ugc net tourism ch 05tourismbusinhess 130522073752 phpapp01

8/13/2019 Ugc Net Tourism Ch 05tourismbusinhess 130522073752 Phpapp01

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Tourism Business

©Ramakrishna Kongalla



Introduction• The Indian Travel Agencies like Jeena !o", #ee $uirhead India Pvt" #td, and Jamnadas !o" #td

at %om&ay also oerated in&ound and out&oundtours (or Indian and )oreigners" In *+-, the (irsttravel agency .as (ounded in the

• Jeena and !omany .as (ounded as the (irst

travel agent in *+- in $um&ai to cater to thedomestic travel needs" The comany made useo( the vast oortunities o( the gro.ing &usinessand ventured into the cargo and courier&usiness"

• /u&se0uently a(ter, it entered into di((erentcomonents o( travel related services like ticket&ooking, hotel reservation, ackage tour,transort arrangements, etc" The comany along.ith other travel agents made much rogress in



Travel Agency

• Travel agency is a (irm or cororation 0uali(ied to rovide tours, cruises,transortation, hotel accommodation, meals, trans(er, sightseeing andother elements o( travel to the general u&lic as (orm o( services and (inallyacts as a retailer" This is a &usiness organi1ation that is collectively set uto accomlish missions, goals and uroses .ithin a (ormal structure" Allmanagement theories are alica&le to manage the comle2 &usinessnet.orks" It re0uires much coordinated activities like division o( la&our,hierarchical authority and resonsi&ility"

• In addition to dealing .ith ordinary tourists most travel agencies have asearate deartment devoted to making travel arrangements (or &usinesstravelers and some travel agencies seciali1e in commercial and &usinesstravel only"

• There are also travel agencies that serve as general sales agents (or(oreign travel comanies, allo.ing them to have o((ices in countries otherthan .here their head0uarters are located"

Tour Operator

• An organi1ation, (irm or comany .ho&uys individual travel comonents,searately (rom di((erent suliers andassem&les them into ackage tour &yadding certain value .hich is sold .iththeir o.n rice tag to the u&lic directlyor through the middlemen 4Travel Agent5is called a tour oerator" Tour oerator is

a ro(essionally managed comany .hichhas much e2ertise and e2erience in thelanning and oeration o( reaid andrelanned vacation ackages (or thegeneral u&lic directly or through retailtravel agents"

• The terms tour oerator and tour.holesaler are o(ten usedinterchangea&ly, and are treated here ashaving identical meanings



7i((erence &et.een T8 TA

Tour Operator

• It is a .holesaler

• It is rincial agent or (oreign travelagent

• amend the tour itinerary androgram

• delight(ul and value added tour

itinerary

• located in the mega cities

• international trans(er (rom hotel toairort and vice versa

• Ade0uate e2cursion tours

• It accets (oreign currency

• generating ne. ideas andattractions in the ackage

• mem&er o( international &odies likePATA and A/TA

Travel Agent

• It .orks as a retailer and sells ackagetours on &ehal( o( the .holesaler

• It is an intermediary &et.een touroerators and tourists

• It (ollo.s tour itinerary

•

sightseeing tours and e2cursion tours,airort arrival and dearture trans(er,check in and check out time in the hotel

• It acts as a local agent to con(irm andrecon(irm the services

• Pro&lem related to the tours is solved&y the travel agents

• mem&er o( national &odies like TAAI andIAT8

• terms and conditions (or commission.ith rincial suliers



8rigin

• !o2 Kings is oldest travel agency in the .orld

•

modern travel agency (irst aeared in the second hal( o( the *+thcentury

• Thomas !ook, in addition to develoing the ackage tour, esta&lished.ith the $idland Rail.ay

• %ritish ioneer travel agencies .ere 7ean 7a.son, the Polytechnic Touring Association and the !o:oerative ;holesale /ociety"

• 8riginally, travel agencies largely catered to middle and uer classcustomers, &ut the ost:.ar &oom in mass:market ackage holidaysresulted in travel agencies on the main streets o( most %ritish to.ns,catering to a .orking:class clientele, looking (or a convenient .ay to&ook overseas &each holidays"



Operations

• travel agency's main (unction isto act as an agent

• selling travel roducts andservices on &ehal( o( a sulier

• unlike other retail &usinesses,they do not kee a stock in hand

• /ell the inventory got on discount

and ac0uire ro(it• include the sale o( in:

house insurance, travel guide&ooks, timeta&les, car rentals,and dealing in the most oularholiday currencies

