undergrouand fault detection

Underground Fault Detection 1

CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

Department of Electrical EngineeringAlpine Institute of Technology


The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC voltage is applied at the

feeder end through a series resistor. The current would vary depending upon the length of

fault of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL or 3L or LG etc. The series resistor

voltage drop changes accordingly which is then fed to an ADC to develop precise digital

data which the programmed microcontroller would display the same in Kilo meters. The

project is assembled with a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault

creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the

same.

.

SYSTEM DESIGN CALLS:

Figure 3(a): Embedded system design calls

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN CYCLE


EmbeddedSystems

ComputerArchitecture

SoftwareEngineering

Data Communication

ControlEngineering

Electric motorsand actuators

Sensors andmeasurements

AnalogElectronic design

DigitalElectronic design Integrated circuit

design

Embedded system design calls on many disciplines

Operating Systems

BuildDownload

DebugTools


Figure 3(b) “V Diagram”

Characteristics of Embedded System

• An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a

computer.

• They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system

software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications.

– Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period

of time.

– Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly.

– Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.

– Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software

is doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.

– Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without

human intervention.

– Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must

make the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.

– Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into

embedded systems.

– Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the

software in these systems must conserve power.


System

Testing

System

Definition

Targeting

Rapid Prototyp

ing

Hardware-in-

the-Loop Testin

g


– Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can

complicate the response problem.

– Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded

system projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate

for the job.

• Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some

have a serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards,

screens or disk drives.

APPLICATIONS

1) Military and aerospace embedded software applications

2) Communicat ion Appl ica t ions

3) Indust r ia l automat ion and process control sof tware

4) Mastering the complexity of applications.

5) Reduction of product design time.

6) Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data.

7) Intelligent, autonomous sensors.

CLASSIFICATION

Real Time Systems.

RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.

A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer.

RTS CLASSIFICATION

Hard Real Time Systems

Soft Real Time System

HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM

"Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.

Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.



SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM

"Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must operate

very quickly and repeatable.

Example: Railway reservation system – takes a few extra seconds the data remains

valid.

3. PROJECT BLOCK DIAGRAM



FIG 3: BLOCK DIAGRAM

4. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE COMPONENTS:1. TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)



2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)

3. RECTIFIER

4. FILTER

5. MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)

6. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

7. ADC0804

8. ULN2003

9. RELAYS

10. 1N4007

11. RESISTOR

12. CAPACITOR

2.2 COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

2.2.1 MICRO-CONTROLLER

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a

single integrated circuit containing a processor core, memory, and programmable

input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of NOR flash or OTP ROM is also

often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are

designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in personal

computers or other general purpose applications.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_read-only_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory#NOR_flash


Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as

automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office

machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems.

2.2.2 LDR

A photo-resistor or light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor whose resistance

decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits

photoconductivity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor or CdS device, from

"cadmium sulfide," which is the material from which the device is made and that actually

exhibits the variation in resistance with light level. Note that although CdS is a

semiconductor, it is not doped silicon. A photo-resistor is made of a high resistance

semiconductor.

2.2.3 RESISTOR



A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a

current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. This constant of

proportionality is called conductance, G. The reciprocal of the conductance is known as the

resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of

current I as given by Ohm's law:

Resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made

of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome).Resistors are also implemented within

integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and

2.2.3 CAPACITOR

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge.

Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated

by a layer of insulating film.

(BASIC SYMBOL)



A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated

by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the

conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to

collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the

electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,

capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to

the potential difference between them.

(CERAMIC CAPACITORS)

2.2.4 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator

lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical

electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern

versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very

high brightness. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation

lighting, automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have

allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching

rates are also useful in advanced communications technology.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Light_emitting_diodes_.28LED.29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lights

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation_light#Aviation_navigation_lights

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visible_spectrum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor


When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to

recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.

This effect is called electroluminescence and the colour of the light (corresponding to the

energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor.

2.2.5 COMPARATOR

In electronics, a comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and

switches its output to indicate which is larger. They are commonly used in devices such as

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).

