . .8. Lectures are a guide to what you need to understand - fill inthe gaps yourself9. [Tutorials and practicals - info to follow later]

READ THINK LISTEN THINK ASK DISCUSS . . . repeat

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UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction *

Thinking like a physicistUndergraduate to postgraduate

3-dimensions

Be quantitative: calculate using mathematics

Computer programming

Decide what is (not) relevant

Simple models

Interpret results (formulae, graphs . . . )

Keep note-book/log-book/journal

Verbal communication: clear, concise, correct, confident.

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What is physics?Physics (Greek φυσισ physis, nature) is . . .a description of the world in terms of a small number of abstractideas (principles and theories). These can be applied to a widerange (may be ALL) things, and allow description / explanation /prediction of natural phenomena.

Physics uses mathematics as the language of description.

Matter and radiation obey THE LAWS OF PHYSICS

A fundamental idea is that of symmetry and conservation laws.

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Domain of physics

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Physics view of the universe

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Symmetry and conservation lawsOne fundamental idea in physics: most things are conserved

In a closed system, energy, momentum, angular momentum,charge, . . . are conserved [with a bit of fine print to consider].

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Charge conservation in e+e− production

Conservation of charge, energy and . . .

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UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction New Scientist *

Background reading - see web page

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UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction cpep *

The four interactions

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The four interactions

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History of the Universe

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Universe after the big bang

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Bosons

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Fermions

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Mesons

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Baryons and antibaryons

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What is in the universe?

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Great engineering: plutonium for bomb

USA 1943-5: Plutonium produced in uranium fission reactors,separated. Critical mass determined.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 26

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Great engineering: cavity magnetron

Britain 1940: high power short wavelength (10 cm) oscillator forradar.

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Great engineering: Russian T-34 tank

WW2 really won with T34 tanks, Red Army and 20 million Rus-sian lives.

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Great engineering: Hoover dam

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Great engineering: BMW 3 Series

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Great engineering: Nokia cellphone

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Great engineering: Pentium processor chip

25 percent of US GDP based on physics discoveries (computersand electronics, transistor, solid-state, quantum mechanics)20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 32

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Great engineering: the human being

Brain, body, hand. Evolved to (optimum?) skill/strength mix.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 33

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Great engineering: the human being

Human beings: use gifts to make abetter life for all.

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World needs engineering, and more . . .

Africa and world need engineering, science, technology, eco-nomics, sociology, education, democracy, freedom, and respectfor human diversity and dignity.

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What is Physics?

Physics attempts to provide a description of the fundamentalprinciples of the universe.

Physics is based on experiment and measurement.

Experimental observation is unified by building up quantitativemodels and theories.

Physics provides transparent and reliable, yet still tentative,knowledge.

Physics provides a basis for other sciences to build on.

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Powers of ten

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10+0 m: One metre square

Bee on lily flower inpond

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10+1 m: Pond with lily pads

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10+2 m: Japanese tea garden

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10+3 m: Golden Gate Park

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10+4 m: San Francisco

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10+5 m: San Francisco Bay Area

Marin,San Francisco,Oakland,Stanford,Silicon Valley,San Jose

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10+6 m: California

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10+7 m: North and Central America

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10+8 m: Earth

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10+9 m: Earth and Moon

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10+10 m: Four days in July

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10+11 m: Venus, Earth and Mars

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10+12 m: The orbit of Jupiter

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10+13 m: The Solar system

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10+14 m: Sol

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10+15 m: Sol (2)

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10+16 m: Oort cloud

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10+17 m: Nearest stars

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10+18 m: Stars within 50 lightyears

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10+19 m: Stars within the arm of galaxy

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10+20 m: Spiral arm of our galaxy

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10+21 m: Milky Way

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10+22 m: Local Group

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10+23 m: Virgo cluster

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10+24 m: Clusters of galaxies

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10+25 m: Clusters of clusters

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10+0 m: One metre square

Bee on lily flower inpond

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10−1 m: Lily and a bee

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10−2 m: Head of a bee

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10−3 m: Eye of a bee

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10−4 m: Pollen

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10−5 m: Bacteria

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10−6 m: Virus on a bacterium

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10−7 m: Virus

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HIV and AIDS: Microbiology is knownThe structure and working of the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is known.

It is great engineering:

simple design

efficient operation

Seehttp://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/HIVAIDS.htm

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http://www.uct.ac.za/microbiology/ HIVAIDS.htm

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HIV: structure

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HIV: life cycle

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Animation of HIV life cyclefile://c:../images/retrolif.gif

file://c:../images/hivinfec.gif

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file://c:../images/retrolif.giffile://c:../images/hivinfec.gif

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10−8 m: Structure of DNA

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10−9 m: DNA molecule

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10−10 m: Carbon atom

Central electrons ininner shell.4 outer electrons.

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10−11 m: Inner atomic electron shell

Almost isotropic.

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10−12 m: Within the electron cloud

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10−13 m: Nucleus of the atom

12C nucleus shown.