Commissions

• oerate on a commission:&asis

• comensation (romthe airlines, car rentals, cruiselines, hotels, rail.ays, sightseeing tours, tour oerators, etc

• commission consists o( a setercentage o( the sale"

• most airlines ay no commissionat all to travel agencies

• In some arts o( asia its 1ero =commission



• HOTELS *- :- = some accommodation roviders ay more than -er cent" /ome ay room and (ood (ree (or grou leader" /ome do not ayat all" /ome ay overrides also" ?ational and international chain hotelsand resort comanies ay commission regularly" They usually negotiatethe t.o commission rates (or eak and o(( eak eriod"

• FOOD *-:- = /ome ay (ree meals and &reak(ast to the grouleaders, escorts or guides" /ometime, commission is not aid i( it is not asu&stantial &usiness"

• ENTERTAINENT *- = /ome negotiate .ith the tour oerators (reeticket and some times do not ay also i( it is not &ooked in advance"

• CAR RENTALS < *- = It is very standard" The average commission is< =" !omanies also o((er cash and (ree transort (or (amiliari1ation tri o(the rincial agents"

• TO!RS *-: - = The common ractice o( commission amount is *- =" /omere.ards the retail agent over the total &usiness or target &usiness" /ome also rovide(ree ackage tour to the agents and its sta(( and (amily mem&ers"

• CR!ISE LINES *-: *< = The average commission is *- = &ut in certain cases,&onuses and overrides are ossi&le &ased on &usiness er(ormances"

• AIRLINES DOESTIC < = It is very standard in case o( accredited Passenger /alesAgent 4P/A5" ?o.:a: days, airlines rovide them cash return on each ticket unlike the(ortnightly commission rocedure" $ore online &ookings are convenient to thetravel agents" Tour oerators get secial commission as er the contracts andade0uate (ree tickets (or comany shareholders, sta(( and (amily mem&ers"

• INTERNATIONAL >: + = International (lights o((er heavy discount to the touroerators other than the usual discounts" Airlines re(er to deal .ith tour oerators (or&ulk sale o( seats" This ractice is certainly .ell acceted across the airlines"



• CHARTERS *-: *< = There are rincial tour oerators .hichlease out the air cra(t or .ork on commission &asis" The averagecommission is *- =" 8ther negotia&le o((ers are also attached.ith the charter &usiness"

• B!S TO!RS *- = It is mostly uni(orm" /ome also ay morethan the usual commission in the o(( season and (ree tris (or(amiliari1ation tours"

• RAIL*- = Indian rails do have much rovision to o((er

commission in cash to the tour oerators" In most o( ATRA"Foreign Rail # Eurail $ass the cases, tour oerators &ook thecircular tickets in order to get the tickets &ooked in a reasona&leamount as er the Indian rail rules" 8n the contrary, Rail.ays in?orth America and Buroe rovide varied schemes (or availingcommission &y &ooking the tickets other than the standardcommission amount"

• Airlines domestic < =

• International >: + =

• %us tours *- =

• Rail *- =

• /elling cruise lines tickets*-: *< =

• Cotels &ookings *- :- =

• !ar rentals < *- =

• 8ut&ound Tours *-: - =



Tyes o( agencies

!"

– multiles,

– $iniles – indeendent agencies"

• The (ormer comrises a num&er o(national chains, o(ten o.ned &yinternational conglomerates, like Thomson Colidays, no. a su&sidiaryo( TUI AE, the Eerman multinational"

• It is no. 0uite common (or the largemass:market tour comanies tourchase a controlling interest in achain o( travel agencies, in order tocontrol the distri&ution o( their roduct"

• 4This is an e2amle o( verticalintegration"5

• The smaller chains are o(ten &ased inarticular regions or districts

In t%e !nite& States

– mega,

– regional,

– consortium

– indeendent agencies"

• Indeendent agencies usually cater to asecial or niche market, such as theneeds o( residents in an umarketcommuter to.n or su&ur& or a articulargrou interested in a similar activity,such as sorting events, like (oot&all, gol(or tennis"

t'o approac%es o( travel agencies

• 8ne is the traditional, multi:destination,out:&ound travel agency, &ased in theoriginating location o( the traveler, isusually a larger oerator like Thomas!ook

