ultra-wideband & you! · 2020. 2. 21. · © 2020 mist systems, a juniper company juniper...

© 2020 Mist Systems, a Juniper CompanyJuniper Public

Stephen Cooper – CWNE #276

@Stephen__Cooper

ULTRA-WIDEBAND & YOU!


WHAT’S ON TAP FOR THE NEXT 30 MINUTES?

§ What is Ultra-wideband (UWB)?

§ How does UWB work?

§ Use cases for UWB

§ UWB product examples

§ What’s next for UWB?

2


APPLE U1 CHIP - IPHONE 11

§ September 10, 2019 – Apple-designed U1 TMKA75 UWB chip in iPhone 11§ Enhanced AirDrop§ Improved directionality§ UWB now in the hands of the consumer!§ … but, what standard(s) does it comply to?!

3U1 module image from: https://www.techinsights.com/blog/apple-iphone-11-pro-max-teardown

https://www.techinsights.com/blog/apple-iphone-11-pro-max-teardown


WHAT IS ULTRA-WIDEBAND?

§ It is not this:

https://www.verizonwireless.com/support/5g-mobile-faqs/4

https://www.verizonwireless.com/support/5g-mobile-faqs/


WHAT IS ULTRA-WIDEBAND?

§ Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a pulse radio technology used in the IEEE 802.15.14 Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (LR-WPAN) standard*.§ Definition: Radiation in which the 3dB bandwidth is at least 25% of its center frequency§ Uses impulse radio with extremely short pulses (<2ns)§ Has a very low power spectral density§ Operates in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz range§ Uses very wide channels of at least 500 MHz§ Data rates of up to 27 Mbps

§ Enables measurement of the Time of Flight (ToF) of radio signals with sub-meter accuracy for ranging/location services and close-proximity communications.

§ *UWB is also specified in IEEE 802.15.6 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs)

5


WHAT PROBLEM IS UWB TRYING TO SOLVE?

§ Ranging/Location Accuracy§ Better accuracy and precision than Wi-Fi or traditional BLE for specific use cases§ Radar applications/use cases

§ Security§ Operates in close proximity (a more secure alternative to NFC, vehicle access)§ Relatively immune from interference and the effects of multipath§ Protection from eavesdropping and relay attacks

§ More ideal for digital transactions and hands-free access control

6


HISTORY OF UWB

Standard Year Data Rate Band (GHz) Modulation PHY/Alliance Use Case/benefits802.15.3a 2002-2006 <480 Mbps 3.1-10.6 MB-OFDM WiMedia WirelessHD

802.15.4-2003 2003 Various Various Various ZigBee, Thread etc Low rate, low power

802.15.4a 2007 <27 Mbps <1 & 3.1-10.6 BPM & BPSK IR-UWB (later HRP) Data, ranging

802.15.4-2011 2011 (Mainly editorial changes to roll-up amendments)

802.15.4f 2012 <1 Mbps 6.3-9.2 PPM, OOK LRP-UWB Active RFID

802.15.4-2015 2015 <27 Mbps <1 & 3.1-10.6 Various HRP-UWB, LRP-UWB Data, ranging, active RFID, access control

802.15.6 2012, 2016 <12.6 Mbps 3.1-9.7 OOK, DPSK, FM

IR-UWB, FM-UWB Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs)

802.15.4z 2018- <27 Mbps <1 & 3.1-10.6 Various HRP-UWB & LRP-UWB; UWB Alliance, FiRa

Better ranging & security & power consumption

§ UWB began it’s modern life with short-range, high-speed data communications use cases

§ In 2002 the FCC allowed UWB to communicate in an unlicensed fashion with strict spectral power density requirements in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz bands.

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UWB BODIESUWB Alliance

§ Formed in December 2018

§ "The mission of the UWB Alliance is to be the voice of the designers and manufacturers committed to establishing ultra wideband (UWB) technology as a significant open standards industry."

§ Members include: Hyundai, Kia, Zebra, Decawave*, Alteros**, Novelda, Ubisense, Denso, Analog Devices, Apple, Samsung.

8

FiRa Consortium

§ Formed 2019

§ "Our vision is to provide seamless user experiences using the secured fine ranging and positioning capabilities of interoperable UWB technologies."

