ultra structure of cell
TRANSCRIPT
GP- 508
C E L L B I O L O G Y amp M O L E C U L A R G E N E T I C S
Ultra Structure of Cell
Pravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
Translation httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontenttranslationhtml
mRNAsplicing httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontentmRNAsplicinghtml
pcr httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontentpcrhtml
Cell Biology httpwwwjohnkyrkcomindexkaleido7x7swfhttpwwwcellsalivecomproducerhtmhttpwwwwileycomlegacycollegeboyer0470003790animationscell_structurecell_structurehtm
Plasmid cloning httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontentplasmidcloninghtml
Transcription httpvcellndsueduanimationstranscriptionmovie-flashhtm
Animal or Plant Cell httpwwwcellsalivecomcellscell_modelhtm
Molecular Cell Biology ReplicationTranscriptionTranslation
httpwwwstolafedupeoplegianniniflashanimatmolgeneticsdna-rna2swfhttpwwwstolafedupeoplegianninibiological20anamationshtml
Cell division httpwormclassroomorgfileswormCellDivisionswf
Polarity during cell division httpwormclassroomorgfileswormpolarityswf
Membrane transportation httpwwwlearnerstvcomanimationanimationphpani=164ampcat=biologyhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp050502001html
Cell Biology Animations IMP httpwwwlearnerstvcomanimationFree-biology-animations-page1htm
CELL httpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp0000020html
Human Body Levels of Organization
The cell is the smallest living unit the basic structural and functional unit of all living things Some organisms such as most bacteria are unicellular (consist of a single cell) Other organisms such as humans are multicellular
The Cellbull Cells are stacked together
to make up structures tissues and organs
bull Most cells have got the same information and resources and the same basic material
bull Cells can take many shapes depending on their function
bull Function of cells
bull Secretion (Produce enzymes)
bull Store sugars or fat
bull Brain cells for memory and intelligence
bull Muscle cells to contract
bull Skin cell to perform a protective coating
bull Defense such as white blood cells
Cellsbull Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the
microscope in the late 1600rsquos which first showed that all living things are composed of cells Also he was the first to see microorganisms
bull Light microscopes have a limited resolution magnification of more than about 2000-fold does not improve what you can see
bull Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light The short wavelength of electrons allows magnifications much better than visible light
Basic Cell Organization
All cells contain
1Cell membrane that keeps the inside and outside separate
2DNA-containing region that holds the instructions to run the processes of life
3Cytoplasm a semi-fluid region containing the rest of the cellrsquos machinery
There are Two Groups of Cells
bull Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic cells)
Simple cells with no internal membrane-bound structures
The first cell to have evolved
Relatively small and less complex than the Euk
DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm
bull Eukaryotic Cells
On average 100X larger than a bacterial cell
Contains organelles internally more complex
complex cells with internal membranes
DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Translation httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontenttranslationhtml
mRNAsplicing httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontentmRNAsplicinghtml
pcr httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontentpcrhtml
Cell Biology httpwwwjohnkyrkcomindexkaleido7x7swfhttpwwwcellsalivecomproducerhtmhttpwwwwileycomlegacycollegeboyer0470003790animationscell_structurecell_structurehtm
Plasmid cloning httpwwwsumanasinccomwebcontentanimationscontentplasmidcloninghtml
Transcription httpvcellndsueduanimationstranscriptionmovie-flashhtm
Animal or Plant Cell httpwwwcellsalivecomcellscell_modelhtm
Molecular Cell Biology ReplicationTranscriptionTranslation
httpwwwstolafedupeoplegianniniflashanimatmolgeneticsdna-rna2swfhttpwwwstolafedupeoplegianninibiological20anamationshtml
Cell division httpwormclassroomorgfileswormCellDivisionswf
Polarity during cell division httpwormclassroomorgfileswormpolarityswf
Membrane transportation httpwwwlearnerstvcomanimationanimationphpani=164ampcat=biologyhttpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp050502001html
Cell Biology Animations IMP httpwwwlearnerstvcomanimationFree-biology-animations-page1htm
CELL httpbcswhfreemancomthelifewirecontentchp0000020html
Human Body Levels of Organization
The cell is the smallest living unit the basic structural and functional unit of all living things Some organisms such as most bacteria are unicellular (consist of a single cell) Other organisms such as humans are multicellular
The Cellbull Cells are stacked together
to make up structures tissues and organs