• other is the destination (ocused, in:&oundtravel agency, that is &ased in thedestination and delivers an e2ertise on

that location, is o(ten a smaller,indeendent oerator"



The internet threat to travel agency

• general u&lic access to the Internet

• travel comanies &egan to sell directly

to assengers• airlines no longer needed to ay the

commissions to travel agents on eachticket sold

• /ince *++, travel agencies havegradually &een disintermediated

• &y the reduction in costs caused &yremoving layers

• travel agencies have develoed aninternet resence o( their o.n &ycreating travel .e&sites

• maFor online travel agenciesincludeG B2edia, Hoyages:snc("com, Travelocity, 8r&it1, !heaTickets, Priceline, !hea8air,and Cot.ire"com

• Travel agencies also use the services o( themaFor comuter reservations systems comanies,also kno.n as Elo&al 7istri&ution /ystems 4E7/5,includingG /A%RB, Amadeus !R/, Ealileo!R/ and ;orldsan

• Travel agents have alied dynamic ackaging toolsto rovide (ully &onded 4(ull (inancial rotection5

• All travel sites that sell hotels online .ork together.ith E7/, suliers and hotels directly to search (orroom inventory

• online travel .e&sites that sell hotel roomsare B2edia, 8r&it1 and ;orldCotel:#ink"

• comarison sites, suchas Kayak"com, TriAdvisor and /ide/te search theresellers site all at once to save time searching



• Nature of Activity

• In&ound (eature holidays to this

country

• 8ut&ound (eature holidays to other

countries

• 7omestic seciali1ing in the

country .here they are &ased in

• /ecialist (eature a seci(ic tye o(

holiday or destination

• Indeendent:o.ner:managed,

usually seciali1ed in seci(ic

holiday or destination romotion"

• Integrated large oerators .ho

have taken over others

• $ass:market large, .ell kno.n,

key oerators

Functions

carry out market research

• contract suliers 4urchase comonents5

• cost the ackage

• market and sell the ackage

• take reservations

• administer the holiday re:dearture

• oerate the holiday (rom the UK and in resort

•

emloy overseas sta(( to ensure the smooth runningo( the holiday o((er ost:holiday customer care

• relationshi .ith rincials 4transort,accommodation and ancillary services5 and retailsector 4travel agents5

• num&ers o( tour oerators dominance o( the sector&y a (e. oerators and their market shares

• imact o( hori1ontal and vertical integration the

structure o( the key integrated layers, their&randed roducts, rincials and retail outlets directsell oerators

• $ass market vs" seciali1ed oerator trade

organi1ations 4Indian Association o( Tour 8eratorsand Travel Agent associations o( India"



Function of Travel Agency

Travel Insurance

PersonalBaggage

Tour

Foreign Currency

MICE activities

entertainment,Cultural

Handling agency for

the tour wholesalers

Booking,

confirmation and

reconfirmation of

hotels rooms,

Airline ticket,

train, bus, cruise

line reservation

andreconfirmation

Tour Itinerary,

packaging costing

Liaison with

providers

arket !esearch

Costing " pricing

Promotion of

package tour

#$ecutive tours

Travel

information

Counseling

%mmigration

Passport

&isa

CustomClearance

'ealth

certificate

Landing permits

certificate



Foreign

Tour (perationCompanies

%ndia as

destinations

)%TA as

groundoperator

*oa,

)himla,

Agra,

umbai,

+olkatta,

aipur,

)ikkimFigure- .

F!"# "F $%C&%'E T"() B(*I+E** TH)"('H %)I"(* *T%'E*



Travel Trade %ntermediaries

Travel Agency Tour (perators

!etail 0holesale%nbound

Tour

(perators

(utbound

Tour

(perators

1omestic

(perators*round

(perators

Figure-2 Types organi3ation in odern Travel Trade business



)hareholders

Board of directors

1 President

*eneral anager

Finance Controller

Chief #$ecutives

'eads of various 1epartments

Tour !esearch

" Planning 1ivision

Travel " Tour

1ivision

arketing "

)ales 1ivision

1estinations

)ervice

1ivision

'uman resource

1evelopment

Finance "

Accounts

Transport

1epartment

Conferences "