§ Members include: NXP***, Samsung, Assa Abloy, Bosch, HID, Hyundai, Xiaomi, Tile, Denso.


HOW DOES UWB WORK?

§ PHY – bands, channels, regulations, modulation

§ HRP-UWB

§ LRP-UWB

§ MAC – channel access, frame format

§ Ranging and Localization - comparison of methods

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UWB NETWORK CLASSIFICATION BY SPATIAL SCOPE

Nanoscale e.g. NFC

WAN

MAN

CAN

LAN/WLAN

PAN

BAN

NANO

Ultra-wideband

10

802.15.4

802.15.6


UWB SPECTRUM

f (GHz)

Chart modified from https://rtlsuwb.com

Pow

er S

pect

ral D

ensi

ty

Noise Floor1.6 2.4 3.1 5 10.6

GPS

Bluetooth, ZigBeeWi-Fi802.11b/g/n/ax

Wi-Fi802.11a/n/ac/ax

UWB Spectrum3.1 – 10.6 GHzSub

1G

11

https://rtlsuwb.com/


UWB HRP & LRP PHY BANDS

f (GHz)

0.5 3.1 5 10.6

HRP low band3.2-4.7

HRP sub-GHz0.25-0.75

HRP high band5.9-10.2

LRP6.2-9.2

12

HRP = high-rate PRF (pulse repetition frequency)

LRP = low-rate PRF


UWB HRP & LRP BANDS & CHANNELS

13

PHY Band Group

Channel/Band #

Center Frequency

(MHz)

Bandwidth(MHz) Mandatory/Optional

HRP

0 0 499.2 499.2 Mandatory below 1 GHz

1

1 3494.4 499.2 Optional

2 3993.6 499.2 Optional

3 4492.8 499.2 Mandatory in low band

4 3993.6 1331.2 Optional

2

5 6489.6 499.2 Optional

6 6988.8 499.2 Optional

7 6489.6 1081.6 Optional

8 7488.0 499.2 Optional

9 7987.2 499.2 Mandatory in high band

10 8486.4 499.2 Optional

11 7987.2 1331.2 Optional

12 8985.6 499.2 Optional

13 9484.8 499.2 Optional

14 9984.0 499.2 Optional

15 9484.8 1354.97 Optional

LRP n/a

0 6489.6 1730.56 Optional

1 6988.8 2296.32

2 7987.2 2129.92 n/a


WHAT IS PULSE RADIO?

§ Repeated transmissions short pulses of large bandwidth at a low power

§ Pulse repetition rates/frequency may be low or very high

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§ HRP-UWB – higher repetition rates

enable data communications use cases

§ LRP-UWB – lower repetition rates

enable imaging and radar use cases

Image from: Short-range Wireless Communication, by Alan Bensky, 2019, pg. 355.


UWB RADIO REGULATIONS§ In 2002, the FCC approved of UWB in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz range at a power spectral density of -41.3 dBm / MHz.

15

Information from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883398/pdf/sensors-16-00707.pdf & https://www.decawave.com/sites/default/files/apr001_uwb_worldwide_regulations_summaryrev1.2.pdf

Country License Band (GHz) Regulations

US Unlicensed 3.1-10.6 Indoor only.Cannot be used in fixed outdoor environments.

Canada Unlicensed 4.75-10.6 Indoor and handheld communications, vehicular radar, radar imaging applications.

Brazil Unlicensed 3.1-10.6 Indoor communications, portable devices, medical imaging systems.

Europe Unlicensed 3.1-10.6Fixed indoor or mobile applications ETSI EN 302 065-1Location tracking ETSI EN 302 065-2 (see UWB ETSI Location Tracking System Definitions next slide).Mitigation techniques required; and transmit power control required for road & rail applications.

Australia Unlicensed 3.4-4.8, 6.0-8.4

In-ground UWB transmitters restricted to -62 dBm / MHz for 4.2-4.8 & 6.0-6.8 GHz.Must not be operated near radio-astronomy sites, nor onboard any aircraft, nor from any fixed outdoor location.

S. Korea Unlicensed 3.1-4.8, 7.2-10.2

3.735-4.8 GHz band requires use of DAA or LDC mitigation techniques.Must not be used onboard aircraft, ships, or satellites.

