underground drilling - tunneling short course
TRANSCRIPT
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UNDERGROUND DRILLINGKIRBY OWENSACCOUNT / BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER TUNNELING USA
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Sandvik’s objective is zero harm to our people, the environment we work in, our customers and our suppliers.
SAFETY FIRST
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
ASSEMBLYPOINT
EMERGENCYEXIT
EMERGENCYNUMBER
ALARMFIRST AID KIT
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COMPLIANCECOMPLIANCEWe’ve always been committed to conducting business with high integrity and in a legal and ethical manner. We embrace our corporate responsibility to combat corruption.
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TRENDS IN UNDERGROUNG DRILLING1. Mining and tunneling in more cost effective ways• Minimized waste rock excavation• Strong demand for more precise drilling, charging and blasting to minimize over breaking and vibrations• More challenging underground orebodies (deeper, narrower, hotter, colder, etc.)
2. Focus on product safety and EHS• Aim for a ZERO LTI• Reduce emissions and save energy• Improved ergonomics for all labor
3. Availability of skilled workforce is some geographical areas• Lack of experienced operators• High pressure for increased salary levels
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Multiple drilling tasks• Face drilling:
−Full face−Cross cuts
• Long hole drilling:−Probe holes−Grouting holes
• Bench drilling• Bolt hole drilling
UNDERGROUND DRILLING
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UNDERGROUND DRILLING
• Drill & Blast is Economical Rock Excavation Method• Accurate drilling at the bottom of long blasting round• Combined drill hole and blasting design:
− Maximum pull out − No underbreak− Minimum overbreak− No unnecessary damaging of remaining rock− Minimum vibrations
• High quality with maximized productivity without risks
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UNDERGROUND DRILLINGVersatile drilling equipment
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UNDERGROUND DRILLING
Versatile drilling equipment• Number of drilling booms from 1 to 3• Power supply options for drilling
− Diesel hydraulic drilling (air mist flushing)− Electric drilling (water flushing or air mist flushing)
• Power supply options for tramming− Diesel engine− Battery tramming (only with electric drilling)
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Drilling equipment:• Ergonomic control system with several levels of instrumentation• Drilling angles, predesigned drilling plans on the screen and• Fully automatic drilling operation for the whole face
UNDERGROUND DRILLING
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UNDERGROUND DRILLING
Automation and instrumentation enables − more flexible drill pattern designs (for example V-cuts)− adjustable drilling pattern and process− No need to paint or mark holes on the wall
Office: Drill plans & analysis Drill rig Drill rig (symbols on the screen)
Boom Closest
hole to
the
boom
Holeend
Holestart
Boom
aligned
Drilledhole
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”Drill rig needs to know where it is to drill the holes according to plan”Navigation methods of drilling rig:• Drill bit navigation
− Painted point and reference direction• Tunnel laser navigation
− With or without curve table• Total station navigation
− Curve table needed− Wireless coordinate transfer for Jumbo from totalstation
• New point cloud navigation− Requires onboard 3D scanner
UNDERGROUND DRILLING
Principle of laser navigation
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UNDERGROUND DRILLING
• Rotation pressure automatically kept on its optimum level during drilling
• Dynamic drilling power adjustment based on rock conditions
• No need for operator to modify any drilling parameters
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DRILLING CONTROL SYSTEM
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• The best bit penetration / tool lifetime combination is achieved with modern torque based control system. Optimum drilling power for each rock condition ensures:
• Less deviation in holes – better blasting result
• Better throughput time per face • Excellent hole collaring• Better service life for tools
Torque
Feed Force
Rotation resistance abnormally high
Fast automatic feed reduction by rotation pressure
Anti-jamming function activates due to excessive rotation resistance
UNDERGROUND DRILLINGDRILLING CONTROL SYSTEM
System
Drilling Time
Simplified description
Recovering time
Precorrection
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UNDERGROUND DRILLINGDRILLING POWER
• Rock drills− Drilling power from 20 hp to 34 hp (15 kW to
25 kW)− Frequency 50…100 Hz
• Flushing− Water flushing [from 15 up to 30 gallons
minute (60 - 120 lpm )] or− Air: 150 cfm @ 150 psi(4 m3/min @10 bar)
with the air mist • Max. penetration rates
− 6 ftm – 20 ftm (2 in. hole) (2 – 6 m/min, Diam51mm)
− Depends heavily on the rock type14
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• Bit design• Efficient flushing and sludge disposal• Different kind of button geometries• Different carbide solutions optimized for
soft and hard rock• Rods
• Round or hexagonal rods are used (size 1,5 inch)
UNDERGROUND DRILLINGRock tools
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Automated boom movements and drilling (video)
UNDERGROUND DRILLING
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UNDERGROUND DRILLINGAccurate automatic drilling process requires calibration of boom:• Calibration is always done at factory prior to customer delivery.• Boom bending, roll-over and location compensation models
− increases the calibration and drilling accuracy dramatically.