bull Most cells have got the same information and resources and the same basic material
bull Cells can take many shapes depending on their function
bull Function of cells
bull Secretion (Produce enzymes)
bull Store sugars or fat
bull Brain cells for memory and intelligence
bull Muscle cells to contract
bull Skin cell to perform a protective coating
bull Defense such as white blood cells
Cellsbull Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the
microscope in the late 1600rsquos which first showed that all living things are composed of cells Also he was the first to see microorganisms
bull Light microscopes have a limited resolution magnification of more than about 2000-fold does not improve what you can see
bull Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light The short wavelength of electrons allows magnifications much better than visible light
Basic Cell Organization
All cells contain
1Cell membrane that keeps the inside and outside separate
2DNA-containing region that holds the instructions to run the processes of life
3Cytoplasm a semi-fluid region containing the rest of the cellrsquos machinery
There are Two Groups of Cells
bull Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic cells)
Simple cells with no internal membrane-bound structures
The first cell to have evolved
Relatively small and less complex than the Euk
DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm
bull Eukaryotic Cells
On average 100X larger than a bacterial cell
Contains organelles internally more complex
complex cells with internal membranes
DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Human Body Levels of Organization
The cell is the smallest living unit the basic structural and functional unit of all living things Some organisms such as most bacteria are unicellular (consist of a single cell) Other organisms such as humans are multicellular
The Cellbull Cells are stacked together
to make up structures tissues and organs
bull Most cells have got the same information and resources and the same basic material
bull Cells can take many shapes depending on their function
bull Function of cells
bull Secretion (Produce enzymes)
bull Store sugars or fat
bull Brain cells for memory and intelligence
bull Muscle cells to contract
bull Skin cell to perform a protective coating
bull Defense such as white blood cells
Cellsbull Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the
microscope in the late 1600rsquos which first showed that all living things are composed of cells Also he was the first to see microorganisms
bull Light microscopes have a limited resolution magnification of more than about 2000-fold does not improve what you can see
bull Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light The short wavelength of electrons allows magnifications much better than visible light
Basic Cell Organization
All cells contain
1Cell membrane that keeps the inside and outside separate
2DNA-containing region that holds the instructions to run the processes of life
3Cytoplasm a semi-fluid region containing the rest of the cellrsquos machinery
There are Two Groups of Cells
bull Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic cells)
Simple cells with no internal membrane-bound structures
The first cell to have evolved
Relatively small and less complex than the Euk
DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm
bull Eukaryotic Cells
On average 100X larger than a bacterial cell
Contains organelles internally more complex
complex cells with internal membranes
DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
The Cellbull Cells are stacked together
to make up structures tissues and organs
bull Most cells have got the same information and resources and the same basic material
bull Cells can take many shapes depending on their function
bull Function of cells
bull Secretion (Produce enzymes)
bull Store sugars or fat
bull Brain cells for memory and intelligence
bull Muscle cells to contract
bull Skin cell to perform a protective coating
bull Defense such as white blood cells
Cellsbull Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the
microscope in the late 1600rsquos which first showed that all living things are composed of cells Also he was the first to see microorganisms
bull Light microscopes have a limited resolution magnification of more than about 2000-fold does not improve what you can see
bull Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light The short wavelength of electrons allows magnifications much better than visible light
Basic Cell Organization
All cells contain
1Cell membrane that keeps the inside and outside separate
2DNA-containing region that holds the instructions to run the processes of life
3Cytoplasm a semi-fluid region containing the rest of the cellrsquos machinery
There are Two Groups of Cells
bull Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic cells)
Simple cells with no internal membrane-bound structures
The first cell to have evolved