Japan Unlicensed 3.4-4.8, 7.25-10.25

3.4-4.2 GHz band requires a minimum data rate of 50 Mbps and the use of DAA mitigation techniques.7.25-10.25 GHz band has neither of these restrictions.

Singapore Unlicensed 3.4-9 Indoor only.3.4-4.2 GHz restricted to -70 dBm / MHz. 4.2-4.8 GHz band requires the use of mitigation techniques.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883398/pdf/sensors-16-00707.pdf

https://www.decawave.com/sites/default/files/apr001_uwb_worldwide_regulations_summaryrev1.2.pdf


UWB ETSI LOCATION TRACKING SYSTEM DEFINITIONS

§ ETSI EN 302 065-2 defines three types of location tracking systems:

16

Information from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883398/pdf/sensors-16-00707.pdf & https://www.decawave.com/sites/default/files/apr001_uwb_worldwide_regulations_summaryrev1.2.pdf

System Type Definition

LT1 6-9 GHz band for general location tracking of people and things. Can be used mobile (indoors or outdoors) or fixed (indoors only).Typically these are location tracking tags.

LT23.1-4.8 GHz band for people and object tracking as well as industrial applications at defined locations. Can be mobile or fixed, both indoor or outdoors.Operation at fixed sites and local coordination and authorization may be required to ensure there is no interference with other systems.

LAES 3.1-4.8 GHz band for locating and tracking personnel of the fire and emergency services; such as locating personnel within a building in an emergency situation.

§ Transmitters of type LT1, LT2, and LAES are required to use mitigation techniques to prevent interference

with other systems and devices.


https://www.decawave.com/sites/default/files/apr001_uwb_worldwide_regulations_summaryrev1.2.pdf


UWB MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

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Low Duty Cycle (LDC)

§ Passive mitigation technique

§ Limits the activity of the transmitter

§ Maximum transmitter on time is 5 ms, and mean transmitter off time is at least 38 ms.

Detect And Avoid (DAA)

§ Active Mitigation Technique

§ Limits the Tx power, or defers transmission, if other transmissions are sensed (akin to Wi-Fi ED)

§ Proximity to ‘victim’ system follows a zone model.§ Different zones can have different threshold levels and corresponding Tx power levels.


HRP-UWB PHY SPECIFICATION§ The high rate pulse repetition frequency (HRP) UWB PHY consists of three frequency bands and is used

for data communications up to 27 Mbps and precision two-way ranging/positioning.

§ Each band has a mandatory channel support requirement, and channel bandwidths are typically 499.2 MHz

but can be up to 1.3 GHz. Larger bandwidths have better multipath resistance and better ranging.

§ Pulses are transmitted in bursts modulated by the polarity of the pulses (binary phase-shift keying, BPSK)

and the position of the burst within a symbol period (burst position modulation, BPM).

§ Each symbol has two bits of information: one for the burst position, and one for the phase of the burst.

§ Forward error correction (FEC) is performed using Reed-Solomon encoding on the PHY Protocol Data Unit

(PPDU).

§ Data rate is determined by number of pulses in a burst, preamble code length, modulation & coding rate,

chips per burst & per symbol, symbol duration, and symbol rate – 0.11, 0.85, 6.81, and 27.24 Mbps.18


HRP-UWB DATA RATES

19

Table from: IEEE Std 802.15.4-2015


LRP-UWB PHY SPECIFICATION & DATA RATES

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Table from: IEEE Std 802.15.4-2015

§ The low rate pulse repetition frequency (LRP) UWB PHY consists of three channels corresponding to three

transmission modes. LRP-UWB is used for RFID applications (and ranging in 802.15.4z).

§ Either on-off keying (OOK) or pulse position modulation (PPM) is used to modulate the symbols depending

on the mode of transmission. Symbols are composed of one or more bursts of UWB pulses.

§ Optional Location Enhancing Information postamble (LEIP) – sequence of pulses at the defined PRF for measuring RTT

to determine distance.

§ Base mode – highest data rate

§ Extended mode – balance of data rate and sensitivity

§ Long-range mode – best sensitivity


UWB CHANNEL ACCESS METHODS§ 802.15.4 Standard

§ Validation of successful reception of a frame with an acknowledgement is optional.