• Connection / coms with the totalstation by using radio link communication.• Accuracy measurement report is produced after calibration. • Also the site calibration is fast and easy to do by following instructions from the user interface
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Drilling plans with office softwareTunnel Line & TheoreticalProfile Design
Drill & Blast Design
Bolting Design
Data Collection Analysis MWD analysis
UNDERGROUND DRILLING
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UNDERGROUND DRILLINGif the face is too big for one drill rig:- one design & two navigations or- one design several drills – combined data
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REMOTE MONITORING AND DATA TRANSFER• Remote access to rig via WLAN or Ethernet
connection• Remote status query shows a summary of rig
counters and data available• All necessary data file transfers are possible
(drill plans, tunnel lines and data collection files)
• Jumbo interface displayed on a PC screen via remote monitoring
• Drilling work progression and possible deviations can be followed up
UNDERGROUND DRILLING
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UNDERGROUND DRILLINGEHS
SAFETY CABIN MAKES THE OPERATOR ENVIRONMENT SAFE AND COMFORTABLE• Optimized visibility• reduced noise and dust level inside• more open and spacious operator
environment• maximized safety and operator ergonomics
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UNDERGROUND DRILLINGEHS
Tier 4F diesel engine has 90% less emissions compared to tier3
Tier4F emissions limits, g/kW-hr (g/bhp-hr):• NOx (nitrogen dioxide): 0.4 (0.30)• HC 2 (hydrocarbons): 0.19 (0.14)• CO (carbon dioxide): 3.5 (2.6)• Particles: 0.02 (0.015)
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SANDVIK UGD TRAINING SIMULATOROPTIMIZING COMPETENCIES
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OPERATOR COMPETENCE DEVELOPMENT
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A skillful, well trained operator
- Recognises his important role in the whole excavation process
- Understands the key features of the total productivity
- Manages challenging rock conditions
- Keeps the machine in good condition and available
- Utilises modern technology efficiently
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BENEFITS OF SIMULATOR BASED TRAINING
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• Safe learning environment
Feature: Training conducted in a classroom environment Zero risk to damage the equipmentZero impact on the environment - operator
• Optimized startup period
Feature: Start training and learning before commissioningHigh utilization from day oneGain in productivity
• Easy logistics to organize training sessions with the simulator
Feature: Portable equipment fitting in a protective caseEasy to setup Multiple operators can participate to a training session
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BENEFITS OF SIMULATOR BASED TRAINING
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• Comprehensive learning
Feature: Preplanned exercisesBriefing and debriefingAssessment and feedback
• Cost effectivess:
Feature: Time saving on rig commissioning No rock tools or fuel consumedLimited training costs
• Training efficency
Feature: Training conducted with real controls and control system with a virtual drill Trainer can define the level of control systemPossibility to repeat training sessions
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SANDVIK TRAINING SIMULATORDIMENSIONS
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGTODAY’S STATE-OF-THE-ART-ROADHEADER
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MECHANICAL TUNNEL EXCAVATION
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Mechanical Tunnel
Excavation
Part face excavation
Soft (lose) rock
Full face excavation
Hard (stable)
rock
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TUNNELING SHORT COURSE 2018CONTENT
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• Selection criteria for Excavation method
• Parameter on Roadheader Cuttability
• Current Roadheader technology
• Roadheader projects
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SELECTION CRITERIA FOR EXCAVATION METHOD
