uermmmc v laguesma

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VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995139Felix vs. Buenasea!.R. N". 109704. Janua#$ 17, 1995.%ALFR&'O B. F&L(), *e+i+i"ne#, vs. 'R. BR(!('A BU&NA&'A, in -e# a*ai+$ as'i#e+"#, an (AB&LO BAN&/, JR. in -is a*ai+$ as Ainis+#a+"#, "+- " +-eNa+i"nal en+e# "# en+al eal+-, an +-e (V(L &RV(& O((ON,#es*"nen+s.eial 6#"essi"n A**"in+en+s eu#i+$ " 8enu#e A #esien$ "# #esien+*-$siian *"si+i"n in a eial s*eial+$ is neve# a *e#anen+ "ne, sine

#esien$ "nn"+es +#ainin an +e*"#a#$ s+a+us.:8-e *a+en+ asu#i+$ "*e+i+i"ne#;s *"s+u#e is #eail$ "vi"us. A #esien$ "# #esien+ *-$siian *"si+i"nin a eial s*eial+$ is neve# a *e#anen+ "ne. Resien$ "nn"+es +#aininan +e*"#a#$ s+a+us. (+ is +-e s+e* +a<en $ a *-$siian #i-+ a+e# *"s+=#aua+e in+e#ns-i* >an a+e# ???????????????

% &N BAN.140

140U6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'Felix vs. Buenasea-u#lin +-e eial Liensu#e &xaina+i"ns@ *#i"# +" -is #e"ni+i"n as a

s*eialis+ "# su=s*eialis+ in a iven el.ae ae ae 8-e u*a# "veen+ #" #esien$ +" s*eialis+ #an<,ins+i+u+i"naliCe in +-e #esien$ +#ainin *#"ess, ua#an+ees inius+ana#s an s<ills an ensu#es +-a+ +-e *-$siian laiin +" e a s*eialis+ill n"+ e se+ l""se "n +-e "uni+$ i+-"u+ +-e asi <n"lee an s<ills "-is s*eial+$.:A *-$siian -" esi#es +" s*eialiCe in a#i"l"$ +a<es a#eDui#e +-#ee=$ea# a#ei+e #esien$ in (n+e#nal eiine >"u# $ea#s in 'O-"s*i+als@ an "ves "n +" a +" "# +-#ee=$ea# ell"s-i* "# #esien$ ina#i"l"$ e"#e -e is all"e +" +a<e +-e s*eial+$ exaina+i"ns iven $ +-ea**#"*#ia+e a#ei+in "llee. (n a siila# anne#, +-e a#ei+e 6s$-ia+#is+"es +-#"u- +-e sae s+e*lae# *#"ess -i- ulina+es in -is #e"ni+i"nas a ell" "# i*l"a+e >"# "+-@ " +-e 6s$-ia+#$ *eial+$ B"a#. 8-is u*a#"veen+ #" #esien$ +" s*eialis+ #an<, ins+i+u+i"naliCe in +-e #esien$+#ainin *#"ess, ua#an+ees iniu s+ana#s an s<ills an ensu#es +-a+ +-e

*-$siian laiin +" e a s*eialis+ ill n"+ e se+ l""se "n +-e "uni+$i+-"u+ +-e asi <n"lee an s<ills " -is s*eial+$. Beause ae*+ane an*#""+i"n #eDui#een+s a#e s+#inen+, "*e+i+ive, an ase "n e#i+,ae*+ane +" a #s+ $ea# #esien$ *#"#a is n" ua#an+$ +-a+ +-e *-$siianill "*le+e +-e *#"#a. A++#i+i"n #a+es a#e -i-. "e *#"#as a#e*$#aial. 6#""+i"n +" +-e nex+ *"s+=#aua+e $ea# is ase "n e#i+ an*e#"#ane e+e#ine $ *e#i"i evalua+i"ns an exaina+i"ns "<n"lee, s<ills an esie anne#. Une# +-is s$s+e, #esien+s, s*eiall$+-"se in unive#si+$ +ea-in -"s*i+als enE"$ +-ei# #i-+ +" seu#i+$ " +enu#e "nl$

+" +-e ex+en+ +-a+ +-e$ *e#i"iall$ a<e +-e #ae, a<in +-e si+ua+i"n Dui+euniDue as a# as *-$siians une#"in *"s+=#aua+e #esienies anell"s-i*s a#e "ne#ne.ae ae ae 8-e na+u#e " +-e "n+#a+s " #esien+ *-$siians ee+s+#ai+i"nal +es+s "# e+e#inin e*l"$e#=e*l"$ee #ela+i"ns-i*s, u+ eause+-e "us " #esien$ is +#ainin, +-e$ a#e nei+-e# -e#e n"# +-e#e.:-ile*-$siians >"# "nsul+an+s@ " s*eialis+ #an< a#e n"+ suEe+ +" +-e saes+#inen+ evalua+i"n *#"eu#es, s*eial+$ s"ie+ies #eDui#e "n+inuin eua+i"nas a #eDui#een+ "# a#ei+a+i"n in "" s+anin, in ai+i"n +" *ee# #evie*#"esses ase "n *e#"#ane, "#+ali+$ an "#ii+$ aui+s, eea< #"

#esien+s, in+e#ns an eial s+uen+s an #esea#- "u+*u+. 8-e na+u#e " +-e"n+#a+s " #esien+ *-$siians ee+ +#ai+i"nal +es+s "# e+e#inin e*l"$e#=e*l"$ee #ela+i"ns-i*s, u+ eause +-e "us " #esien$ is +#ainin, +-e$ a#enei+-e# -e#e n"# +-e#e. "#e"ve#, s+#inen+ s+ana#s an #eDui#een+s "##eneal " s*eialis+=#an< *"si+i"ns "#141

VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995141Felix vs. Buenasea"# *#""+i"n +" +-e nex+ *"s+=#aua+e #esien$ $ea# a#e neessa#$ eauselives a#e ul+ia+el$ a+ s+a<e.ae ae ae Re"#aniCa+i"ns A eial *eialis+;s insis+ene "n ein#eve#+e a< +" +-e s+a+us Du" *#i"# +" +-e #e"#aniCa+i"ns ae *u#suan+ +"