Relatively small and less complex than the Euk
DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm
bull Eukaryotic Cells
On average 100X larger than a bacterial cell
Contains organelles internally more complex
complex cells with internal membranes
DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cellsbull Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the
microscope in the late 1600rsquos which first showed that all living things are composed of cells Also he was the first to see microorganisms
bull Light microscopes have a limited resolution magnification of more than about 2000-fold does not improve what you can see
bull Electron microscopes use electrons instead of light The short wavelength of electrons allows magnifications much better than visible light
Basic Cell Organization
All cells contain
1Cell membrane that keeps the inside and outside separate
2DNA-containing region that holds the instructions to run the processes of life
3Cytoplasm a semi-fluid region containing the rest of the cellrsquos machinery
There are Two Groups of Cells
bull Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic cells)
Simple cells with no internal membrane-bound structures
The first cell to have evolved
Relatively small and less complex than the Euk
DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm
bull Eukaryotic Cells
On average 100X larger than a bacterial cell
Contains organelles internally more complex
complex cells with internal membranes
DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Basic Cell Organization
All cells contain
1Cell membrane that keeps the inside and outside separate
2DNA-containing region that holds the instructions to run the processes of life
3Cytoplasm a semi-fluid region containing the rest of the cellrsquos machinery
There are Two Groups of Cells
bull Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic cells)
Simple cells with no internal membrane-bound structures
The first cell to have evolved
Relatively small and less complex than the Euk
DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm
bull Eukaryotic Cells
On average 100X larger than a bacterial cell
Contains organelles internally more complex
complex cells with internal membranes
DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
There are Two Groups of Cells
bull Bacterial Cells (Prokaryotic cells)
Simple cells with no internal membrane-bound structures
The first cell to have evolved
Relatively small and less complex than the Euk
DNA is in a special region of the cytoplasm
bull Eukaryotic Cells
On average 100X larger than a bacterial cell
Contains organelles internally more complex
complex cells with internal membranes
DNA is in a nucleus separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Prokaryotic Cells
bull No internal membranes or organelles
bull DNA loose in the cytoplasm
bull Has a cell membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall that gives it shape
bull Sometimes also a polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell wall
bull Flagella used for propulsion Different structure than eukaryotic flagella
bull Not much internal structure but prokaryotes have a very wide variety of internal metabolic systems and they inhabit a much wider range of habitats than eukaryotes
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Eukaryotic Cellsbull Eukaryotic cells contain internal
membranes and organelles An organelle is an internal membrane bound structure that serves some specialized function within the cell
bull Organelles we will discuss
ndash Cell membrane
ndash Nucleus
ndash Cytomembrane system including endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus vesicles lysosomes and peroxisomes
ndash Mitochondria
ndash Cytoskeleton
ndash Special plant organelles chloroplast central vacuole cell wall
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cell (Human cell) = smallest living unit of the body
Minimal common components
bull Cell (plasma) membrane The boundary that separates ionic constituents (environment)
bull Membrane proteins
bull Cytoplasm Proteins other molecules ions water
bull Cytoskeleton
Various size shape components
organization function life span
1048729Some cells are partially to completely
missing organelles (such as red blood cells)
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
bullShape Round (irregular shape) Rectangular (fixed shape)
bullCilia Present It is very rare
bullNucleus Present Present
bullMitochondria Present Present
bullVacuole One or more small vacuoles (much smaller than plant cells)
One large central vacuole taking up 90 of cell volume
bullCentrioles Present in all animal cells Only present in lower plant forms
bullPlastids No Yes
bullGolgi Apparatus Present Present
bullCell wall None Yes
bullPlasma Membrane only cell membrane cell wall and a cell membrane
bullMicrotubules Microfilaments Present Present
bullLysosomes Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm Lysosomes usually not evident