§ Access to the medium can be either scheduled or contention-based (ie random access).

§ CSMA-CA (slotted or unslotted) can be used.

§ ALOHA or slotted ALOHA mandatory for UWB as CCA is difficult on low-power UWB§ Random Access, used by HRP-UWB & LRP-UWB for active RFID blink frames.

§ CCA

§ HRP-UWB shall use one of the CCA modes defined in 802.15.4 PHY requirements (ie CSMA/CA or

TDMA) or shall report a busy medium upon detecting a preamble symbol.

§ Channel can be used by multiple users as long as preamble code and PRF are different.

§ HRP-UWB receiver energy detection (ED) measurement can input into DAA mitigation

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UWB FRAMING

§ Data communication and distance measuring requires precise synchronization between terminals.§ Synchronization preamble in HRP-UWB PPDU SHR header, constructed from one of

two lengths of preamble code (either 31 or 127 symbols).

22

Image from: Design for IoT | Peter Mackenzie | WLPC Prague 2019


UWB ANTENNAS

§ Distributed antennas

§ Increases transmission range

§ MIMO increases data rates

§ Microstrip antennas

§ Low profile, low cost, easy to fabricate

§ Wideband monopole

§ Flexible wearable antennas for WBAN

23

iPhone 11 image from: https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+11+Pro+Max+Teardown/126000UWB antenna shapes from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272150882_UWB_Antennas_for_Wireless_Applications

https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+11+Pro+Max+Teardown/126000

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272150882_UWB_Antennas_for_Wireless_Applications


UWB RANGING & LOCALIZATION

§ UWB Ranging and Localization Components

§ Anchor (fixed unit) – measures location of mobile units

§ Tag (mobile unit) – in motion

§ Location engine/server

§ Various algorithms for measurement

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Image from: https://www.decawave.com/technology1/

https://www.decawave.com/technology1/


COMPARISON OF UWB RANGING ALGORITHMS

25

Information from www.decawave.com, www.sewio.net, and https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883398/pdf/sensors-16-00707.pdf

Algorithm Summary Pros Cons

Two Way Ranging (TWR)

• Distance = ToF x (speed of light)• Requires exchange of 3 messages

between Anchor & Tag

• Doesn’t require time synchronization• Two-way communications enables data &

control

• Requires knowledge of Anchor addressing, difficult to scale

• Coverage limited by distance to Master Anchor (<20m)

• Increased computation required, decreases battery life

Angle of Arrival (AoA)

• Measures position based on intersection of multiple signals

• Lower requirement in terms of clock precision/synchronization • Complex deployment requiring many antennas

Phase Difference of

Arrival (PDoA)

• Combines TWR with bearing measurement

• Less infrastructure required• Relative positioning between two devices

• Requires two antennas• Location error isn’t constant

Time Difference of

Arrival (TDoA)

• Precise measurement of time difference between blink/beacon signals arriving to Anchors

• Tag doesn’t communicate directly with Anchors, so don’t need to know addressing

• Improved battery life• More scalable due to reduced configuration

required

• Anchors require precise time synchronization

http://www.decawave.com/

https://www.sewio.net/



COMPARISON OF UWB RANGING ALGORITHMS

26

Images from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6022048/pdf/sensors-18-01875.pdf

Two Way Ranging(TWR)

Time Difference of Arrival(TDoA)



UWB USE CASES

§ Secure Access Control§ Smart car access with smartphone for keyless entry and remote start§ Can be combined with BLE for wake-up/initialization prior to secure ranging.

§ Secure Wireless Payments§ More secure than NFC, and can leave smartphone in pocket

§ Location-based Services§ Asset tracking in high density environments§ Proximity of small objects§ Sports & Fitness Tracking

§ Tracking of players and athletes on a field/arena

§ Healthcare§ Medical radar§ Wireless health sensors (WBAN)

27


UWB USE CASES – FIRA CONSORTIUM

28

Image from: https://www.firaconsortium.org/discover/use-cases/

https://www.firaconsortium.org/discover/use-cases

https://www.decawave.com/technology1/


UWB PRODUCTS – RECOGNIZE THIS?

29

Belkin UWB CableFree USB Hub from 2006!