&xeu+ive O#e# N". 119:as a seni"# #esien+ *-$siian:"ul e a<in +" a"llee s+uen+ as<in +" e sen+ a< +" -i- s-""l an s+a$in +-e#e.:6e+i+i"ne#;s insis+ene "n ein #eve#+e a< +" +-e s+a+us Du" *#i"# +" +-e#e"#aniCa+i"ns ae *u#suan+ +" &xeu+ive O#e# N". 119 "ul +-e#e"#e ea<in +" a "llee s+uen+ as<in +" e sen+ a< +" -i- s-""l an s+a$in+-e#e. F#" +-e *"si+i"n " seni"# #esien+ *-$siian, -i- -e -el a+ +-e +ie" +-e "ve#nen+ #e"#aniCa+i"n, +-e nex+ l"ial s+e* in +-e s+e*lae# *#"essas "vi"usl$ -is *#""+i"n +" +-e #an< " eial *eialis+ (, a *"si+i"n -i--e a**a#en+l$ ae*+e n"+ "nl$ eause " +-e in#ease in sala#$ an #an< u+eause " +-e *#es+ie an s+a+us -i- +-e *#""+i"n "ne##e u*"n -i in+-e eial "uni+$. u- s+a+us, -"eve#, lea#l$ a##ie i+- i+ e#+ain*#"essi"nal #es*"nsiili+ies inluin +-e #es*"nsiili+$ " <ee*in u* i+- +-einiu #eDui#een+s " s*eial+$ #an<, +-e #es*"nsiili+$ " <ee*in a#eas+i+- u##en+ <n"lee in -is s*eial+$ an in eiine in ene#al, an +-e

#es*"nsiili+$ " "*le+in "a# e#+ia+i"n #eDui#een+s i+-in a #eas"nale*e#i" " +ie, 8-e evalua+i"n ae $ *e+i+i"ne#;s *ee#s an su*e#i"#s lea#l$s-"e +-a+ -e as eien+ in a l"+ " a#eas, in ai+i"n +" +-e a+ +-a+ a+ +-e+ie " -is n"n=#eneal, -e as n"+ even "a#=e#+ie.ae ae ae ae &s+"**el An e*l"$ee -" nei+-e# *u#sue n"#en+i"ne -is "Ee+i"ns +" -is -ane " s+a+us #" *e#anen+ seni"# #esien+*-$siian +" +e*"#a#$ seni"# #esien+ *-$siian is es+"**e #" insis+in u*"na #i-+ "# lai -i- -e -a *lainl$ aan"ne -en -e en+-usias+iall$ae*+e +-e *#""+i"n as eial *eialis+ ( >8e*"#a#$@.:e la$ s+#ess +"

1



+-e a+ +-a+; *e+i+i"ne# ae n" a++e*+ +" "**"se ea#lie# #eneals " -is+e*"#a#$ *eialis+ ( "n+#a+s in 19G9 an 1990, lea#l$ e"ns+#a+in -isaDuiesene +":i n"+ -is unDualie ae*+ane ":+-e *#""+i"n >alei+ " a+e*"#a#$ na+u#e@ ae in 19GG. -a+eve# "Ee+i"ns *e+i+i"ne# -a aains+ +-eea#lie# -ane #" +-e s+a+us " *e#anen+ seni"# #esien+ *-$siian +"+e*"#a#$ seni"# #esien+ *-$siian e#e nei+-e# *u#sue n"# en+i"ne a+ "#a+e# -is esina+i"n as eial *eialis+ ( >8e*"#a#$@. e is +-e#e"#ees+"**e #" insis+in u*"n a #i-+ "# lai -i- -e -a *lainl$ aan"ne-en -e, #" all inia+i"ns, en+-usias+iall$ ae*+e +-e *#""+i"n, isneliene +" asse#+ -is lai i+-in a #eas"nale +ie, "u*le i+- -is ailu#e

+"142

142U6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'Felix vs. Buenasea#e*uia+e -is *#""+i"n +" a +e*"#a#$ *"si+i"n, a##an+s a *#esu*+i"n, in +-e"#s " +-is "u#+ in 8iEa vs. i"n-an"$, +-a+ -e Hei+-e# aan"ne >-islai@ "# eline +" asse#+ i+.Iae ae ae ae ae ivil e#vie La ei-+$ #eas"ns " *uli*"li$ an "nveniene ean +-a+ an$ lai +" an$ *"si+i"n in +-e ivilse#vie, *e#anen+, +e*"#a#$ "# "+-e#ise, "# an$ lai +" a vi"la+i"n " +-e"ns+i+u+i"nal *#"visi"n "n seu#i+$ " +enu#e e ae i+-in a #eas"nale*e#i" " +ie.:8-e#e a#e ei-+$ #eas"ns " *uli *"li$ an "nveniene

-i- ean +-a+ an$ lai +" an$ *"si+i"n in +-e ivil se#vie, *e#anen+,+e*"#a#$ "# "+-e#ise, "# an$ lai +" a vi"la+i"n " +-e "ns+i+u+i"nal *#"visi"n"n seu#i+$ " +enu#e e ae i+-in a #eas"nale *e#i" " +ie. An assu#ane" s"e e#ee " s+aili+$ in +-e ivil se#vie is neessa#$ in "#e# +" av"ineeless is#u*+i"ns in +-e "nu+ " *uli usiness. 'ela$s in +-e s+a+een+" a #i-+ +" an$ *"si+i"n a#e s+#"nl$ is"u#ae.ae ae ae ae ae ae La-es 8-e essene " la-es is +-eailu#e "# nele+, "# an un#eas"nale an unex*laine len+- " +ie +" " +-a+-i-, $ exe#isin ue iliene, "ul "# s-"ul -ave een "ne ea#lie#.:(n+-e sae +"<en, +-e ailu#e +" asse#+ a lai "# +-e v"lun+a#$ ae*+ane "an"+-e# *"si+i"n in "ve#nen+, "vi"usl$ i+-"u+ #ese#va+i"n, leas +" a*#esu*+i"n +-a+ +-e ivil se#van+ -as ei+-e# iven u* -is lai "# -as al#ea$se++le in+" +-e ne *"si+i"n. 8-is is +-e essene " la-es -i- is +-e ailu#e "#nele+, "# an un#eas"nale an unex*laine len+- " +ie +" " +-a+ -i-, $

exe#isin ue iliene, "ul "# s-"ul -ave een "ne ea#lie# i+ is +-eneliene "# "issi"n +" asse#+ a #i-+ i+-in a #eas"nale +ie, a##an+in a*#esu*+i"n +-a+ +-e *a#+$ en+i+le +" asse#+ i+ ei+-e# -as aan"ne i+ "#eline +" asse#+ i+.ae ae ae ae ae 8-e -ane in esina+i"n #" *e#anen+#esien+ *-$siian +" +e*"#a#$ #esien+ *-$siian as neessa#$ +" #e+i$ alui#"us si+ua+i"n -e#e$ s"e "ve#nen+ #esien+ *-$siians e#ee##"ne"usl$ ein lassie as *e#anen+ #esien+ *-$siians in s*i+e " +-ein-e#en+l$ +e*"#a#$ na+u#e " +-e esina+i"n.:ln +-e s*ei ase " +-e