Convention 1ept4

1eputy gr or

Assist gr 1eputy Tour

gr

1eputy arketing

anager 1eputyanager

1eputy

anager

1eputyanager

1eputy

anager

1eputy

anager

#$ecutives

Tour #$ecutives

5%nbound "

(utbound66

)ales

anager Assistants Assistants AssistantsAss istants Ass istants

Assistants

Tour Assistants

Advertising

anager

Tour " TravelBooking Assists

P!(

Assistant

Tour " Travel Booking

Assists

A Typical Large scale Travel Agency" Tour Company



#inkage o( ro(it sharing &et.een tour oeratorsand rincial service roviders

Bookings, Cancellation, !evenues, Performances

Flight Times, tariffs, Availability, Commissions, Confirmations

Location, !oom Availability, !ack !ates, Commission levels

Airlines

Tour

(perators

Travel

%gents

Hotels

%nformation

!evenues"

%nformation!evenues"

%nformation

%nformation

%nformation

!evenue

%nformation " Commission



Eround 8erator

• it is necessary (or thecomany to assess various

ertaining (actors &e(ore theselection o( a groundhandling oerators"

• !onvenient o( #ocation

• /i1e o( &usiness

• Pro(essional sta((

• #ength o( &usiness

• Reutation and mem&ershi.ith International andnational travel and tourismassociations"

• !redit (acilities"

Reasons (or /electing Eround8erator

• tour comanies rely on the

ground oerators or handlingagents at the destinations (orthe main reasons as (ollo.s

• Introduction o( ne. roductor lan to romote these

e2otic destinations"

• #ack o( control over thegovernment regulations"

• #ack o( ersonal contract

• #anguage o( &arrier"

• Un(easi&le to maintain o.n&ranches at each destination"



/ervices 8((ered &y T8• Airort and hotel trans(er

• Arrangements (or traditional recetion at the arrival oints"

• B2erienced and ro(essional tour guides, escorts, interreter and tour managers"

• B2cellent and ersonali1ed services at destination"

• !oordination .ith local tourist organi1ations at destination"

• 7omestic and international air travel"

• Rail &ookings in India, Buroe, America Jaan"

• Cotel reservation

• !ar rental"

• Travel documentation"

• Airort (acilitation"

• )oreign e2change"

• 8verseas travel insurance"

• !on(erence and seminar management" %usinesstrade delegations"

• Arrangements o( luggage trans(er in the airort and rail.ay stations"

• Arrangements o( guided sightseeing tours"

• 8tions and selection (or .orld.ide destination

• B2haustive itinerary lanning"

• Aroriate hotel selection reservation"

• $eeting, con(erence and meeting arrangements"

• B2hi&ition and (actory Hisits"

• Theme arties, events sightseeing"

• Air tickets travel documents like assort, HI/A, health certi(icate and currency, insurance and ermits (or entry into therestricted areas"

• )oreign B2change Travel Insurance" Trade )airB2hi&ition visits"

• Imlant 8erations : your in:house travel consultant e0uied .ith !R/ system and satellite ticket rinter"• Incentive travel in India and ;orld.ide"



/ecial interest services

• Ayurveda and Cealth

• Archaeology and historical sites

• Adventure and ecotourism sites

• %uddhism and Jainism ancient religious sites"

• /ecial cuisines at each lace"

• 7esert and Fungle sa(ari tour"

• Arrangement o( com(orta&le entry and visit o( (airs and (estivals venues"

• Arrangement o( short tris (or shoing and e2hi&itions grounds"

• $aking the rovision o( e0uiments (or sorts and games 4Eol(, .inter sorts and.ater sorts"5

• Provision (or scholarly interretation o( o&Fects .ith the hel o( e2erts at themuseums

• Arrangements (or host community interaction"• 8rgani1ing secial cultural rogrammes in the alaces 4 RaFasthan and E.alior5

• Ade0uate rovisions (or maintaining the (irst aid (acility in the tour"

• /ecial amenities (or the tourists in the train Fourney" 4 Palace on ;heels, Royal8rient, )airy ueen and 7eccan 8dyssey5



#inkage o( ro(it sharing &et.een tour oerators and rincial service roviders

Bookings, Cancellation, !evenues, Performances

Flight Times, tariffs, Availability, Commissions, Confirmations

Location, !oom Availability, !ack !ates, Commission levels

Airlines

Tour

(perators

Travel

%gents

Hotels

%nformation

!evenues"