(PIN DIAGRAM OF COMPARATOR)

2.2.5.1 ADVANTAGES

High precision comparators


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gap

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_hole

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombination

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_bias

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diode


Reduced VOS drift over temperature

Eliminates need for dual supplies

Allows sensing near GND

Compatible with all forms of logic

Power drain suitable for battery operation

2.2.6 LCD

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or video

display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit

light directly. LCDs are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors,

television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc.

2.2.7 DIODE

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric current

in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode, the most common

type today. This is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical

terminals.[1] A vacuum tube diode (now little used except in some high-power

technologies) is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_electrode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode#cite_note-0


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_instruments

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_Crystals

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_visual_display

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_panel_display


2.2.8 TRANSISTORS

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made

of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an

external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the

current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be

much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal.

2.2.9 ZIP SOCKET

*Ideal for Device Programmers

*Suitable for 8 pin to 40 pin IC's

*Zero Insertion Force - Easy Removal

*Low Contact Resistance when IC Held


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_amplifier

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_device



(40 PIN ZIP SOCKET)

2.2.9.1 FEATURES

*Nickel-Tin Plated Contacts

*Excellent Pin Contact with Lever Closed

*Easy to Remove and Program IC's

* Suitable for All IC Sizes Up To The Size Indicated

2.2.10 KEYPAD

A keypad is a device which is provided with numbers or say digits to use it for entering into

any desired device. In this project a 4*4 keypad is used which is a hexa-decimal switch pad.

(A 3*4 DECIMAL KEYPAD)



CHAPTER 3

HARDWARE

3.1 POWER SUPPLY



A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads.

The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to

another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy (e.g.,

mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy

Simple 5V power supply for digital circuits

3.1.1 SUMMARY OF CIRCUIT FEATURES:

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current

capability of 100 mA.

Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator

IC gets too hot.

Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build.

Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation.

Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components

Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit

successfully as part of many electronics projects.

Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply.

Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply.

Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA.

Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input

transformer cost.

3.1.2 TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another

through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the

first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a

varying magnetic field through the secondary winding.



This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in

the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. If a load is connected to the

secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and electrical energy will be

transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. This circuit is a

small +18V power supply, which is useful when experimenting with digital electronics.

Small inexpensive wall transformers with variable output voltage are available from any

electronics shop and supermarket.

Those transformers are easily available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor,

which makes then not very usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation

can be achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem. This

circuit can give +18V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when

good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has overload and terminal

protection. The capacitors must have enough high voltage rating to safely handle the input

voltage feed to circuit.

3.2 PCB MANUFACTURING



3.2.1 WHAT IS PCB?

A PCB (printed circuit board) is a rigid flat board, which holds electronics component. This

board is made up of layers that interconnect component via a pathway.

3.2.2 HOW TO MAKE PCB?

Step I

Firstly arrange all of the component of the project & testing them for a proper working.

Step II

Perform pre –testing of circuit on bread board, if the circuit working properly then starts to

make PCB.

Step III

Draw the layout of circuit on inch graph paper with proper dimension Ensure that if

layout correct then draw it on trace paper. The layout can be traced on the board by screen

printing.

Step IV

Cut the CCB (Copper Clad Board) of the same size of layout.

Step V

Put the carbon paper on the PCB and trace from the reverse side of the layout Outline the

impression of layout on PCB and apply permanent marker.

Step VI (Etching):

Etching is the process in which excess layer of copper is removed to leave the

individual tracks as they are. The PCB plate is immersed in solution of FeCl3 + some

drops of HCL or H2So4. Shake it well till the copper is totally removed excepting the printed

layout path.



Step VII

After taking off the solution rinse the PCB plate with clean water and dry it. Then remove

the print layer with the help of thinner and a piece of cloth. Check the continuity of tracks

with the help of multimeter.

Step VIII

Drill the end points of the component on the lay out with the help of drill machine. Clean the

legs of the component with the help of sand paper tip it with the help of soldering iron. Place

the component as per circuit on PCB in the proper way.

