umts basic principles

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

Introduction to UMTS

ISSUE 1.0

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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Understand the history of 3G mobile communications

Understand the UMTS network architecture and 3GPP different releases

Understand the UMTS network services

Understand the basic principles of UTRAN

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References References

TS 21.102 3rd Generation Mobile System Release 4 Specifications

TS 21.103 3rd Generation Mobile System Release 5 Specifications

Huawei’s UMTS RAN protocols and signaling analysis document

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Part 1 Part 1 Introduction to UMTS

Part 2 UTRAN basic principles

Part 3 ATM basic principles

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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS Section 1 History of 3G

Section 2 UMTS network structure

Section 3 UMTS network services

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Development of Mobile communication Development of Mobile communication

AMPS = Advanced Mobile phone service GSM=Global system for Mobile Communications

TACS=Total Access Communications Systems D-AMPS=Digital-AMPS

NMT=Nordic Mobile Telephone PDC=personal digital cellular

1st Generation 1980s (analog)

2nd Generation 1990s (digital)

3rd Generation current (digital)

AMPS

Analog to DigitalTACS

NMT

OTHERS

GSM

CDMA IS95

D-AMPS

PDC

WCDMAFDD

CDMA 2000

WCDMA TDD

Voice to Broadband

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History of 3GHistory of 3G

At 1985 : ITU started the process of defining the standard for third generation systems, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000)

Some of the features that IMT-2000 3G network must include

1-Circuit and packet oriented services

2-Simultaneous multiple services

3-Symmetrical and Asymmetrical services

4-Migration path from 2G systems

5-Supporting Multimedia services Car speed environment: 144kbps Walk speed environment: 384kbps Indoor environment: 2048kbps

1992: 230MHz spectrum was allocated in 2GHz band (WARC92)

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History of 3GHistory of 3G

Based on the IMT-200 performance objectives and frequency allocation the ITU-R formally requested a submission of RTT proposals with a closing date at the end of July 1998 .

By the closing date , there were a total of 10 RTT proposals were submitted from Europe , United states , Japan , Korea and, China. All these proposal where accepted .

Five RTT for IMT2000 • WCDMA FDD • CDMA2000 (1X-EV-DO and 3X modes) • WCDMA-TDD • UWC-136 (based on D-AMPS) • DECT Only three 3G network implemented and currently deployed 1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO) 2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD) 3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD)

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3G standardization organizations 3G standardization organizations

Standardization organizations such as 3GPP, 3GPP2 were established

3G system

WCDMA

3GPP

FDD/TDD mode

CDMA2000

3GPP2

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Frequency allocation for IMT2000Frequency allocation for IMT2000

USA

1800 1900 2000 2100 2200MHz

IMT-2000 IMT-2000

MSS

1980

2010 2025

MSS

21702110

21702110

MSSUMTS

2110

IMT-2000 MSS

2170

IMT-2000 MSS PHS

1895 1918 1980 20252010

1850

193

0

1990

Unlicensed

MSS UMTSDECT

1880 20101980 2025

1885

PCS

2155

2025

IMT-2000 IMT-2000

IMT-2000

MSS (Reg.2)

MSS (Reg.2)

UMTS

WARC in 1992 230MHz in 2GHZ Band was allocated to IMT2000

MSS MSS

1900 1920

1910 2110 2150 2165

Reserve MSS

ITU

Japan

Europe/Australia

MSS: Mobile Satellite Service

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Frequency allocation for IMT2000Frequency allocation for IMT2000 Additional (2nd of June, 2000)

IMT-2000

GSM(Current)

PDC(Current)

800 1000 1500 2500 MHz

960 1885 2690

2010

2110

2170

19801710806

2025

WRC2000 Conference has decided to allocate additional bands for IMT-2000,

800MHz, 1.8GHz, and 2.5GHz Band.