%nformation!evenues"

%nformation

%nformation

%nformation

!evenue

%nformation " Commission



*T)%TE'IC %!!I%+CE #ITH THE *E)ICE $)"I-E)*

)upport service

private service

Producers/

Principal )uppliers

)upport )ervices

Pubic )ector

*uiding

)ervices

Travel %nsurance

Travel Finance

Travel pressarketing

)upport

*uides and

Tine stables

Publications,

training, etc4

Carriers Accommodation Attractions

anmade

Air Transport

)ea Transport

!ail Transport

!oad Transport

'otels, otels

*uest 'ouses

&illas

Apartments

'oliday 'omes

'oliday villages

'oliday camps

Ancient

monuments

Ancient

centre

Theme

Parks

Catering

8ational

Tourism

(ffice

!egional

Tourism

(ffice#ducation "

Training

&isa "

Passport

service

Tour (perators and Brokers

Travel Agent

Tourist

Figure-2



Professional

8etworks of

Travel Agency

)urface

TransportCruise Line

'otels

motels

!esorts

(thers

Airline

%ndustry

Tourism

Associations

Cultural and

#ntertainment

organi3ations

1ept of#$ternal

Affairs

8ational "

)tate

Tourism 1epts4

#ducational

%nstitutions

Foreign

Principal

Agents

Banking

%nstitutions

%nsurance

Companies

Tour

0holesalers



Tourism comanies

• IR!T!

• Thomas !ook

• !o2 Kings• /8T!

• 8r&it1

• /ITA



Indian Rail.ay !atering and Tourism !ororation

• IR!T! is a su&sidiary o( the Indian Rail.ays that handles thecatering, tourism and online ticketing oerations o( therail.ays in --

/ervices

• Catering

– !atering Policy -*- 4&y $amata $ukharFee5 !ateringservices rovided &y IR!T! .ere hand over to I?7IA?Rail.ays" ?o. IR!T! is in charge o( catering services on)e. trains such as All 7uranto B2, )rakkhaB2, $aitree B2ress4 Train &et.een I?7IA and%A?E#A7B/C5,Kandhari B2 and some RaFdhani B2rest all o( train oerated &y Lonal Rail.ays rail.aystations across India"

– Co.ever IR!T! still oerate Janaahar at rail.ay station"

– IR!T! also started ?R! roFect4?8? RAI#;AM!ATBRI?E5 under .hich ca(eteria .ere oerated inmany Indian $inistries and Institutes"

• Online tic*eting

– kno.n (or changing the (ace o( rail.ay ticketing

– ioneered Internet:&ased rail ticket &ooking through its

.e&site, as .ell as (rom the mo&ile honesvia EPR/ or /$/

– cancellations or modi(ications can also &e done online

– In addition to B:tickets, IR!T! also o((ers I:tickets that are&asically like regular tickets e2cet that they are &ookedonline and delivered &y ost"

– The Tickets P?R /tatus is also made availa&le hererecently"

– $um&ai's su&ur&an rail.ay can also &ook season ticketsthrough the IR!T! .e&site"

– IR!T! has also recently launched a loyalty rogram calledN/hu&h MatraN (or (re0uent travellers, discounts on alltickets &ooked round the year &y aying an u(ront annual(ee"

– launched (lights and hotels &ooking (acilities .hich addedto their line o( online reservation services

• Tourism

– organi1es &udget and delu2e ackage tours (or domestic

and (oreign tourists, %harat 7arshan

– #u2ury tourism ackages are also availa&le, that involvesecial lu2ury trains such asG

– Palace on ;heels

– Royal 8rient B2ress

– Eolden !hariot

– 7eccan 8dyssey

– Royal RaFasthan on ;heels

– %uddhist !ircuit Train

• and IR!T! is a artner in the $aharaFasOB2ress oeration"

• log on to railtourismindia"com and &ook Rail Tour

Package, Coliday Package, Cotels, !a&s, Tourist Trains online"

• adventure tourism ackages that include .atersorts, adventure and .ildli(e treks, etc" A rovision

(or customising tours as er seci(ic re0uirements isalso an added attraction"

A d d hi t



A.ards and achievements

• IR!T! .e&site had &ecome the largest and the (astest gro.ing e:commerce .e&site in the Asia:Paci(ic region, .ith a&out si2 lakh registeredusers in --6

– A.arded the National Tourism A'ar& o( E+cellence &y $inistry o( Tourism, Eovt"o( India"

– A.arded the National A'ar& (or E,-overnance, --:-D Fointly &y 7eartment o(IT, Eovt" o( India and Eovt" o( Caryana"

– A.arded the -enius o( t%e .e) A'ar& /001 (or &eing the N%est B:EovernanceP/U /iteN &y !?%!"