Step IX

Apply Flux on legs of the component & solder them. Cut the remaining legs of the

components. Now the PCB is ready to connect the external power supply and the external

output or input devices.

3.2.3 SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder consisting of Tin and

Lead (Sn-Pb). Tin determines the melting whereas the Lead issued to reduce the cost. After

the PCB fabrication is done, the various components are arranged at proper locations

on the PCB and then the soldering is done.

All liquids consist of particles which attract each other. The surface is always trying to

shrink and this is because of surface tension. The principle behind soldering is that when

liquid particles are brought in contact with the walls of the solid surface, it may

happen that the solid attracts the liquid surface adhesive property. Care must be taken that

the melting point of solder is below that of the metal so that its surface is melted without

melting without the metal.

3.2.3.1 NEED FOR FLUX

During the soldering process the flu for improving the degree of melting. The basic

functions of flux are mentioned x acts as a medium below:



1. Removes oxide from the surface.

2. Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and provides a liquid cover

including air gap.

3. Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation.

3.3 PCB LAYOUT



3.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM



3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION

3.4.1 SWITCH PAD :-

Short for packet assembler/dis-assembler PAD is a device (hardware or software) used

in packet switching to enable data terminal equipment (DTE) not equipped for packet

switching to access a packet-switched network. PAD is a term most often associated

with an X.25 network where the PAD breaks the data stream into individual packets and

formats the packet headers for asynchronous transmission.


WIRES

MICRO CONTROLLER P89V51RD2

POWER CIRCUIT DC 5V

LCD DISPLAY

INTERNAL ADC

Oscillator & Reset circuit


3.4.5 LCD DISPLAY:-

16 Characters x 2 Lines

5 x 7 Dots with Cursor

Built in Controller

+5v Power Supply (Also Available for +3V)

1/16 Duty cycle

Standard Type

Uses HD44780 Controller or Equivalent

Works with almost any Microcontroller

Great Value Pricing

(PIN DIAGRAM OF 16*2 LCD)



3.5 PHOTOGRAPH OF HARDWARE

CHAPTER 4

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION



4.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM



.



CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE

While any of the 12switches are operated they impose conditions like LG, LL, 3L

fault as per the switch operation. The program while executed continuously scan’s by

operating the 3relays in sequence of 1sec interval. Thus any NO point while driven to GND

through the common contact point of the relay develops a current flow through R1, R10 &

any other switch depending on the created fault. Thus the voltage drop at the ADC pin

varies depending on the current flow which is inversely proportional to the resistance value

representing the length of cable in kilometres. This varying voltage passes through the ADC

to develop a 8 bit data to the microcontroller port1 that while executed display’s an output



in the LCD display the fault occurring km. In a fault situation it display’s R=3km if the

3km’s switch is made ON. Accordingly all other faults are indicated.

7. LAYOUT DIAGRAM



8. BILL OF MATERIALS



QTY PART-REFS VALU E

RESISTORS

1 R1 330R

22 R2-R23 1K

1 R24 2.2K

3 R25-R27 10K

CAPACITORS

1 C1 470UF

2 C2,C3 10UF

2 C4,C5 33PF

1 C6 56PF

IC'S

1 U1 7805

1 U2 AT89S52

1 U3 ADC0804

1 U4 ULN2003A

IC BASE

1 40-PIN

1 20-PIN

1 16-PIN

DIODES

4 D1-D4 IN4007

Miscellaneous

1 X1 11.0592MHz CRYSTAL

1 RV1 1K POT

1 RV2 10K POT

4 LED1-LED4 LED-RED

3 RELAY1-RELAY3 12V

1 LCD 16X2

1 TRANSFORMER 0-12V



1 S1 PUSH BUTTON

12 S2-S13 TOGLE SWITCHES

1 FEMALE BURGE 16-PIN

1 MALE BURGE 16-PIN

1 MALE BURGE 2-PIN

1 FEMALE BURGE 2-PIN

1 HEAT SINK

3 PCB CONNECTORS 2-PIN

9.CODING



9.1 COMPILER

1. Click on the Keil Vision Icon on Desktop

2. The following fig will appear

3. Click on the Project menu from the title bar

4. Then Click on New Project



5. Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own

folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

6. Then Click on Save button above.

7. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel……

8. Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

9. Select AT89C51 as shown below



10. Then Click on “OK”

11. The Following fig will appear

12. Then Click either YES or NO………mostly “NO”.

13. Now your project is ready to USE.



14. Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option “Source group

1” as shown in next page.