2000

880 960 1710 1990

: Additionally assigned for IMT-2000

810 958 1429 1513

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UMTS FDD and TDDUMTS FDD and TDD

FDD (Frequency Division Duplex)

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

Base stationMobile Terminal

f 1: for Up Link

f 2: for Down Link

Base stationMobile Terminal

f 1: for Up & Down Link

Up Down

TS TS

TS: Time slot

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Summary Summary

IMT-2000 is the ITU standard for 3G mobile communications three 3G networks are implemented and currently deployed

1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO)

2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD)

3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD) 3GPP is responsible for producing UMTS network standard specifications 3GPP2 is responsible for producing CDMA2000 network standard

specifications

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3GPP R99 network Architecture3GPP R99 network Architecture

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Interoperability with GSM CS domain elements are able to handle 2G and 3G subscribers. Changes (upgrades) in MSC/VLR and HLR/AC/EIR. For example SGSN

2G responsible for mobility management (MM) for packet connections 3G MM divided between RNC and SGSN

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The 3GPP R4 introduces separation of the connection, its control, and services for CS domain of CN.

Media Gateway (MGW): an element for maintaining the connection and performing switching function when required.

MSC server: an element controlling MGW and responsible for signaling Packet switched voice

The CS call is changed to the packet switched call in MGW.

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Difference between R99 and R4Difference between R99 and R4

MSC

SCP HLR

MSC

RAN RAN RAN

TDMMSC Server

SCP HLR

RAN RAN RAN

ATM/IPMGW MGW

MSC ServerTUP/ISUP

Notes: PS domain structure remain unchanged

R99 R4

MAP Over TDM MAP Over TDM/IP

CS domain evolution

ATM/IP

ATM/IP/TDM

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3GPP R5 network architecture3GPP R5 network architecture

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3GPP R5 network architecture3GPP R5 network architecture

3GPP R5 introduces the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) The HSDPA scheme proposes to add an additional wideband downlink

shared channel that is optimized for very high-speed data transfer In HSDPA the coding and modulation scheme used are changed according

to air interface conditions Release 5 employs two modulation schemes, QPSK and 16QAM. Later

releases may introduce other schemes, such as 64QAM 3GPP R5 introduces a IP Multimedia subsystem (IMS)

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SummarySummary

3GPP R99 is the first 3GPP specification for UMTS based on GSM NSS as a CN

R4 softswitch based CS Core network was introduced in 3GPP R4 HSDPA and IMS are introduced in 3GPP R5

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QoS of Different ServicesQoS of Different Services

Time delay

Quality (BER)

background

conversational

streaming

interactive

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UMTS services UMTS services

Conversational Services Speech service:

Real time conversational service require the low time delay from end to end , and the uplink and the downlink service bandwidth is symmetrical .

Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).

– 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps.– The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the RAN

according to the payload of air interface and the quality of voice service .

Video phone (WCDMA) The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M (AMR-H.263) The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323

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UMTS services UMTS services

Streaming Services (eg. Telemetry (monitoring) , Audio and Video streaming )

Interactive Services (eg. Web browsing , and online games )

Background Services (eg. Email , Fax , and SMS )

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SummarySummary

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Multiple Access TechniquesMultiple Access Techniques

Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000

Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS

Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM

FrequencyTime

Power

FrequencyTime

Power

FrequencyTime

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

User

User

User

User User

User

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Defect1. Simple Implementation 1. Frequency Reuse

2. privacy

1. Need synchronized of frame

1. Reduction the interference

2. Diversity Hand-over

3. Privacy

1. Sophisticated power control for mobile

1.Privacy

Advantage

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

AMPS, TACS

GSM, PDC

IS95,W-CDMA

Defect

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FDMA/TDMA CDMA

Frequency is different in each sector.

Frequency is same.