bullRibosomes Present Present
bullEndoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough) Present Present
bullCytoplasm Present Present
bullChloroplast Animal cells dont have chloroplasts
Plant cells have chloroplasts because they make their own food
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
B CELL ORGANEELS
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Diagram of a typical animal (eukaryotic) cell showing subcellular components
Organelles(1) nucleolus(2) nucleus(3) ribosome(4) vesicle(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)(6) Golgi apparatus(7) Cytoskeleton(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum(9) mitochondria(10) vacuole(11) cytoplasm(12) lysosome(13) centrioles within centrosome
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cell Organellesbull Organelle= ldquolittle
organrdquobull Found only inside
eukaryotic cellsbull All the stuff in
between the organelles is cytosol
bull Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Organelles of the cell
1 Cell wall 2 Cell membrane3 Nucleus
-Chromosomes4 Cytomembrane system5 Endoplasmic reticulum6 Golgi bodies7 Lysosome 8 Vacuoles9 Centioles10 Lysosome11 Ribosome12 Mitochondria13 Plastids
a Chloroplastb Amyloplastc Chromoplast
14 Vacuole
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cell wall
bull Each plant cell is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made of cellulose and polysaccharides The cell wall is outside of the cell membrane In woody plants the cell walls can become very thick and rigid
bull Plant cells contain a central vacuole which stores water Osmotic pressure from the central vacuole squeezes the rest of the cytoplasm against the cell wall giving the cell its strength
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cell Wallsbull Made of
carbohydrates (cellulose)
bull Protection and structure
bull All cells except animal cells have cell walls
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cell Membrane
bull Boundary of the cellbull Made of a phospholipid bilayer
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cell Membranebull Composed of phospholipids with a polar
(and therefore hydrophilic) head group and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails A bilayer with the polar heads on the outsides and hydrophobic tails inside satisfies all of the molecule The membrane is a ldquophospholipid bilayerrdquo
bull The membrane also contains cholesterol and various proteins The proteins act as sensors attachment points cell recognition or they transport small molecules through the membrane
bull Membrane proteins and membrane lipids often have sugars attached to their outside edges glycoproteins and glycolipids For example the differences between the ABO blood groups are due to differences in sugars attached to the outer membranes of red blood cells
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
cell membranehellip
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cell Membrane pt 2
bull The molecules in the membrane can move about like ships floating on the sea the membrane is a two-dimensional fluid
bull In some cells the membrane proteins are held in fixed positions by a network of proteins just under the membrane a cytoskeleton
bull Only water a few gasses and a few other small non-polar molecules can move freely through a pure phospholipid membrane Everything else must be transported into the cell by protein channels in the membrane
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Transport Across the Cell Membrane
bull Basic rule things spontaneously move from high concentration to low concentration (downhill) This process is called diffusion
bull To get things to move from low to high (uphill) you need to add energy In the cell energy is kept in the form of ATP
bull Three basic transport mechanisms passive transport for downhill active transport for uphill and bulk transport for large amounts of material in either direction
bull Also need to deal with excess water entering the cell
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Passive and Active Transportbull Passive transport uses protein channels
through the membrane that allow a particular molecule to go through it down the concentration gradient The speed and direction of movement depends on the relative concentrations inside and outside Glucose is a good example since cells burn glucose for energy the concentration inside is less than the concentration outside
bull Active transport uses proteins as pumps to concentrate molecules against the concentration gradient The pumps use ATP for energy One example is the calcium pump which keeps the level of calcium ions in the cell 1000 times lower than outside by constantly pumping calcium ions out The balance of sodium and potassium ions is maintained with potassium high inside and sodium low inside using a pump Up to 13 of all energy used by the cell goes into maintaining the sodiumpotassium balance