-ane in esina+i"n #" *e#anen+ #esien+ *-$siian +" +e*"#a#$ #esien+*-$siian, a -ane as neessa#$, "ve#all, +" #e+i$ a lui#"us si+ua+i"n-e#e$ s"e "ve#nen+ #esien+ *-$siians e#e e##"ne"usl$ ein lassieas *e#anen+ #esien+ *-$siians in s*i+e " +-e in-e#en+l$ +e*"#a#$ na+u#e "+-e esina+i"n.143

VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995143Felix vs. Buenasea

ae ae ae ae ae 8-e *a+ien+ -" "nsul+s i+- a *-$siian "s*eialis+ #an< s-"ul a+ leas+ e sae in +-e assu*+i"n +-a+ +-e "ve#nen+*-$siian " s*eialis+ #an< 1@ -as "*le+e all neessa#$ #eDui#een+s "s*eialis+ +#ainin in -is el an 2@ -as een "a#=e#+ie.:8-e a++e*+s $+-e 'e*a#+en+ " eal+- n"+ "nl$ +" s+#ealine +-ese *"si+i"ns u+ +" a<e+-e "n"# +" u##en+ s+ana#s " s*eial+$ *#a+ie is a s+e* in a *"si+ivei#e+i"n. 8-e *a+ien+ -" "nsul+s i+- a *-$siian " s*eialis+ #an< s-"ul a+leas+ e sae in +-e assu*+i"n +-a+ +-e "ve#nen+ *-$siian " s*eialis+ #an<1.@ -as "*le+e all neessa#$ #eDui#een+s " s*eialis+ +#ainin in -is elan 2.@ -as een "a# e#+ie. 8-ese unaen+al #eDui#een+s a+ leas+assu#e +-e *uli a+ la#e +-a+ +-"se in "ve#nen+ en+e#s -" lai +" es*eialis+s in s*ei a#eas " eiine *"ssess +-e iniu <n"lee ans<ills #eDui#e +" ulll +-a+ #s+ an "#e"s+ axi, e"ie in +-ei**"#a+i Oa+-, +-a+ +-e$ " +-ei# *a+ien+s n" -a#. 6#iiu n"n n"e#e.

ae ae ae ae ae N"n=#eneal " an a**"in+en+ "# a eni+ean #eneale *e#i" "es n"+ inv"lve isissal u+ an ex*i#a+i"n " +e#.:Finall$, i+ is #$s+al lea#, #" +-e a+s " +-e ase a+ en-, +-a+ +-e *e+i+i"ne#ae*+e a +e*"#a#$ a**"in+en+ >eial *eialis+ (@. As #es*"nen+ ivile#vie "issi"n -as "##e+l$ *"in+e "u+, +-e a**"in+en+ as "# aeni+e an #eneale *e#i" -i-, -en i+ as n"+ #enee, i n"+ inv"lve aisissal u+ an ex*i#a+i"n " +-e *e+i+i"ne#;s +e#.6&8(8(ON "# #evie " a #es"lu+i"n " +-e ivil e#vie "issi"n.

8-e a+s a#e s+a+e in +-e "*ini"n " +-e "u#+. Aus+in J. !uille#" "# *e+i+i"ne#.KA6UNAN, J.

8a<in avan+ae " +-is "u#+;s eisi"ns inv"lvin +-e #e"val " va#i"us ivil

se#van+s *u#suan+ +" +-e ene#al #e"#aniCa+i"n " +-e "ve#nen+ a+e# +-e&'A Rev"lu+i"n, *e+i+i"ne# assails -is isissal as eial *eialis+ ( " +-eNa+i"nal en+e# "# en+al eal+- >"#e#l$ +-e Na+i"nal en+al "s*i+al@ asilleal an vi"la+ive " +-e "ns+i+u+i"nal *#"visi"n "n seu#i+$ " +enu#e alleel$eause -is #e"val as ae *u#suan+ +" an invali #e"#aniCa+i"n.144

144U6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'

2



Felix us. Buenasea(n en"Ca vs. uisuin1 an +-e "ns"lia+e ases inv"lvin +-e#e"#aniCa+i"n " va#i"us "ve#nen+ e*a#+en+s an aenies e -ele a#e "ns+#aine +" se+ asie +-e #e"#aniCa+i"ns e"ie in +-ese"ns"lia+e *e+i+i"ns eause +-e -eas " e*a#+en+s an aenies"ne#ne -ave -"sen +" #el$ "n +-ei# "n "ne*+s " unlii+e is#e+i"n anH*#"#essiveI ieas "n #e"#aniCa+i"n ins+ea " s-"in +-a+ +-e$ -aveai+-ull$ "*lie i+- +-e lea# le++e# an s*i#i + " +-e +" "ns+i+u+i"ns an+-e s+a+u+es aMe+in #e"#aniCa+i"n.2(n 'e !uCan vs. ,3 e u*-el +-e *#ini*le, lai "n $ Jus+ie J.B.L.

Re$es in #uC vs. 6#iiias4 +-a+ a vali a"li+i"n " an "e nei+-e# #esul+s in ase*a#a+i"n "# #e"val, li<eise u*-"lin +-e "#"lla#$ *#ini*le +-a+ Hi +-ea"li+i"n is v"i, +-e inuen+ is eee neve# +" -ave ease +" -"l "e,Iin sus+ainin +-e#ein *e+i+i"ne#;s #i-+ +" +-e *"si+i"n s-e -el *#i"# +" +-e#e"#aniCa+i"n. 8-e ins+an+ *e+i+i"n "n i+s ae +u#ns "n siila# a+s an issues, -i- is. +-a+*e+i+i"ne#;s #e"val #" a *e#anen+ *"si+i"n in +-e Na+i"nal en+e# "# en+aleal+- as a #esul+ " +-e #e"#aniCa+i"n " +-e 'e*a#+en+ " eal+- as v"i."eve#, a l"se# l""< a+ +-e a+s su##"unin +-e ins+an+ *e+i+i"n leas us +" aiMe#en+ "nlusi"n.A+e# *assin +-e 6-$siian;s Liensu#e &xaina+i"ns iven $ +-e 6#"essi"nalReula+i"n "issi"n in June " 1979, *e+i+i"ne#, '#. Al#e" B. Felix, E"ine +-eNa+i"nal en+e# "# en+al eal+- >+-en +-e Na+i"nal en+al "s*i+al@ "n a$ 2,19G0 as a Resien+ 6-$siian i+- an annual sala#$ " 615,24.00.5 (n Auus+ "

19G3, -e as *#""+e +" +-e *"si+i"n " eni"# ???????????????