– IR!T! Tourism Unit o( ;est Lone declared .inner (or the category Best 2alueLeisure $ro&uct in Travel and Tourism )air o( India 4TT) 8T$ --D5 heldin $um&ai (rom + to ** )e&ruary --D"

– ;on National a'ar& (or E,-overnance (or &eing N%est !iti1en !entric AlicationN(or the year --:-D"

– IR!T! Tourism Unit declared .inner (or the category ost Innovative $ro&uct in Travel and Tourism )air o( India 4TT) 8T$ --5 held in $um&ai (rom *- to *)e&ruary --"

– ;on CSI,Ni%ilent E,-overnance a'ar& (or N%est B:Eovernance ProFectN in --"

– ;on the ICICI Ban* Retail E+cellence A'ar& in --<"

– ;on $at% Brea*er A'ar& (rom 7ata0uest in --6 and --9"

– A.arded the ini Ratna Category,4 &y $inistry o( Rail.ays, Eovt" o( India



Travel and Tourism )air4TT)8T$5

TTF

• is IndiaOs leading e2hi&ition (or the travel tourism

industry" /ince *+D+, it rovides an annual oortunity(or organisations (rom India and a&road to sho.casetheir roducts and services to a large cross:section o(the travel trade industry and consumers across maFor

markets in India"

• ;ith more than *<-- B2hi&itors (rom >* countries and6< Indian /tates UTs, an ever increasing num&er o(

(oreign country reresentations, and a committedvisitorshi o( more than *D>,--- visitors, TTF together

.ith OT is the largest net.ork o( Travel /ho.s inIndia"

• OT is IndiaOs leading travel sho.

(ocused on 8ut&ound travel" Itrovides an annual oortunity (ororgani1ations (rom around the .orldto sho.case their roducts to a largecross:section o( travel trade andconsumers in all maFor target marketsin India, Fust &e(ore the eak

out&ound season"

-*

– um)aiFe)ruary 415 465 47%om&ay B2hi&ition !entre, Eoregaon4Bast5

– Ne' Del%iFe)ruary /85 /95 /:Pragati $aidan"

• !oncurrent .ith TT)

• Bndorsed &y PATA

• 8rganised &y )AIR )B/T $B7IA ltd



Thomas!ook• T%omas Coo* 4 ?ovem&er *D-D *D July *D+5 o( $el&ourne,

7er&yshire, Bngland

• .ith $idland !ounties Rail.ay, he arranged to take a grou o(<9- temerance camaigners (rom #eicester !am&ell /treet

station to a rally in #ough&orough• 7uring the (ollo.ing three summers he lanned and conducted

outings (or temerance societies and /unday:school children"

• In *D99 the $idland !ounties Rail.ay !omany agreed to make aermanent arrangement .ith him rovided he (ound theassengers"

• 8n 9 August *D9< he arranged accommodation (or a arty totravel (rom #eicester to #iverool

• In *D9>, he took 6<- eole (rom #eicester on a tour o( /cotland,

ho.ever his lack o( commercial a&ility led him to &ankrutcy

• Ce ersisted and had success .hen he claimed that he arranged(or over *><,--- eole to attend the Ereat B2hi&ition in #ondon

• !ook esta&lished 'inclusive indeendent travel',.here&y the traveller .ent indeendently &ut hisagency charged (or travel, (ood and accommodation(or a (i2ed eriod over any chosen route"

• /uch .as his success that the /cottish rail.ay

comanies .ithdre. their suort &et.een *D> and*D>6 to try the e2cursion &usiness (or themselves"

• In *D><, the agency organised tours o( the United/tates, icking u assengers (rom several deartureoints"

• A round the .orld tour started in *D

• In *D9, Thomas !ook introduced 'circular notes', aroduct that later &ecame &etter kno.n &y American