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Nucleusbull The nucleus issues instructions to build and
maintain the cell respond to changes in the environment and to divide into 2 cells
bull The cellrsquos instructions are coded in the DNA which is the main part of chromosomes A chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule plus the proteins that support it and control it
bull Most eukaryotes have a small number of chromosomes humans have 46 chromosomes corn plants have 20 The number is fixed within a species all humans have 46 chromosomes except for some genetic oddities
bull Each instruction in the DNA is called a gene The genes issue their instructions get expressed as RNA copies AN RNA copy of a gene is called messenger RNA (mRNA) The mRNA instructions move out of the membrane into the cytoplasm where they are translated into proteins
bull The translation of RNA messages into proteins is accomplished by ribosomes which are structures made of both RNA and protein
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Nucleus pt 2bull Ribosomes are made in a special
part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
bull However the translation of messenger RNA into proteins by the ribosomes occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus Both the ribosomes and the messages move out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm to function
bull The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope It is studded with pores (made of protein) that let the ribosomes and the RNA messages out into the cytoplasm
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Cytomembrane Systembull The cytomembrane system is a
group of organelles that has 3 basic functions to manufacture new lipids and membranes to modify polypeptides into their final proteins and to synthesize and package proteins and other molecules for export
bull We will talk about 4 organelles as part of this system the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) the Golgi bodies the lysosomes and the peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull Connected to
nuclear membranebull Highway of the cellbull Rough ER studded
with ribosomes it makes proteins
bull Smooth ER no ribosomes it makes lipids
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Endoplasmic Reticulumbull ldquoReticulumrdquo means network the ER is a
network of tubules in the cytoplasm composed of membranes just like the cell membrane It provides a membrane channel from the nucleus to the cell membrane
bull Two types connected together rough ER and smooth ER
bull Rough ER looks rough because it is studded with ribosomes the cellular machines that synthesize proteins Ribosomes on the rough ER make the proteins that go into the membrane using the instructions from messenger RNA Other ribosomes not attached to the ER make other proteins
bull Smooth ER has no ribosomes It is used to synthesize the lipids of the membrane It is also used in liver cells to detoxify harmful chemicals in the blood Other functions as well
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Golgi Body and Secretionbull Proteins that are synthesized in the rough
ER get finished in the Golgi body sugars and phosphates added
bull Golgi looks like a series of stacked plates
bull Vesicles carry proteins from the ER to the Golgi and then from the Golgi body to the cell membrane Secretion to the outside world occurs by exocytosis the vesicle fuses with the cell membrane releasing its contents
bullProteins synthesized into the membrane of the ER end up in the cell membrane by the same mechanismbullBasic mechanism of secretion
bullgenes are copied into messenger RNA in the nucleusbullmRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasmbullthe ribosomes move to the rough ER and synthesize new proteinsbullproteins are transported by vesicles to the Golgi for finishingbull proteins are transported in other vesicles to the cell membrane where they are released from the cell
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Lysosomes
bull Garbage disposal of the cell
bull Contain digestive enzymes that break down wastes
Which organelles do lysosomes work with
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Lysosomes and Peroxisomesbull Lysosomes are intracellular stomachs
they are full of digestive enzymes that operate at low pH You can think of them as little acid vats Vesicles transport materials to the lysosomes and the lysosomes digest them In the process of ldquoprogrammed cell deathrdquo cells scheduled to die are destroyed from within by their lysosomes An example is the tail of a tadpole which is destroyed to make a tailless frogbullLysosomal storage diseases are caused by genetic defects An example is Gaucher disease in which certain lipids accumulate inside of lysosomes instead of being broken down This leads to interference with bone marrow function blood and bone problemsbullPeroxisomes are membrane-bound sacs used to break down fatty acids and some other molecules They generate hydrogen peroxide a poisonous molecule in the process which is the source of the name peroxisome