1 1G RA 10G >1990@. (n +-ese "ns"lia+e ases va#i"us ivil se#van+save#sel$ aMe+e $ +-e "ve#nen+ ie #e"#aniCa+i"n -allene +-evalii+$ " #e"#aniCa+i"ns " va#i"us "ve#nen+ e*a#+en+s an aenies*u#suan+ +" +-e ana+e #an+e $ 6#esien+ "#aC"n ADuin";s *#"laa+i"nN". 1. ee als" anal" v. , in#a.2 (., a+ 152P153.3 !.R. N". 1092, a#- 11, 1994.4 Als" i+e in en"Ca, su*#a a+ 13G.5 R"ll", *. 42 Annex HF.I145

VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995145Felix vs. BuenaseaResien+ 6-$siian a *"si+i"n -e -el un+il +-e inis+#$ " eal+- #e"#aniCe+-e Na+i"nal en+e# "# en+al eal+- >N@ in Janua#$ " 19GG, *u#suan+ +"&xeu+ive O#e# N". 119.Une# +-e #e"#aniCa+i"n, *e+i+i"ne# as a**"in+e +" +-e *"si+i"n " eni"#Resien+ 6-$siian in a +e*"#a#$ a*ai+$ ieia+el$ a+e# -e an "+-e#e*l"$ees " +-e N alleel$ +ene#e +-ei# "u#+es$ #esina+i"ns +" +-e

e#e+a#$ " eal+-.7 (n Auus+ " 19GG, *e+i+i"ne# as *#""+e +" +-e *"si+i"n" eial *eialis+ ( >8e*"#a#$ +a+us@, -i- *"si+i"n as #enee +-e"ll"in $ea#.G(n 19GG, +-e 'e*a#+en+ " eal+- issue 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N". 347 -i-#eDui#e "a# e#+ia+i"n as a *#e#eDuisi+e "# #eneal " s*eialis+ *"si+i"ns inva#i"us eial en+e#s, -"s*i+als an aenies " +-e sai e*a#+en+.*eiall$, 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N". 347 *#"vie +-a+ s*eialis+s "#<in inva#i"us -"s*i+als an #an-es " +-e 'e*a#+en+ " eal+- e #e"niCe asHFell"sI " +-ei# #es*e+ive s*eial+$ s"ie+ies anQ"# H'i*l"a+esI " +-ei#s*eial+$ "a#s "# "+-. 8-e O#e# as issue "# +-e *u#*"se " u*#ain +-e

Duali+$ " s*eialis+s in 'O -"s*i+als $ #eDui#in +-e +" *ass #i"#"us+-e"#e+ial an linial >esie@ exaina+i"ns iven $ #e"niCe s*eial+$"a#s, in <ee*in u* i+- in+e#na+i"nal s+ana#s " eial *#a+ie.U*"n #e*#esen+a+i"n " +-e -ies " "s*i+als " va#i"us "ve#nen+ -"s*i+alsan eial en+e#s, >+-en@ e#e+a#$ " eal+- Al#e" BenC"n issue'e*a#+en+ O#e# 47G, se#ies " 1991 aenin e. 4 " 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N".347 *#"viin "# an ex+ensi"n " a**"in+en+s " eial *eialis+ *"si+i"ns inases -e#e +-e +e#ina+i"n " eial s*eialis+s -" aile +" ee+ +-e#eDui#een+ "# "a# e#+ia+i"n i-+ #esul+ in +-e is#u*+i"n " -"s*i+alse#vies. 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N". 47G issue +-e "ll"in uielines1. As a ene#al *"li$, +-e *#"visi"n " 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N". 347, e. 4 s-alla**l$ unless +-e -ie " "s*i+al #eDues+s "# ???????????????

(., a+ *. 43 Annex H!.I7 (., a+ *. 5.G (.14

14U6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'Felix vs. Buenaseaexe*+i"n, e#+ies +-a+ i+s a**lia+i"n ill #esul+ in +-e is#u*+i"n " +-eelive#$ se#vie +"e+-e# i+- +-e s+e*s +a<en +" i*leen+ e+i"n 4, ansui+ a *lan " a+i"n, las+in n" "#e +-an 3=$ea#s, "# +-e even+ual *-ase "u+" n"n=B"a# e#+ie eial s*eialis+s.2. eial s*eialis+s #e"ene "# ex+ensi"n " a**"in+en+ s-all ee+ +-e"ll"in iniu #i+e#ia

a. 'O eial s*eialis+ e#+ie. as een in +-e se#vie " +-e 'e*a#+en+ a+ leas+ +-#ee >3@ $ea#s *#i"# +"'eee# 19GG. as a**lie "# +a<en +-e s*eial+$ "a# exaina+i"n.3. &a- #e"ena+i"n "# ex+ensi"n " a**"in+en+ us+ e iniviuall$ Eus+ie +" s-" n"+ "nl$ +-e Dualia+i"n " +-e #e"enee, u+ als" -a+s+e*s -e -as +a<en +" e "a# e#+ie.4. Re"ena+i"n "# ex+ensi"n " a**"in+en+ s-all e evalua+e "n a ase+" ase asis.

3



5. As aene, +-e "+-e# *#"visi"ns " 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N". 34Qs. 19GG s+ans.6e+i+i"ne# as "ne " +-e -un#es " "ve#nen+ eial s*eialis+s -" "ul-ave een ave#sel$ aMe+e $ 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N". 347 sine -e as n"+$e+ a#ei+e $ +-e 6s$-ia+#$ *eial+$ B"a#. Une# 'e*a#+en+ O#e# N".47G, ex+ensi"n " -is a**"in+en+ #eaine suEe+ +" +-e uielines se+ $ +-esai e*a#+en+ "#e#. On Auus+ 22, 1991, a+e# #eviein *e+i+i"ne#;s se#vie#e"# an *e#"#ane, +-e eial #een+ials "i++ee " +-e Na+i"nalen+e# "# en+al eal+- #e"ene n"n=#eneal " -is a**"in+en+ aseial *eialis+ (, in"#in -i " i+s eisi"n "n Auus+ 22,1991. e as,-"eve#, all"e +" "n+inue in +-e se#vie, an #eeive -is sala#$, all"anes

an "+-e# ene+s even a+e# ein in"#e " +-e +e#ina+i"n " -isa**"in+en+.On N"vee# 25, 1991, an ee#en$ ee+in " +-e -ies " e#vie as -el+" isuss, a"n "+-e# a++e#s, +-e *e+i+i"ne#;s ase. (n +-e sai ee+in '#.Visin" e !#eia, *e+i+i"ne#;s ieia+e su*e#vis"#, *"in+e "u+ *e+i+i"ne#;s*""# *e#"#ane, #eDuen+ +a#iness an inexiili+$ as a"n +-e a+"#s#es*"nsile "# +-e #e"ena+i"n n"+ +" #ene -is a**"in+en+.9 i+- "neexe*+i"n, "+-e# e*a#+en+ -eas *#esen+ in +-e ???????????????