B2ress's &rand, 'traveller's che0ues• %y *DDD, the comany had esta&lished o((ices

around the .orld



!o2 Kings

• longest esta&lished travel comany in the .orld, its

history stretching &ack to *<D .hen Richard !o2 .asaointed as regimental agent to the )oot Euards"

• !o2 Kings is no. an indeendent tour comany .itho((ices in the United Kingdom, India, the United

/tates and Jaan" Its glo&al head0uarters arein #ondon

• !o2 .as &orn in Morkshire in **D

• *9-s, .ent on to &ecome the !olonel o( the )irst

)oot Euards

• The comany set u (ive &ranches in India &et.een*+-< and *+**



Airline ticketing



)lying time

– The di((erence &et.een the takeo(( time and the landing time

$P$ TP$ – $P$ Bsta&lish the ma2imum

ermitted mileage &et.een the(are construction oints o( the(are comonent (ollo.ing thesame glo&al direction as that

used in the ?U! a&ove"

– TP$ Add u the ticketed ointmileage o( each sector andcomare the total TP$ to the$P$

Rounding u

– #!) Round the resultinglocal currency (are and

take note o( re0uirednum&er o( decimal units(or the currency"

I TI?BRARM PRBPARATI8?

– Availa&le (lights – )light timings

– Passenger timings

– To and (ro

– %ooking a ticketaccordingly



Travel In(ormation anual ;TI<

• TI$ 4Travel In(ormation $anual5 is the .orld's leading source (or in(ormation on air

travel re0uirements" $illions o( assengers (ind their .ay to (inal destinations time

a(ter time .ith the TI$" The never:ending movement o( eole and commoditiescontinues to run smoothly .hen layers are in(ormed o( TI$'s u:to:date countryentry re0uirements .orld.ide"

• "ey Bene(its

• The TI$ is a must (or all .ho are involved in the travel industry" This uni0ue manual

lists rules and regulations (or more than *> countries on su&Fects such asG

• Passorts• Hisas

• Cealth in(ormation

• Airort ta2

• !ustoms and currencies

• #atest ne.s• Designe& (or

• The in(ormation (ound in TI$ is consulted &y thousands o( users around the .orldevery day, including airline o((ices, travel agents, cororate accounts, tour oerators,E7/ and government agencies"



U t i t d l (



Tyes o( )are

• )are

– The amount charged &y acarrier (or the carriage o( aassenger and hisallo.a&le (ree &aggage as&eing alica&le to the

class o( service to &e(urnished

• ?ormal (are

– Unrestricted normal (are

– Restricted normal (are

• Unrestricted normal (are

– 8r Primary normal (ares

– ?ormal (ares .ithout anyrestrictions

– Permit unlimited stoovers andtrans(ers

– ) or ! or M class (ares

• Restricted normal (are

– 8r /econdary normal (ares

– Cave stoover and trans(erconditions

– #o.er than rimary (ares

– ),P etc 4(or (irst classrestricted (are5

– J, !6 etc 4(or &usiness classrestricted (are5

– M, /, M** etc 4(or economyclass restricted (are5

/ i l (



/ecial (ares

– /ecial (ares are lo. romotional(ares that have more restrictions thanthe normal (ares

– Aim artially romotional and

artially social

– Restrictions in resect o(

– #ength o( stay

– Advance urchase re0uirements

– Reservations, ayment and ticketing limits

– 7aytime o( travel – Bligi&ility restrictions

– Re(unda&ility and changea&ility

• Tyes o( secial (ares

– Pu&lic /ecial )ares

– Inclusive Tour )ares – Pu&lic Erou )ares

– Reduced (ares (or seci(ic categorieso( ersons

– $iscellaneous )ares

• Pu&lic /ecial )ares

– #ate %ooking )are

– These are (ares that can only &e urchased at the lastmoment or .ith in 9 hrs or so o( dearture

– /tand &y, late urchase, or instant urchase (ares

–

!an only travel i( seats are emty at the time o( dearture – These tend to &e the cheaest (are

– APB )are

– Advance Purchase B2cursion (are

– Restrictions on timing o( urchase

– Re0uire advance reservation .ith advance ayment , a minimumno" o( days &e(ore dearture

– 7oes not allo. oen dated segments, all (light couon must have

con(irmed reservation – Penalties (or changes in &ooking and ticket cancellation also aly

– PB )are

– Purchase B2cursion )are

– 7oes not have a re0uirement to urchase the ticket aminimum no" o( days &e(ore dearture