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ROCK PROJECT ENVIRONMENT
Drill & Blast
ShieldMachines
Hardrock TBM’s
Excavator Attachments
Roadheaders
Compressive Strength
Stab
ility
/ Fra
ctur
ing
Mechanical Excavationwith Breaker / Splitter
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SELECTION CRITERIA FOR EXCAVATION METHODEXAMPLES – ROADHEADER SELECTION
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• Complex geology • Free access to the face• Ability for partial face excavation• Gentle excavation• Not sensitive against squeezing rock• High cutting performance in soft and
medium hard rock (up to 130 m³/NCH)
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SELECTION CRITERIA FOR EXCAVATION METHODEXAMPLES – ROADHEADER SELECTION
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• Flexible system – profile, alignment• Accurate profiling – less over break,
less concrete cost• Low primary investment• Fast mobilization
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYREPRESENTATIVE ROCK SAMPLING
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Batching Card for Sample Identification
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYSPECIMEN CHECK FOR DISCONTINUITIES
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Ultrasonic P-wave velocity
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYUNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING
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• Determination of: sc, Estat, Esec, e, Wf
• Standard specimen:− D = 50 mm ± 10 %− H = D ± 10 %
• Load:− F = 10 kN/s
H
D
F
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYBRAZILIAN TENSILE STRENGTH TESTING
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• Determination of: st
• Standard specimen:− D = 50 mm ± 10 %− H = D/2 ± 10 %
• Load:− F = 10 kN/s
F
H D
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYCERCHAR ABRASIVITY INDEX (CAI) TESTING
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• Standard Test Pick Hardness: HRC = 54 - 56• Optional Test Pick Hardness: HRC = 40 - 42• Steel Type: Silver Steel 115CrV3 (DIN)• According to
− 1.2210 Material Number(DIN EN ISO 4597)− 107CrV3 KU in Italy (UNI)− F.5125 (120CrV) in Spain (UNE)− 11ChF in Russia (GOST)− L 2 in USA (AISI)
CAI Testing
CAI Measuring
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYCERCHAR ABRASIVITY INDEX (CAI) TESTING
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• 10 mm in 1 second over rough surface
• Load: F = 70 N
• CAI = 10 x d [mm]
.90° d
10 mm
FF
new pick before testing
worn pick after testing
d
Pick wear diameter
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYHOW TO ASSESS NCR FOR INTACT ROCK
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• UCS = 100 MPa• UCS:BTS = 8 to15
− → Normal rock
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Technical limit defined by machine
Economical limit defined by operation
PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYOPERATING LIMITS DEFINED BY NCR
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Technical optimum range of operationLimited range
Critical range
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYHOW TO ASSESS SPC
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0,001
0,010
0,100
1,000
10,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Spec
ific P
ick C
onsu
mptio
n [pi
cks/s
olid
m³]
Uniaxial Compressive Strength [MPa]
Specific Pick Consumption (SPC) for Low Speed Cuttingwith Transverse Cutterhead and 22 mm TC Diameter Picks of High Quality
CAI=0,5CAI=1,0CAI=1,3CAI=1,8CAI=2,3CAI=3,0CAI=4,5
Effective minimum specific pick consumption: 0,005
Uniaxial Compressive Strength measured onH:D=1:1 specimen with 50 mm diameter @ 10
CAI ..... CERCHAR Abrasivity Index measuredon rock surface of natural roughness (e.g.surface of broken Brazilian Tensile Strength testspecimen) using original CERCHAR testing
UCS=100 MPaCAI=1.0
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Technical limit defined by machine & toolsEconomical limit defined by operation
PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYOPERATING LIMITS DEFINED BY SPC
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Technical optimum range of operationLimited rangeCritical range