9 (., a+ *. 100, Annex H2.I147

VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995

147Felix vs. Buenaseaee+in ex*#esse +-e sae "*ini"n,10 an +-e "ve#-elin "nensus as"# n"n=#eneal. 8-e a++e# as +-e#ea+e# #ee##e +" +-e ivil e#vie"issi"n, -i- "n Fe#ua#$ 2G, 1992 #ule +-a+ H+-e +e*"#a#$ a**"in+en+>" *e+i+i"ne#@ as eial *eialis+ ( an e +e#ina+e a+ an$ +ie . . .I an+-a+ HSaTn$ #eneal " su- a**"in+en+ is i+-in +-e is#e+i"n " +-ea**"in+in au+-"#i+$.I11 "nseDuen+l$, in a e"#anu a+e a#- 25, 1992*e+i+i"ne# as avise $ -"s*i+al au+-"#i+ies +" vaa+e -is "++ae sine -e asn" l"ne# en+i+le +" a""a+i"n. Reusin +" "*l$ i+- saie"#anu *e+i+i"ne# le a *e+i+i"n i+- +-e e#i+ $s+e 6#"+e+i"n B"a#>6B@ "*lainin a"u+ +-e allee -a#assen+ $ #es*"nen+s anDues+i"nin +-e n"n=#eneal " -is a**"in+en+. (n a 'eisi"n #ene#e "n Jul$29, 1992, +-e >6B@ isisse *e+i+i"ne#;s "*lain+ "# la< " e#i+, nin

+-a+As an a**a#en+ inien+ " +-e *"e# +" a**"in+, +-e #eneal " a +e*"#a#$a**"in+en+ u*"n "# a+e# i+s ex*i#a+i"n is a a++e# la#el$ a#esse +" +-es"un is#e+i"n " +-e a**"in+in au+-"#i+$. (n +-is ase, +-e#e is n" is*u+e +-a+"*lainan+ as a +e*"#a#$ e*l"$ee an -is a**"in+en+ ex*i#e "n Auus+22, 1991. 8-is ein +-e ase, -is #e=a**"in+en+ +" -is "#e# *"si+i"n "# +-e#eneal " -is +e*"#a#$ a**"in+en+ "ul e e+e#ine s"lel$ $ +-e *#"*e#a**"in+in au+-"#i+$ -" is +-e e#e+a#$, 'e*a#+en+ " eal+- u*"n +-eav"#ale #e"ena+i"n " +-e -ie " "s*i+al (((, N. 8-e u*#ee "u#+

in +-e ase " en+#al Ban< vs. ivil e#vie "issi"n, !.R. N"s. G0455P5a+e A*#il 10, 19G9, -el as "ll"s 8-e *"e# " a**"in+en+ is essen+iall$ a *"li+ial Dues+i"n inv"lvin"nsie#a+i"ns " is" -i- "nl$ +-e a**"in+in au+-"#i+$ an eie.(n +-is li-+, "*lainan+ +-e#e"#e, -as n" asis in la +" assail +-e n"n=#eneal" -is ex*i#e +e*"#a#$ a**"in+en+ u- less inv"<e +-e ai " +-is "a# "#+-a+ *u#*"se sine +-is B"a# ann"+ sus+i+u+e i+s Euen+ +" +-a+ " +-ea**"in+in au+-"#i+$ n"# i#e+ +-e la++e# +" issue an a**"in+en+ in +-e"*lainan+;s av"#.Rea#in +-e allee 'e*a#+en+ O#e# seu#e $ +-e "*lainan+ #" +-e

'e*a#+en+ " eal+- >'O@, +-e B"a# ns +-e sae in"nseDuen+ial. ai'e*a#+en+ O#e# e#el$ all"e +-e ex+ensi"n " +enu#e " eial *eialis+ ("# a e#+ain *e#i" u+ "es ???????????????

10 (., a+ 100P104.11 Res"lu+i"n N". 92P347, Fe#ua#$ 2G, 1992.14G

14GU6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'Felix vs. Buenasean"+ ana+e +-e #eneal " +-e ex*i#e a**"in+en+. 8-e B"a# li<eise ns as aseless "*lainan+;s allea+i"n " -a#assen+. (+

s-"ul e n"+e +-a+ +-e susis+ene, Dua#+e#s an laun#$ ene+s *#"vie +"+-e "*lainan+ e#e in "nne+i"n i+- -is e*l"$en+ i+- +-e N. N"+-a+ -is e*l"$en+ +ies i+- +-e sai aen$ a#e seve#e, -e even+uall$ l"ses-is #i-+ +" +-e sai ene+s. ene, +-e "s*i+al anaeen+ -as +-e #i-+ +"+a<e s+e*s +" *#even+ -i #" +-e "n+inu"us enE"$en+ +-e#e", inluin +-e"u*an$ " +-e sai "++ae, a+e# -is essa+i"n #" "e.(n su, +-e a+ua+i"ns " '#. Buenasea an L+. "l. BaleC a#e n"+ s-"n +" -aveeen +ain+e i+- an$ leal in#i+$, +-us #ene#in as aseless, +-is ins+an+"*lain+.ai eisi"n as a**eale +" +-e ivil e#vie "issi"n -i- isisse +-esae in i+s Res"lu+i"n a+e 'eee# 1, 1992. "+i"n "# Re"nsie#a+i"n asenie in Res"lu+i"n N". 93P77 a+e Fe#ua#$ 3, 1993, -ene +-is a**eal,in -i- *e+i+i"ne# in+e#*"ses +-e "ll"in assinen+s " e##"#s(

8& 6UBL( R&6ON'&N8 (V(L &RV(& O((ON &RR&' (N OL'(N! 8A8BY UB(88(N! ( OUR8&Y R&(!NA8(ON AN' A&68(N! ( 8&6ORARYA66O(N8&N8 6&8(8(ON&R A' &FF&8(V&LY '(V&8&' (&LF OF (&UR(8Y OF 8&NUR&, ON('&R(N! 8& (RU8AN& OF U OUR8&YR&(!NA8(ON AN' A&68AN& OF A66O(N8&N8.((

4



8& R&6ON'&N8 O((ON &RR&' (N NO8 '&LAR(N! 8A8 8&ONV&R(ON OF 8& 6&RAN&N8 A66O(N8&N8 OF 6&8(8(ON&R 8O 8&6ORARYA 'ON& (N BA' FA(8 (N 8& !U(& OF R&OR!AN(/A8(ON AN' 8U (NVAL(',B&(N! V(OLA8(V& OF 8& 6&8(8(ON&R; R(!8 OF &UR(8Y OF 8&NUR&.Res*"nin +" +-e ins+an+ *e+i+i"n,12 +-e "lii+"# !ene#al "n+ens +-a+ 1@ +-e*e+i+i"ne#;s +e*"#a#$ a**"in+en+s a+e# ???????????????