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10−14 m: Carbon nucleus

6 protonsand6 neutrons

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10−15 m: Proton

Abstract represen-tationof quark matter

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10−16 m: Quarks

No known internalstructure

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End of powers of ten

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Domain of Physics

Physics seeks toexplain everything

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Aims of EEE4106Z course

Achieve an understanding of the laws of physics, at an intro-ductory level.

Appreciate the mathematical language used to express phys-ical ideas, which leads to the quantitative nature of physics.

Apply this knowledge to the solution of physical problems

Understand the physics of nuclear reactors

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PhysicsBasic areas of physics:

Classical mechanics

Thermodynamics

Electromagnetism

Relativity

Quantum mechanics

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Physics: four interactions

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Physics: structure of matter

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Physics: atomic structure

Structure of helium-4 atom20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 91

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Physics: quantum mirage

STM image of 37 cobalt atoms on copper substrate.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 92

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Physics: AFRODITE gamma ray detector

Gamma-ray detector at iThembLABS, Faure20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 93

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Physics: search for Higgs particle

Expected event in ALEPH detector at CERN. Discovered!20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 94

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Physics: Hubble space telescope

View into far space and early time.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 95

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Physics: Hubble space telescope

View into far space and early time.20150220.2335 uct-physics-dga 96

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Concepts needed for nuclear powerNuclei: neutrons and protons. Isotopes.Binding energy.Nuclear stability and radioactive decay.Fission. Fission cross-sections. Fast and slow neutrons.Neutron moderation. Neutron absorption.Nuclear chain reaction. Criticality and control. Control.Radioactive fission products. Fuel integrity. Safety and nuclearwaste.. . . and lots of engineering, management and (?)politics.

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UCT EEE4106Z 2015 Introduction Knight: Physics for Scientists and Engineers *

Nuclear Physics in a first year textbookWe look at a first year text book

Knight R, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Pearson 2e 2006

Knight Ch 43 Nuclear Physics

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Bits of physics that will be neededTo understand nuclear physics, we shall need

mathematics

mechanics

thermal physics

electromagnetism

modern physics (relativity and quantum mechanics)

nuclear physics at NQF level 7 and 8

*

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End EEE4106Z 00-00-00 Introduction

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EEE4106Z SyllabusReading and referencesWhat is nuclear power?Segre chart of nucleiCurve of binding energyEEE4106Z Course OutlineAre lectures useful?What must I do in physics module?Thinking like a physicistWhat is physics?Domain of physicsPhysics view of the universeSymmetry and conservation lawsCharge conservation in e+e- productionBackground reading - see web pageThe four interactionsThe four interactionsHistory of the UniverseUniverse after the big bangBosonsFermionsMesonsBaryons and antibaryonsWhat is in the universe?Great engineering: plutonium for bombGreat engineering: cavity magnetronGreat engineering: Russian T-34 tankGreat engineering: Hoover damGreat engineering: BMW 3 SeriesGreat engineering: Nokia cellphoneGreat engineering: Pentium processor chipGreat engineering: the human beingGreat engineering: the human beingWorld needs engineering, and more …What is Physics?Powers of ten10+0 m: One metre square10+1 m: Pond with lily pads10+2 m: Japanese tea garden10+3 m: Golden Gate Park10+4 m: San Francisco10+5 m: San Francisco Bay Area10+6 m: California10+7 m: North and Central America10+8 m: Earth10+9 m: Earth and Moon10+10 m: Four days in July10+11 m: Venus, Earth and Mars10+12 m: The orbit of Jupiter10+13 m: The Solar system10+14 m: Sol10+15 m: Sol (2)10+16 m: Oort cloud10+17 m: Nearest stars10+18 m: Stars within 50 lightyears10+19 m: Stars within the arm of galaxy10+20 m: Spiral arm of our galaxy10+21 m: Milky Way10+22 m: Local Group10+23 m: Virgo cluster10+24 m: Clusters of galaxies10+25 m: Clusters of clusters10+0 m: One metre square10-1 m: Lily and a bee10-2 m: Head of a bee10-3 m: Eye of a bee 10-4 m: Pollen10-5 m: Bacteria10-6 m: Virus on a bacterium10-7 m: VirusHIV and AIDS: Microbiology is knownHIV: structureHIV: life cycleAnimation of HIV life cycle10-8 m: Structure of DNA10-9 m: DNA molecule10-10 m: Carbon atom10-11 m: Inner atomic electron shell10-12 m: Within the electron cloud10-13 m: Nucleus of the atom10-14 m: Carbon nucleus10-15 m: Proton10-16 m: QuarksEnd of powers of tenDomain of PhysicsAims of EEE4106Z coursePhysicsPhysics: four interactionsPhysics: structure of matterPhysics: atomic structurePhysics: quantum miragePhysics: AFRODITE gamma ray detectorPhysics: search for Higgs particlePhysics: Hubble space telescopePhysics: Hubble space telescopeConcepts needed for nuclear powerNuclear Physics in a first year textbookBits of physics that will be needed-End EEE4106Z 00-00-00 Introduction