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Vacuoles
bull Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
bull Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
bull Storage container for water food enzymes wastes pigments etc
What type of microscope may have been used to take this
picture
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Ribosome
bull Site of protein synthesis
bull Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytosol
bull Produced in a part of the nucleus called the nucleolus
That looks familiarhellipwhat is a polypeptide
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Plant Cell Organellesbull Plants have three special structures not found
in animals the chloroplast the cell wall and the central vacuole
bull The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis the process of converting carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen using sunlight It uses the green pigment chlorophyll to capture the energy from light
bull Like the mitochondria chloroplasts have two membranes and their own circular DNA Chloroplasts are also thought to have originated from an ancient mutually beneficial relationship between photosynthetic bacteria and a primitive eukaryote
bull In some plant cells chloroplasts are modified to store starch (as in potatoes) or to contain other pigments (as in flowers)
Chloroplast
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Chloroplast bull Vary in size and
shape
bull Thylakoidsndash where
photosynthesis takes place
bull Stromandash Calvin cyclendash sugar synthesis
bull The chloroplast has its own genome
CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
bull Multiple circular molecules
bull Size ranges from 120 kb to 160 kb
bull Similar to mtDNA
bull Many chloroplast proteins are encoded in the nucleus (separate signal sequence)
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Chloroplast genomes
cpDNA molecules range from 120 to 200 kb in different plant species
121 kb 136 genes rRNA tRNA 90 proteins (20 encode photosynthesis )
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
The MightyMitochondrion Powerhouse
of the CellATP= energ
y
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Mitochondriabull The mitochondria are the site where most of the cellrsquos
ATP is generated when organic compounds are broken down to carbon dioxide and water using oxygen
bull All eukaryotes have mitochondria The number in a cell depends on that cellrsquos energy needs
bull Mitochondria have their own circular DNA the same kind found in bacteria
bull Mitochondria have 2 membranes forming 2 compartments inside To generate energy hydrogen ions are accumulated between the 2 membranes Then they flow down the concentration gradient into the inner compartment through a protein that uses the energy of their flow to create ATP
bull Genetic defects in the mitochondria affect tissues that use a lot of energy nerves muscles liver kidney They are unusual because they are inherited strictly from the
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Mitochondria
bull ldquopowerhouse of the cellrdquobull ATP productionbull Cell ldquobreathingrdquo is called
cellular respirationbull The mitochondrion has
its own Genome
Cellular respiration converts sugars to energy (ATP)
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Plastids
bull Contain pigments or storage products
1 Chloroplasts2 Elioplasts3 Amyloplasts
Cells of a red pepper
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
Quick Reviewbull Which organelle is the control center of the cell
Nucleus
bull Which organelle holds the cell togetherCell membrane
bull Which organelles are not found in animal cellsCell wall central vacuole chloroplasts
bull Which organelle helps plant cells make foodChloroplasts
bull What does ER stand forEndoplasmic reticulum
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-
MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGYPravin Jadhav Ph D Biotechnology Center Dr PDKV Akola
- Slide 1
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- The Cell
- Cells
- Basic Cell Organization
- Slide 7
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
- Slide 10
- Slide 11
- Slide 12
- Slide 13
- Slide 14
- Cell Organelles
- Organelles of the cell
- Cell wall
- Slide 18
- Cell Membrane
- Slide 20
- cell membranehellip
- Cell Membrane pt 2
- Transport Across the Cell Membrane
- Passive and Active Transport
- Nucleus
- Nucleus pt 2
- Cytomembrane System
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Slide 29
- Golgi Body and Secretion
- Lysosomes
- Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Vacuoles
- Ribosome
- Plant Cell Organelles
- Chloroplast
- Chloroplast genome (cpDNA)
- Slide 38
- The Mighty Mitochondrion Powerhouse of the Cell
- Mitochondria
- Slide 41
- Plastids
- Quick Review
- Slide 44
-