12 ee, O&N8, *. 77, R"ll".149

VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995149Felix vs. Buenasea+-e #e"#aniCa+i"n *u#suan+ +" &.O. N". 119 e#e vali an i n"+ vi"la+e -is"ns+i+u+i"nal #i-+ +" seu#i+$ " +enu#e13 2@ *e+i+i"ne# is uil+$ " es+"**el "#la-es, -avin aDuiese +" su- +e*"#a#$ a**"in+en+s #" 19GG +"199114 an 3@ +-e #es*"nen+ "issi"n i n"+ a+ i+- #ave ause "is#e+i"n in a#in +-e *e+i+i"ne#;s n"n=#eneal " -is a**"in+en+ a+ +-eNa+i"nal en+e# "# en+al eal+-.15e a#ee. 8-e *a+en+ asu#i+$ " *e+i+i"ne#;s *"s+u#e is #eail$ "vi"us. A #esien$ "##esien+ *-$siian *"si+i"n in a eial s*eial+$ is neve# a *e#anen+ "ne.Resien$ "nn"+es +#ainin an +e*"#a#$ s+a+us. (+ is +-e s+e* +a<en $ a

*-$siian #i-+ a+e# *"s+=#aua+e in+e#ns-i* >an a+e# -u#lin +-e eialLiensu#e &xaina+i"ns@ *#i"# +" -is #e"ni+i"n as a s*eialis+ "# su=s*eialis+in a iven el.A *-$siian -" esi#es +" s*eialiCe in a#i"l"$ +a<es a #eDui#e +-#ee=$ea#a#ei+e #esien$ in (n+e#nal eiine >"u# $ea#s in 'O -"s*i+als@ an"ves "n +" a +" "# +-#ee$ea# ell"s-i* "# #esien$ in a#i"l"$ e"#e -e isall"e +" +a<e +-e s*eial+$ exaina+i"ns iven $ +-e a**#"*#ia+e a#ei+in"llee. (n a siila# anne#, +-e a#ei+e 6s$-ia+#is+ "es +-#"u- +-e saes+e*lae# *#"ess -i- ulina+es in -is #e"ni+i"n as a ell" "# i*l"a+e>"# "+-@ " +-e 6s$-ia+#$ *eial+$ B"a#.1 8-is u*a# "veen+ #"#esien$ +" s*eialis+ #an<, ins+i+u+i"naliCe in +-e #esien$ +#ainin *#"ess,ua#an+ees iniu s+ana#s an s<ills an ensu#es +-a+ +-e *-$siianlaiin +" e a s*eialis+ ill n"+ e se+ l""se "n +-e "uni+$ i+-"u+ +-easi <n"lee an s<ills " -is s*eial+$, Beause ae*+ane an *#""+i"n

#eDui#een+s a#e s+#inen+, "*e+i+ive, an ase "n e#i+, ae*+ane +" a#s+ $ea# #esien$ *#"#a is n" ua#an+$ +-a+ ???????????????

13 (., a+ G5.14 (., a+ G7.15 (., a+ 91.1 (n "s+ "ve#nen+ +ea-in -"s*i+als, +-e "l an vi#+uall$ *e#anen+#esien+=*-$siianQseni"#=#esien+ *-$siian lassia+i"n "# s+an s$s+e -as

iven a$ +" a s+e*lae# *#"#a >*a++e#ne a+e# #esien$ *#"#as in +-eUni+e +a+es@ -e#e #esien+ *-$siians "ve "n #" "ne *"s+#aua+e#esien$ $ea# +" +-e nex+.150

150U6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'Felix vs. Buenasea+-e *-$siian ill "*le+e +-e *#"#a. A++#i+i"n #a+es a#e -i-. "e *#"#asa#e *$#aial. 6#""+i"n +" +-e nex+ *"s+#aua+e $ea# is ase "n e#i+ an

*e#"#ane e+e#ine $ *e#i"i evalua+i"ns an exaina+i"ns "<n"lee, s<ills an esie anne#.17 Une# +-is s$s+e, #esien+s, s*eiall$+-"se in unive#si+$ +ea-in -"s*i+als1G enE"$ +-ei# #i-+ +" seu#i+$ " +enu#e"nl$ +" +-e ex+en+ +-a+ +-e$ *e#i"iall$ a<e +-e #ae, a<in +-e si+ua+i"nDui+e uniDue as a# as *-$siians une#"in *"s+=#aua+e #esienies anell"s-i*s a#e "ne#ne. -ile *-$siians >"# "nsul+an+s@ " s*eialis+ #an<a#e n"+ suEe+ +" +-e sae s+#inen+ evalua+i"n *#"eu#es,19 s*eial+$s"ie+ies #eDui#e "n+inuin eua+i"n as a #eDui#een+ "# a#ei+a+i"n in ""s+anin, in ai+i"n +" *ee# #evie *#"esses ase "n *e#"#ane, "#+ali+$an "#ii+$ aui+s, eea< #" #esien+s, in+e#ns an eial s+uen+s an#esea#- "u+*u+. ???????????????

17 (n a+, s"e s*eial+ies li<e +-e 6-ili**ine "llee " 6-$siians >+-#"u- i+s

*eial+$ B"a# " (n+e#nal eiine@ -ave ean +" #eDui#e #esien+s +" +a<ea#ei+a+i"n exaina+i"ns "nu+e $ +-e "llee eve#$ $ea# as a#eDui#een+ "# *#""+i"n. 6#"#a a#ei+a+i"n " #esien$ *#"#as isase "n *assinQa++#i+i"n #a+es in +-ese exaina+i"ns, *#"viin a s+ea$i*e+us "# ain+ainin s+ana#s se+ $ +-e "llee.1G 8-e *#ini*al unive#si+$ +ea-in -"s*i+als in e+#" anila inlue +-e U6=6!, +-e U8 eial en+e#, +-e U&R "s*i+al an +-e F&UNRF.!"ve#nen+ -"s*i+als i+- a #e*u+a+i"n "# exa+in #esien$ *#"#as inlue+-e 6-ili**ine ea#+ en+e# "# Asia, +-e Na+i"nal Kine$ (ns+i+u+e, an +-eNa+i"nal O#+-"*ei "s*i+al. 8-ei# #e*u+a+i"ns in +-is a#ea a#e ase "n +-e"nsis+en+ *e#"#ane " +-ei# #esien+s in va#i"us s*eial+$ "a#exaina+i"ns, +-e Duali+$ " +#ainin s*eialis+s an "nsul+an+s, an #esea#-"u+*u+.19 i+- +-e exe*+i"n " +-e 'e*a#+en+ " eal+-, -i- -as "+- *e#anen+