– Payment o( ticket u on o&taining con(irmed seats

– 7oes not allo. oen dated segments

– Penalties (or changes in &ooking and ticket cancellationalso aly

– B2cursion )are

– Cave duration limits as e2ressed &y minimum andma2imum stay dates

– Attracts mostly vacation travelers and tourists

– Usually allo. oen dated segments

–

Re&ooking or cancellation enalty (ees do not aly



)are calculation



?8TB/B!BPTI8?/G

• *" )or tickets issued (or travel commencing in AlgeriaTunisia, check identity aers o(the assenger to see .hether or not, she is a resident" Residents o( these countries are

0uoted a lo.er (are level than non:residents" 4/ee latest PAT EeneralRules &ook"5• " Additional CIP checks aly (or Fourneys originating (rom India, $ala.i, ;estern

A(rica, Memen and (or Fourneys .holly&et.een KilimanFaro and ?airo&i"

• 6" %C! is not alica&le (orG

– a5 Journeys .holly .ithin T!*

– &5 Journeys .holly &et.een Argentina, %ra1il, !hile, Paraguay, Uruguay and T!

– c5 Pricing units .holly .ithin Buroe

• 9" 8/! is not alica&le to(romvia U/AU/ Territories and (or Fourneysoriginatingterminating in !anada

• <" 7$! is only alica&le to 8ne ;ays to(romvia Jaan .hen the tra((ic document isnot issued in the country (rom .hich the Fourney commences 4/candinavia is consideredone country5 )or electronic tickets, the tra((ic document is deemed to &e issued in thecountry in .hich the electronic record is esta&lished"

• >" 7$! is not alica&le (or tra((ic documents issued inG

– a5 T!* (or Fourneys commencing in T!*

– &5 !anada, U/AU/ Territories (or Fourneys to !anada, U/AU/ Territories

– c5 %enin, %urkina )aso, !ameroon, !entral A(rican Reu&lic, !had, !ongo 4%ra11aville5, !otedOIvoire, B0uatorial Euinea, Ea&on, Euinea:%assau, $ali, ?iger, /enegal or Togo and the Fourneyoriginates in these countries"



• Payment modes

– 7irect cash

– !ard s.ie – 8nline ayment

– che0ues

• Issuance o( ticket

– $anual ticket – Automated ticket

– B: ticket

– /ingle couon ticket – 7ou&le !ouon ticket

– )our couon ticket

– Airline ticket

– ?eutral ticket



Accounta&ility o( &aggage loss

– <-,--- )rancs or

*>,>-- /ecial7ra.ing Rights 4/7R5(or ersonal inFury

– * /7R er kilogram

(or checked luggageand cargo,

– <,--- )rancs or 66/7R (or the hand

luggage o( atraveller"

• International (inancinginstrument created in*+- &y the International$onetary )und 4I$)5 tocoincide .ith the

dis(avour o( the U/ dollaras the rincial currencyo( the .orld trade"

• At resent, one /7R is thesum o( -">6- U/ 7ollars,

-"9*-- euro, *D"9 Jaanese yen and -"-+-6ound sterling

7 E d



• 7angerous Eoods

– !lass *G B2losives

– !lass G Eases

– !lass 6G )lamma&le #i0uids

– !lass 9G )lamma&le /olids

– !lass <G 82idi1ing /u&stances 8rganic Pero2ides

– !lass >G Poisonous 4to2ic5 in(ectious su&stances

– !lass G Radioactive $aterials

– !lass DG !orrosives

– !lass +G $iscellaneousdangerous su&stances articles

• !argo rates and

valuation charges



• Automation – In(ormation

concerning

–

/chedules – )ares

– Ticket reservation

– Invoicing – Blectronic check

• Airort rocedures

– !heck in

– !heck out

– Airort services

– In (light services



I ti t T l



• Incentives to TravelAgents

– Pro(it sales leads toincentives

– Incentive tris

– Incentive (amily tris

– Incentive lunchcouons

– Re(erence at

imortantdestinations

– HIP asses

• !onstraints limitations o( Travel Agents

– Cigh cometition level

– Blement o( Uncertainty

– /tringent regulatory la.s

– #anguage constraint

– B((ect o( currency e2change rate(luctuations

– Relations &et.een countries

– 7i((erent interests o( travelers

– )luctuations in demand

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