UWB PRODUCTS – LOCATION / ASSET TRACKING

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§ Zebra UWB Solution§ Virtual planning tool § ATEX & IS tags§ Sport tracking

§ Estimote Location UWB Beacon§ BLE, UWB§ Estimote Automapping§ Uses TWR

§ Ubisense Dimension4§ IP40/54/69K§ Various form factors§ TDoA + AoA

§ Humatics§ REST API§ Uses proprietary

ALOHA & TDMA MAC§ RealTrac§ Underground mining§ IP rated§ APIs


UWB PRODUCTS – HEALTHCARE & AUDIO

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§ ARIA Sensing§ “World’s smallest UWB radar”§ Detect gestures & breathing§ Debuted at CES2020

§ Estimote Location UWB Beacon§ BLE, UWB§ Estimote Automapping§ Uses TWR

§ Alteros UWB Wireless Mic System§ Operates at 6.5 GHz§ Transceivers mesh together§ TDMA used for channel access

§ Novelda/XeThru X4 UWB Radar§ Sleep & respiration monitoring§ Occupancy sensing

§ Inmate monitoring§ HVAC, lighting, security


UWB PRODUCTS – SECURE ACCESS

32

§ Continental + NXP§ Secure vehicle access, digital key§ Car Connectivity Consortium (CCC) § Debuted at CES2020

§ Volkswagen + NXP§ Secure vehicle access, digital key§ Car Connectivity Consortium (CCC)§ Remote control parking, indoor navigation§ Accessory mounting (ie trailer)§ Debuted at CES2020


APPLE UWB & RADIO PATENTS

33

Image from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-new-Apple-U1-chip-and-why-is-it-important/answer/Brian-Roemmele @BrianRoemmele

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-new-Apple-U1-chip-and-why-is-it-important/answer/Brian-Roemmele


APPLE UWB PATENTS AND USE CASES§ Peer-to-peer Services

§ AirDrop "So far we know the unlicensed UWB in the Apple iPhones transmits on two different frequencies - 6.24 GHz and 8.2368 GHz” (These are HRP-UWB Channels 5 and 10)

§ Spatial/directional awareness (AR?)

§ Asset Tracking§ Find AirPods? AirTags?

§ Apple HomeKit§ Connected wall outlets/switches/controls

§ Apple Health§ Improved biometrics§ New ecosystem of connected health sensors

§ Apple Car??? iOS 13.4 enables CarKey API to lock/unlock/start

34

Quotation from https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+11+Pro+Max+Teardown/126000?utm_source=everythingrf

https://www.ifixit.com/Teardown/iPhone+11+Pro+Max+Teardown/126000%3Futm_source=everythingrf


WHAT’S NEXT FOR UWB?

§ Education§ CWSA/CWISA, CWIP/CWICP

§ Shouldn’t be focused on only a subset of 802.15.4 (i.e. ZigBee, Thread, LoRaWAN)

§ Many articles and papers on UWB, some out of date

§ Standardization§ 802.15.4z – standard for secure ranging and access§ 802.15.6 – Wireless Body Area Networks

§ Large Scale Adoption§ Will Apple lead the charge?

§ Openness § Apple developer ecosystem§ Open APIs in existing UWB vendor products

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LOCATION, LOCATION, LOCATION

§ Bluetooth Low Energy§ vBLE is king (just ask the WiFi Ninjas 😉)!

§ Easy to deploy, scalable, cost-effective and easy to manage§ Bluetooth is standards-based§ Bluetooth 5.1 brings Angle-of-Arrival and Angle-of-Departure for even greater accuracy

§ Wi-Fi§ 802.11az – Next Generation Positioning

§ Still a lot of work to be done, years away§ Wi-Fi location services requires very high density = $$$$$

…Mist is ready for Ultra-wide Band!

36


NEW MIST PARTNERSHIPS FOR UWB RTLS!

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§ inpixon§ Various tags and

sensors§ APIs & SDK

§ Quarion Atlar-5D§ 6000 tag reads per

second§ Heatmap/spaghetti

diagram software

§ Sewio§ Various tags and

sensors§ Flow analysis &

heatmap§ API§ Planning tool


THANK YOUhttps://www.mist.com

ultra-wideband & you! · 2020. 2. 21. · © 2020 mist systems, a juniper company juniper...

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