an +e*"#a#$ s*eialis+s "n ei+-e# a *a#+=+ie "# ull+ie asis, "nsul+an+s in"s+ " +-e la#e -"s*i+als an eial en+e#s a#e n"+ #eall$ e*l"$ees "+-ese -"s*i+als. La#e eial en+e#s li<e +-e , a<a+i eial en+e#, e+.,#eDui#e *u#-ase " a iniu nue# " s+"<s >usuall$ exeein 6100,000.00@ as a *#e#eDuisi+e "# a++ainin a++enin *-$siian s+a+us.Ae*+ane is, "#e"ve#, -i-l$ sele+ive, ase "n +-e Duali+$ " +-ea**lian+;s #esien$ +#ainin *#"#a an s-""l #aua+e #". B"a#e#+ia+i"n is a unive#sal #eDui#een+. (n 19GG, +-e 'O ae "a#e#+ia+i"n a #eDui#een+ "# #eneal " s*eialis+ *"si+i"ns.

5



151

VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995151Felix vs. Buenasea 8-e na+u#e " +-e "n+#a+s " #esien+ *-$siians ee+ +#ai+i"nal +es+s "#e+e#inin e*l"$e#=e*l"$ee #ela+i"ns-i*s, u+ eause +-e "us "#esien$ is +#ainin, +-e$ a#e nei+-e# -e#e n"# +-e#e. "#e"ve#, s+#inen+s+ana#s an #eDui#een+s "# #eneal " s*eialis+=#an< *"si+i"ns "# "#*#""+i"n +" +-e nex+ *"s+=#aua+e #esien$ $ea# a#e neessa#$ eause lives

a#e ul+ia+el$ a+ s+a<e.6e+i+i"ne#;s insis+ene "n ein #eve#+e a< +" +-e s+a+us Du" *#i"# +" +-e#e"#aniCa+i"ns ae *u#suan+ +" &xeu+ive O#e# N". 119 "ul +-e#e"#e ea<in +" a "llee s+uen+ as<in +" e sen+ a< +" -i- s-""l an s+a$in+-e#e. F#" +-e *"si+i"n " seni"# #esien+ *-$siian, -i- -e -el a+ +-e +ie" +-e "ve#nen+ #e"#aniCa+i"n, +-e nex+ l"ial s+e* in +-e s+e*lae# *#"essas "vi"usl$ -is *#""+i"n +" +-e #an< " eial *eialis+ (, a *"si+i"n -i--e a**a#en+l$ ae*+e n"+ "nl$ eause " +-e in#ease in sala#$ an #an< u+eause " +-e *#es+ie an s+a+us -i- +-e *#""+i"n "ne##e u*"n -i in+-e eial "uni+$. u- s+a+us, -"eve#, lea#l$ a##ie i+- i + e#+ain*#"essi"nal #es*"nsiili+ies inluin +-e #es*"nsiili+$ " <ee*in u* i+- +-einiu #eDui#een+s " s*eial+$ #an<, +-e #es*"nsiili+$ " <ee*in a#eas+i+- u##en+ <n"lee in -is s*eial+$ an in eiine in ene#al, an +-e#es*"nsiili+$ " "*le+in "a# e#+ia+i"n #eDui#een+s i+-in a #eas"nale

*e#i" " +ie. 8-e evalua+i"n ae $ *e+i+i"ne#;s *ee#s an su*e#i"#s lea#l$s-"e +-a+ -e as eien+ in a l"+ " a#eas, in ai+i"n +" +-e a+ +-a+ a+ +-e+ie " -is n"n=#eneal, -e as n"+ even "a#=e#+ie.(+ ea#s e*-asis +-a+ a+ +-e +ie " *e+i+i"ne#;s *#""+i"n +" +-e *"si+i"n "eial *eialis+ ( >+e*"#a#$@ in Auus+ " 19GG, n" "Ee+i"n as #aise $-i a"u+ +-e -ane " *"si+i"n "# +-e +e*"#a#$ na+u#e " +-e esina+i"n. 8-e *#e+ense " "Ee+in +" +-e *#""+i"n +" s*eialis+ #an< a**a#en+l$ ae"nl$ as an a+e#+-"u-+, +-#ee $ea#s la+e#, "ll"in +-e n"n#eneal " -is*"si+i"n $ +-e 'e*a#+en+ " eal+-.e la$ s+#ess +" +-e a+ +-a+ *e+i+i"ne# ae n" a++e*+ +" "**"se ea#lie##eneals " -is +e*"#a#$ *eialis+ ( "n+#a+s in 19G9 an 1990, lea#l$e"ns+#a+in -is aDuiesene +":i n"+ -is unDualie ae*+ane ":+-e*#""+i"n >alei+ " a +e*"#a#$ na+u#e@ ae in 19GG. -a+eve# "Ee+i"ns*e+i+i"ne# -a aains+ +-e ea#lie# -ane #" +-e s+a+us " *e#anen+ seni"#

#esien+152

152U6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'Felix vs. Buenasea*-$siian +" +e*"#a#$ seni"# #esien+ *-$siian e#e nei+-e# *u#sue n"#en+i"ne a+ "# a+e# -is esina+i"n as eial *eialis+ ( >8e*"#a#$@. e is+-e#e"#e es+"**e #" insis+in u*"n a #i-+ "# lai -i- -e -a *lainl$

aan"ne -en -e, #" all inia+i"ns, en+-usias+iall$ ae*+e +-e*#""+i"n. is neliene +" asse#+ -is lai i+-in a #eas"nale +ie, "u*lei+- -is ailu#e +" #e*uia+e -is *#""+i"n +" a +e*"#a#$ *"si+i"n, a##an+s a*#esu*+i"n, in +-e "#s " +-is "u#+ in 8iEa vs. i"n-an"$,20 +-a+ -eHei+-e# aan"ne >-is lai@ "# eline +" asse#+ i+.I 8-e#e a#e ei-+$ #eas"ns " *uli *"li$ an "nveniene -i- ean +-a+an$ lai +" an$ *"si+i"n in +-e ivil se#vie, *e#anen+, +e*"#a#$ "#"+-e#ise, "# an$ lai +" a vi"la+i"n " +-e "ns+i+u+i"nal *#"visi"n "n seu#i+$" +enu#e e ae i+-in a #eas"nale *e#i" " +ie. An assu#ane " s"ee#ee " s+aili+$ in +-e ivil se#vie is neessa#$ in "#e# +" av"i neeless

