ultrasound guided regional...
TRANSCRIPT
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eZono Internal and Confidential7/25/2016 1
Ultrasound Guided Regional Anesthesia
Lower Extremity Blocks
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Lower Extremity Nerve Blocks
• Femoral
• Sciatic
– Transgluteal
– Subgluteal
– Anterior
• Saphenous
• Popliteal Sciatic
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Objectives
• Indications
• Goal of Block
• Anatomy
• Ultrasound Technique
• Ultrasound Landmarks
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Femoral Nerve Block
• Indications: surgery anterior thigh and knee, quadriceps tendon repair, postop pain management
• Goal: deep to fascia iliaca surrounding nerve and behind femoral artery, if anesthesia is anterior to artery it is superficial to fascia iliaca
• Technique: In-plane• Note: Nerve always lies deep to the fascia iliaca
and should not be confused with the bright hyperechoic tissue lying above the fascia which is lymphatic tissue.
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Anatomy Landmarks
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Femoral Nerve lies deep to Fascia Iliaca
Fascia lata
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Anatomy Landmarks
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Femoral Nerve lies deep to Fascia Iliaca
Fascia lata
Fascia iliaca
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Transducer Position
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The transducer is placed just superior to the inguinal skin creaseOrientation marker directed to the patient’s right.
Common femoral artery is seen as a round, pulsatile structure.
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Ultrasound Image
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Femoral Nerve
Fascia Iliaca
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Sciatic Nerve Block
• Indications: Foot and ankle surgery, post op pain management, anesthesia below the knee
• Approaches:– Transgluteal: transverse posterior buttock between
ischial tuberosity and greater trochanter– Subgluteal: transverse posterior thigh just below
gluteal crease– Anterior: transverse proximal anteromedial thigh
• Transducer Type: – Curved array – Transgluteal, Subgluteal, Anterior– Linear array - Subgluteal
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Anatomy
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Posterior Sciatic Nerve Block
Subgluteal
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Posterior View Thigh
Transgluteal
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Sciatic Nerve Transgluteal
• Goal: Adjacent to sciatic nerve below fascial plane of gluteus muscles, circumferential spread
• Technique: In-plane from lateral
• Note: tilting the transducer is required to identify sciatic nerve at this location
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Sciatic Nerve Transgluetal
Patient Position: Prone or lateral decubitus (legs flexed hip and knee)
Transducer Position: just proximal to gluteal fold
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Boney Landmarks
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Transgluteal Transducer Position
Imaging Plane = Ischial Tuberosity to Greater Trochanter
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Boney Landmarks
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Transgluteal Sciatic Nerve
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Transgluteal Needle Path
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• In-plane
• Needle 1-2 cm lateral
• Initial end point lateral and deep to nerve
• May need to redirect anterior and medial to nerve for circumferential spread
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Subgluteal Sciatic Nerve
• Goal: Adjacent to sciatic nerve below fascial plane of gluteus muscles, circumferential spread
• Technique: In-plane from lateral
• Note: tilting the transducer is required to identify sciatic nerve at this location
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Subgluteal Ultrasound Image
S= Sciatic Nerve BF = Biceps Femoris
ST = Semitendinousus
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As the transducer is moved distally sciatic nerve becomes more oval in shape and found between BF an d ST
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Sciatic Nerve Block Anterior
• Indications– Used if patient cannot be positioned in lateral position due to
pain or trauma– Faster approach when doing femoral and sciatic nerve blocks
together
• Goal: Needle adjacent to sciatic nerve between adductor and biceps femoris muscle
• Transducer Position: Anteromedial aspect of thigh• Scan Depth:
– 13-25 cms (deep and steep angle)– Nerve is deepest in this approach
• Technique: In Plane or Out of Plane• Intermediate to Advanced Block
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Landmarks Sciatic Nerve
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Landmarks Sciatic Nerve
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Tip: To locate sciatic nerve from anterior approach draw a line between femur and femoral vessels and sciatic nerve will be deep and middle
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Anterior Sciatic Nerve
• Patient Position
– Supine
– Hip abducted 30 degrees
– Hip and knee slightly flexed
• Transducer Position
– Anteromedial aspect of thigh 8 cm from inguinal crease
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Anterior Sciatic Nerve Block
In Plane Approach
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Medial to lateral approach, if thigh externally rotated anterior to posterior approach
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Anterior Sciatic Nerve Block
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Out of Plane Approach
Align nerve with midpoint of transducerTechnically challenging block because needle is steep and target is deep
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Anterior Sciatic Nerve Block
• Post injection
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GMM = gluteus maximus F = Femur
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Saphenous Nerve Block
• Indications: Done in combination with popliteal sciatic or lower anterior sciatic block for mid lower leg and ankle
• Goal: Needle tip medial to femoral artery in adductor canal below the sartorious muscle, circumferential spread around femoral artery
• Technique: In-plane or out of plane
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Anatomy Landmarks
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Saphenous nerve
Femoral vein
Adductor Canal
Tip: At this level nerve and vein are in close proximity
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Saphenous Nerve
• Transducer Position
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Saphenous Nerve Needle Path
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Femoral Artery
Saphenous Nerve
Sartorious Muscle
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Ultrasound Image Saphenous Nerve
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Saphenous Nerve Block
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• Saphenous nerve is difficult to see
• May be seen as a bright hyperechoic oval or triangular structure
• Finding the nerve – follow the artery– Above knee: saphenous nerve travels with femoral
artery beneath the sartorius muscle
– Below the knee: adjacent to saphenous vein
• Nerve can lie either anterior or posterior to femoral artery
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Saphenous Nerve
• Tips for locating
– Follow the superficial femoral vessels
– As artery goes deeper to travel through adductor canal a small artery will branch off and go superficial
– Branching artery is descending genicular and will travel with saphenous
– Use Color Doppler to locate genicular artery
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Anatomy Landmarks
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Saphenous Nerve Locations
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Popliteal Sciatic
• Indications: Pain relief distal tibia and fibula.
• Goal: anesthetic around popliteal portion of sciatic nerve above the bifurcation to tibial and peroneal branches
• Technique: In-plane or out of plane
• Patient Position: Prone or lateral decubitus with pillow bolster between knees
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Popliteal Sciatic Transducer Position
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• Above knee joint
• Rock or tilt transducer for best reflection of nerve
• Identify bifurcation of tibial and peroneal nerves
• 8-10cm above crease
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Popliteal Sciatic Transducer Position
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Popliteal Sciatic Transducer Position
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Popliteal Sciatic Ultrasound Image
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FV
FA
Popliteal sciatic may be at level of femoral vessels or popliteal vessels depending upon distance above the knee
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Ultrasound Image
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FV
FA
Tibial NPeroneal N
Proximal Distal at Bifurcation
Tip! Snowman Sign Nerve is the head
PV
PA
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Summary
• Essential to know your anatomy
• Nerves in extremity are bright or hyperechoic
• Very helpful to have tip and tricks for ultrasound identification of structures
• Remember to rock and tilt transducer for best reflection of nerve. This is key in lower extremity imaging of nerves.
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Lower Extremity Nerve Blocks
• Femoral
• Sciatic
– Transgluteal
– Subgluteal
– Anterior
• Saphenous
• Popliteal Sciatic
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