Need for

frequency plan (Frequency ReuseFrequency Reuse)

No need for frequency plan

ｆ１ｆ

6

ｆ 5

ｆ 2ｆ

3ｆ 4

ｆ１

ｆ 7

ｆ 7

ｆ 4

ｆ 6ｆ

7

ｆ１

ｆ 3ｆ 4

ｆ 6ｆ

7ｆ 2

ｆ 5ｆ 6ｆ 2 ｆ

2ｆ 5 ｆ

3

ｆ１ｆ 7

ｆ 6

ｆ 5

ｆ 2

ｆ 4

ｆ１

ｆ1

ｆ 7

ｆ1ｆ

7

ｆ1ｆ1

ｆ１ｆ

1ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1ｆ1ｆ1

ｆ1

ｆ1

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DS-CDMA DS-CDMA

User-A

A

Code 1

User-B

B

Code 2

User-C

C

Code 3

User-A

A

Code 1

User-B

B

Code 2

User-C

C

Code 3

De-spreadingCode

Narrow BandSignal

Wide BandSignal

(Multiple Signal)Spreading DespreadingNarrow Band

Signal

CBA

(Receiver A)

(Receiver B)

(Receiver C)

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Rake ReceiverRake Receiver

A B C

A B C

ABC

Rake

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Rake receiverRake receiver

RXRX

Searcher Searcher Searcher Searcher

CombinerCombinerCombinerCombiner

CalculationCalculationCalculationCalculation

Combined Signal

RAKE ReceiverRAKE Receiver

Electric PowerElectricPower

Delay Profile

Delay Time

Multiple Signal 1Multiple Signal 2

Multiple Signal 3

Delay Time

Finger CircuitFinger CircuitFinger CircuitFinger Circuit



Output Power

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WCDMA handover types

Soft Handover

UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3 sectors) using the same frequency

The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations. For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received signal.

in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received from both base stations, but the received data is then routed to the RNC for combining

The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates based on frame reliability indicator

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Softer Handover

UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one base station using the same frequency

The UE receives the downlink transmissions the two sectors. For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received signal.

in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received in each sector, then routed to the same baseband Rake receiver and the maximal ratio combined there in the usual way.

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Hard Handover

The UE stops transmission on one frequency before it moves to another frequency and starts transmitting again

During Hard Handover the used radio frequency (RF) of the UE changes

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Inter-system Handover Handover between two different radio access technologies Handover between UMTS FDD and GSM Handover between UMTS FDD and UMTS TDD

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Spreading process in WCDMASpreading process in WCDMA

1st Step: Channelization Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate)

2nd Step: Scrambling Code Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)

ChannelizationCode

ScramblingCode

3,840 KcpsCoding

&

Interleaving

Coding

&

Interleaving

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Downlink (NodeB to UE )

Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector). Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).

Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code B

Scrambling Code C

ChannelizationCode 1

ChannelizationCode 2 Channelization

Code 3

ChannelizationCode 1 Channelization

Code 2



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Up Link (UE to NodeB )

Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.

Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

Scrambling Code A

Scrambling Code B

Scrambling Code C





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Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor [OVSF] codes are the channelization codes used for signal spreading in the uplink and downlink

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The code used for scrambling of the uplink Channels may be of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.

For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, …, 8191 are used.

In the downlink direction 512 of scrambling codes are used to identify the cells in the downlink so downlink planning is required

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W-CDMA (IMT-DS) SpecificationW-CDMA (IMT-DS) Specification

Multiple access method DS-CDMA (DS: Direct Spread)

Duplexing methodFDD/TDD (Frequency Division Duplex/Time Division Duplex)

Inter-cell synchronization Asynchronous

Bandwidth 5 MHZ

Chip rate 3.84 Mcps

Carrier spacing Flexible with 100/200kHz carrier raster

Frame length Unit 10 ms

Data modulation Downlink: QPSK, Uplink: BPSK

Multi-rate concept Variable spreading factor and/or multi-code

Maximum data rate 2 Mbps (indoor)/384 kbps (mobile)

Channel codingConvolutional coding (R=1/3 or 1/2, K=9)Turbo code for High data rate

BPSK: Binary phase shift keying QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keying

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UMTS FDD frequency allocations UMTS FDD frequency allocations

Operating Band UL FrequenciesUE transmit, Node B receive

DL frequenciesUE receive, Node B transmit

I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz

II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz

III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz

IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz

V 824 – 849 MHz 869-894 MHz

VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz

Operating Band TX-RX frequency separation

I 190 MHz

II 80 MHz.