15. Click on the file option from menu bar and select “new”.

16. The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double

clicking on its blue boarder.



17. Now start writing program in either in “EMBEDDED C” or “ASM”.

18. For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension “. asm” and for

“EMBEDDED C” based program save it with extension “ .C”

19. Now right click on Source group 1 and click on “Add files to Group Source”.



20. Now you will get another window, on which by default “EMBEDDED C” files

will appear.

21. Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file.

22. Click only one time on option “ADD”.

23. Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.



24. If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously.

25. The new window is as follows.

26. Then Click “OK”.

27. Now click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as

shown in fig below.



28. Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

29. Now keep Pressing function key “F11” slowly and observe.

30. You are running your program successfully.



9.2 SOURCE CODE

#include<at89x52.h>

#define LCDDATA P2#define ADCDATA P1#define MINIMUM 5

sbit BUSY = P2^7;sbit RS = P2^0;sbit RW = P2^1;sbit EN = P2^2;

sbit OE = P1^3; //RD pinsbit SC = P1^4; // WR is active LOW pinsbit EOC = P1^5; //INTR is active LOW pin

sbit RELAY1 = P1^0;sbit RELAY2 = P1^1;sbit RELAY3 = P1^2;

unsigned char Buff[3] = 0;

void ISR_T0() interrupt 1{

TH0 = 0x4B;



TL0 = 0xFF;

TF0 = 0;}

void Delay(unsigned int time){ unsigned int i = 0;

for(i=0;i<time;i++);}

unsigned char Read_ADC(){ unsigned char temp = 0;

SC = 1; // Make WR pin lowDelay(150); // wait for a whileSC = 0; // Make WR pin Highwhile(EOC == 1); // wait till INTR pin goes lowwhile(EOC == 0); // wait till INTR pin goes HighDelay(150);OE = 0; // Make RD pin LOWtemp = ADCDATA;OE = 1; // MAKE RD Pin HIGHreturn temp;

}

/*Function to check status of LCD*/void BusyCheck(){

BUSY = 1;RS = 0; // RS =0 FOR COMMANDRW = 1; // RW = 1 FOR READINGwhile(BUSY){

EN = 0; // ENABL EIS LOWEN = 1; // ENABLE IS HIGH

}}

/*Function to Send Command to LCD*/void LCDCMD(unsigned char CMD)



{BusyCheck();LCDDATA = CMD;RS = 0; // RS =0 FOR COMMANDRW = 0; // RW = 0 FOR WRITINGEN = 1; // ENABLE IS HIGHEN = 0; // ENABL EIS LOW

}

/*Function to Send Data to LCD*/void LCDData(unsigned char Data){

BusyCheck();LCDDATA = Data;RS = 1; // RS =1 FOR DATARW = 0; // RW = 0 FOR WRITINGEN = 1; // ENABLE IS HIGHEN = 0; // ENABL EIS LOW

}

void LCDString(unsigned char *str){

while(*str){

LCDData(*str);str++;

}

}

void Init_T0(){

TMOD = 0x01; // SET THE TIMER0 IN MODE 1 MODETH0 = 0x4B; // LOAD THE TH0 VALUETL0 = 0xFF; // LOAD THE TL0 VALUEET0 = 1; // ENABLE THE TIMER0 INTERRUPTEA = 1; // ENABLE ALL INTERRUPTTR0 = 1; // START THE TIMER

}

/*Function to Initalize LCD*/void Init_LCD(){

/*Command to Select 2 line , 5x7 matrix mode of LCD */



LCDCMD(0x38);