is#u*+i"ns in +-e "nu+ " *uli usiness. 'ela$s in +-e s+a+een+ " a #i-++" an$ *"si+i"n a#e s+#"nl$ is"u#ae.21 (n +-e sae +"<en, +-e ailu#e +"asse#+ a lai "# +-e v"lun+a#$ ae*+ane " an"+-e# *"si+i"n in "ve#nen+,"vi"usl$ i+-"u+ #ese#va+i"n, leas +" a *#esu*+i"n +-a+ +-e ivil se#van+ -asei+-e# iven u* -is lai "# -as al#ea$ se++le in+" +-e ne *"si+i"n. 8-is is +-eessene " la-es -i- is +-e ailu#e "# nele+, "# an un#eas"nale anunex*laine len+- " +ie +" " +-a+ -i-, $ exe#isin ue iliene, "ul"# s-"ul -ave een "ne ea#lie# i+ is +-e neliene "# "issi"n +" asse#+ a#i-+ i+-in a #eas"nale +ie, a##an+in a *#esu*+i"n +-a+ +-e *a#+$ en+i+le+" asse#+ i+ ei+-e# -as aan"ne i+ "# eline +" asse#+ i+.22(n ne, +-is *e+i+i"n, "n i+s su#ae, sees +" e an "#ina#$ -allene aains++-e valii+$ " +-e "nve#si"n " *e+i+i"ne#;s *"si+i"n #" *e#anen+ #esien+*-$siian s+a+us +" +-a+ " a +e*"#a#$ #esien+ *-$siian *u#suan+ +" +-e"ve#nen+ #e"#aniCa+i"n a+e# +-e &'A Rev"lu+i"n. -a+ is uniDue +"

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20 23 RA 35 >[email protected] Unaia v. i+$ a$"#, 99 6-il. 253, 257 >[email protected] #is+"al v. el-"#, 7G RA 175, 1G2 >1977@, i+in 8iEa, su*#a, n"+e 19.153

VOL. 240, JANUARY 17, 1995153Felix vs. Buenasea*e+i+i"ne#;s ave#en+s is +-e a+ +-a+ -e -a#l$ a++e*+s +" Dues+i"n +-evalii+$ " -is #e"val #" -is *"si+i"n " eial *eialis+ ( >8e*"#a#$@ " +-eNa+i"nal en+e# "# en+al eal+-, -i- is *lainl$ +-e *e#+inen+ issue in +-e asea+ en-. 8-e #eas"n "# +-is is a+ "ne a**a#en+, "# +-e#e is a elie#a+e an

is-"nes+ a++e*+ +" s<i#+ +-e unaen+al issue #s+, $ alsel$ laiin +-a+*e+i+i"ne# as "#e +" sui+ -is "u#+es$ #esina+i"n in 19G7 -en -ea+uall$ i n"+ an se"n, $ insis+in "n a #i-+ " lai lea#l$ aan"ne$ -is ae*+ane " +-e *"si+i"n " eial *eialis+ ( >+e*"#a#$@, -i- is-ene a##e $ la-es. 8-e valii+$ " +-e "ve#nen+ #e"#aniCa+i"n " +-e inis+#$ " eal+- *u#suan++" &.O. 119 n"+ ein +-e #eal issue in +-e ase a+ en-, e eline +" a<e an$u#+-e# *#"n"uneen+s #ela+in +" *e+i+i"ne#;s "n+en+i"ns #ela+in +" +-e eMe+"n -i " +-e #e"#aniCa+i"n exe*+ +" sa$ +-a+ in +-e s*ei ase " +-e -ane



in esina+i"n #" *e#anen+ #esien+ *-$siian +" +e*"#a#$ #esien+*-$siian, a -ane as neessa#$, "ve#all, +" #e+i$ a lui#"us si +ua+i"n-e#e$ s"e "ve#nen+ #esien+ *-$siians e#e e##"ne"usl$ ein lassieas *e#anen+ #esien+ *-$siians in s*i+e " +-e in-e#en+l$ +e*"#a#$ na+u#e "+-e esina+i"n. 8-e a++e*+s $ +-e 'e*a#+en+ " eal+- n"+ "nl$ +"s+#ealine +-ese *"si+i"ns u+ +" a<e +-e "n"# +" u##en+ s+ana#s "s*eial+$ *#a+ie is a s+e* in a *"si+ive Hi#e+i"n. 8-e *a+ien+ -" "nsul+s i+-a *-$siian " s*eialis+ #an< s-"ul a+ leas+ e sae in +-e assu*+i"n +-a+ +-e"ve#nen+ *-$siian " s*eialis+ #an< 1.@ -as "*le+e all neessa#$#eDui#een+s " s*eialis+ +#ainin in -is el an 2.@ -as een "a# e#+ie.

8-ese unaen+al #eDui#een+s a+ leas+ assu#e +-e *uli a+ la#e +-a+ +-"se in"ve#nen+ en+e#s -" lai +" e s*eialis+s in s*ei a#eas " eiine*"ssess +-e iniu <n"lee an s<ills #eDui#e +" ulll +-a+ #s+ an"#e"s+ axi, e"ie in +-e i**"#a+i Oa+-, +-a+ +-e$ " +-ei# *a+ien+sn" -a#. 6#iiu n"n n"e#e.Finall$, i+ is #$s+al lea#, #" +-e a+s " +-e ase a+ en-, +-a+ +-e *e+i+i"ne#ae*+e a +e*"#a#$ a**"in+en+ >eial *eialis+ (@. As #es*"nen+ ivile#vie "issi"n -as "##e+l$ *"in+e "u+,23 +-e a**"in+en+ as "# aeni+e an #eneale ???????????????

23 R"ll", *. 22 Annex HA.I154

154U6R&& OUR8 R&6OR8 ANNO8A8&'!uille#" vs. Re$es, J#.*e#i" -i-, -en i+ as n"+ #enee, i n"+ inv"lve a isissal u+ anex*i#a+i"n " +-e *e+i+i"ne#;s +e#.AOR'(N!LY, +-e *e+i+i"n is -e#e$ '((&', "# la< " e#i+

O OR'&R&'. Na#vasa >.J.@, Feliian", 6ailla, Biin, Reala", 'avie, J#., R"e#",Bell"sill", el", uias"n, 6un", Vi+u an en"Ca, JJ., "nu#.6e+i+i"n isisse.N"+e.:(+ is +-e #i-+ an #es*"nsiili+$ " +-e +a+e +" insu#e +-a+ +-e eial*#"essi"n is n"+ inl+#a+e $ in"*e+en+s +" -" *a+ien+s a$ una#il$en+#us+ +-ei# lives an -eal+-. >'e*a#+en+ " &ua+i"n, ul+u#e an *"#+s vs.an 'ie", 1G0 RA 533 S19G9T@::"0":: SFelix vs. Buenasea, 240 RA 139>1995@T

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uermmmc v laguesma

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