III 95 MHz.

IV 400 MHz

V 45 MHz

VI 45 MHz

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SummarySummary

UMTS is based on DS-CDMA as a multiple access technique Rack receiver is used to combine signals and get benefits from Multipath

fading . Also it is used to combine signals in soft and softer handover cases Two types of Power control are used in UMTS , open and closed loop power

control Types of handover in UMTS

Soft handover Softer handover Hard handover Inter-system handover

Spreading process in WCDMA consists of two stages Channelization Scrambling

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To provide a high-speed, low delay

multiplexing and switching network to any type of

user traffic, such as voice support, data,or video

applications.

Why do we need a new technology?Why do we need a new technology?

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TraditionaTraditionall Switch Model’s Characteristic Switch Model’s Characteristic

Circuit Switching Data is sent from the same route, so time delay is fixed High-speed switching Fixed rate

Packet Switching Support multi-rate switching Take full advantage of bandwidth/waste of bandwidth Time delay is not fixed

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What is ATM?What is ATM?

ATM for Telecommunications is Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (not Automatic Teller Machine!).

In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in small, fixed-length packets called cells.

A technology that integrates advantages of circuit switch and packet switch.

ATM can support any type of user services, such as voice, data, or video service.

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ATM can provides both CBR and VBR transportATM can provides both CBR and VBR transportATM can provides both CBR and VBR transportATM can provides both CBR and VBR transport

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ATM OverviewATM Overview

53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell header+48Bytes payload.

ATM must set up virtual connection before communication.

ATM network will confer with terminal on parameter of QoS before the connection is set up.

Contract

5-Bytes Header

48-Bytes Payload

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ATM Network ModelATM Network Model

UNI

UNI

NNI

NNINNI NNI

NNI

UNI

ATM Switch ATM End terminal

UNI = User to Network InterfaceNNI = Network to Network Interface

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ATM CellATM Cell

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ATM CellATM Cell

GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible bus system at the user interface and is not used at the moment.

VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI.

VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path section between switching centers or between the switching center and the subscriber.

PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the information field.

CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be preferentially deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck.

HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to some extent, correct errors in the header data that may occur. The HEC is used to synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.

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VP and VCVP and VCVP and VCVP and VC

think VPI as a bundle of virtual channels. (256 VPI on one link)

the individual virtual channels have unique VCIs. The VCI values may be reused in each virtual path.

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ATM ConnectionsATM ConnectionsATM ConnectionsATM Connections

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ATM Virtual ConnectionATM Virtual Connection

UNI cell VPI =1 VCI =1

UNI cell VPI =20 VCI =30

NNI cell VPI =26 VCI =44



1

2

3

1

2

3

1

3 2

2

31

ATM Virtual Connection Port VPI VCI

1 26 44

2 2 44

Port VPI VCI

1 2 44

2 6 44

Port VPI VCI

2 6 44

3 20 30

Port VPI VCI

1 1 1

2 26 44A B

In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called Virtual Connection.

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ATM Protocol Structure Model

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ATM traffic classes ATM traffic classes

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ATM traffic parameters ATM traffic parameters

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ATM applications in UMTS networkATM applications in UMTS network

UTRAN

Iub

NodeB

RNC SGSN

RNC

NodeB

NodeB

NodeB

MSC

UE

UE

Uu Iu

Iur

Iu-CS

Iu-PS

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ATM applications in UMTS networkATM applications in UMTS network

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umts basic principles

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