/*Command to shift the cursor to next position when Data is send in LCD */LCDCMD(0x06);

/*Command to ON Display, OFF the Cursor in LCD */LCDCMD(0x0C);

/*Return cursor home */LCDCMD(0x02);

}

void Display(unsigned char Data){

switch(Data){

case 170:LCDString("1KM");

break;case 204:

LCDString("2KM"); break;

case 219:LCDString("3KM");

break;case 227:

LCDString("4KM"); break;

case 255:LCDString("NF ");

break;default:

break;}

}

void main(){ P0 = 0x0F;

Buff[0] = 0xFF;Init_T0();Init_LCD();

while(1){

P0 = 0x01;



LCDCMD(0x80);LCDString("Status : Healthy ");Display(Read_ADC());LCDCMD(0x87);LCDString("Fault : None: ");Display(Read_ADC());

LCDCMD(0xC0);

Display(Read_ADC());

P0 = 0x04;LCDCMD(0x80);LCDString("Status : Faulty ");Display(Read_ADC());LCDCMD(0x87);LCDString("Fault at 5.0km");Display(Read_ADC());

P0=0x05LCDCMD(0x80);LCDString("Status : Faulty ");Display(Read_ADC());LCDCMD(0x87);LCDString("Fault at 10 km: ");Display(Read_ADC());

P0=0x06LCDCMD(0x80);LCDString("Status :Faulty ");Display(Read_ADC());LCDCMD(0x87);LCDString("Fault at 15 km");Display(Read_ADC());

P0=0x07LCDCMD(0x80);LCDString("Status : Faulty ");Display(Read_ADC());LCDCMD(0x87);LCDString("Fault at 20km ");Display(Read_ADC());

}}



10. HARDWARE TESTING

10.1 CONTINUITY TEST:In electronics, a continuity test is the checking of an electric circuit to see if current

flows (that it is in fact a complete circuit). A continuity test is performed by placing a small

voltage (wired in series with an LED or noise-producing component such as a piezoelectric

speaker) across the chosen path. If electron flow is inhibited by broken conductors,

damaged components, or excessive resistance, the circuit is "open".

Devices that can be used to perform continuity tests include multi meters which

measure current and specialized continuity testers which are cheaper, more basic devices,

generally with a simple light bulb that lights up when current flows.

An important application is the continuity test of a bundle of wires so as to find the two

ends belonging to a particular one of these wires; there will be a negligible resistance

between the "right" ends, and only between the "right" ends.

This test is the performed just after the hardware soldering and configuration has

been completed. This test aims at finding any electrical open paths in the circuit after the

soldering. Many a times, the electrical continuity in the circuit is lost due to improper

soldering, wrong and rough handling of the PCB, improper usage of the soldering iron,

component failures and presence of bugs in the circuit diagram. We use a multi meter to

perform this test. We keep the multi meter in buzzer mode and connect the ground terminal

of the multi meter to the ground. We connect both the terminals across the path that needs to

be checked. If there is continuation then you will hear the beep sound.



10.2 POWER ON TEST:

This test is performed to check whether the voltage at different terminals is

according to the requirement or not. We take a multi meter and put it in voltage mode.

Remember that this test is performed without microcontroller. Firstly, we check the output

of the transformer, whether we get the required 12 v AC voltage.

Then we apply this voltage to the power supply circuit. Note that we do this test

without microcontroller because if there is any excessive voltage, this may lead to damaging

the controller. We check for the input to the voltage regulator i.e., are we getting an input of

12v and an output of 5v. This 5v output is given to the microcontrollers’ 40 th pin. Hence we

check for the voltage level at 40th pin. Similarly, we check for the other terminals for the

required voltage. In this way we can assure that the voltage at all the terminals is as per the

requirement.



11. RESULTS



12. CONCLUSION



13. BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS REFERED:

1. “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and

Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.

2. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

WEBSITES

www.atmel.com

www.beyondlogic.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.howstuffworks.com

www.alldatasheets.com


undergrouand fault detection

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