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYINFLUENCE ON ROCK MASS PARAMETERS
Sandvik Construction44
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYPRINCIPLES OF ROCK MASS INFLUENCE
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Strength
Conditions Orientation
0.5 m
0.3
m 0.3 m
Block size
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYROCK MASS CUTTABILITY RATING (RMCR) SYSTEM
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Block size [m3] Rating
> 0,6 20
0,3 - 0,6 16
0,1 - 0,3 10
0,06 - 0,1 8
0,03 - 0,06 5
0,01 - 0,03 3
< 0,01 1
Surface Aperture Wall/Fill Rating Influence on
cuttability
Rating
rough closed hard, dry 30 very favorable -12
slightly
rough
< 1 mm hard, dry 20 favorable -10
slightly
rough
< 1 mm soft, dry 10 fair (and if block
size <0,03m3)
-5
smooth 1 - 5 mm soft, damp 5 unfavorable -3
very
smooth
> 5 mm soft, damp
to wet
0 very unfavorable 0
Rating of joint conditions Rating of orientation of joint
set
100 - 200 2
> 200 1
25 - 50 7
50 - 100 4
1 - 5 15
5 - 25 12
Rating of block size
UCS [MPa] Rating
Rating of uniaxial compressive strength
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Evaluation of Rock Mass Influence on NCR(Low cutting speed - 1.4 m/s)
NCReff/NCRtheor = 45,553RMCR-0,9821
R2 = 0,9332
0123456789
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
RMCR
NCR e
ff / N
CRth
eor
Erzberg Stillwater PozzanoPremadio Athens BilecaFresnillo Montreal
PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYHOW TO ASSESS NCR FOR ROCK MASS
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RMCR = 30 =>
increase in NCR ~ 60%
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYHOW ROCK MASS IMPACT ROADHEADER CUTTABILITY
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Rock mass favorable for cutting can make an uneconomical or critical operation economical!!!
RMCR = 30
Technical optimum range of operationLimited range
Critical range
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PARAMETER FOR ROADHEADER CUTTABILITYROCK MASS CUTABILITY RATING (RMCR) SYSTEM
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RMRrev Influence on cuttability by roadheaders
40 - 60 no to little influence
25 - 40 moderate influence
15 - 25 considerable influence
10 - 15 high influence
< 10 dominating influence
RMCR
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CURRENT ROADHEADER TECHNOLOGYMT720 ROADHEADER WITH ICUTROC TECHNOLOGY
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• MT720 Tunnel Miner− Heavy-duty Roadheader for tunneling in
“hard rock conditions“− Especially designed for large cross sections
• Key Technical data− Weight: ~135 t− Cutter motor power: 300 kW − Large cutting area: ~61 m²− Fully PLC controlled− ICUTROC technology
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CURRENT ROADHEADER TECHNOLOGYMT720 ROADHEADER WITH ICUTROC TECHNOLOGY
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• Highly efficient stabilized CUTTING SYSTEM
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CURRENT ROADHEADER TECHNOLOGYMT720 ROADHEADER
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• Different cabin designs (FOPS)• Roadheader without cabin• Profile monitoring (optional)• Guidance system (optional)
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CURRENT ROADHEADER TECHNOLOGYMT720 ROADHEADER WITH ICUTROC TECHNOLOGY
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• Keeping records with DATALOGGING SYSTEM
• DRRS – Data Recording & Reporting System
IPC
Control system
Ethernet
EthernetUnderground
Surface
Sandvik supply
Customer supply
ATM 105
Provisions for:
1. Remote Maintenance (not included)2. Data storage (not included)3. Online monitoring (not included)
Benefits
110 – 240 VAC
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ROADHEADER PROJECTSROADHEADERS WORKING IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
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• Project in Sochi for 2014 Olympics
• 2010 until 2012/13
• 2 x ATM75 and 2 x MR360 and 1 x MT360
• 4 x MT520
• 3 x ATM105 and 1 x AHM105 and 2 x MT720
• Projects in Europe• 2015/16 1 x MT720 @ Pforzheim, Germany
• 2013/14 1 x MT720 @ Bormio, Italy
• 2012/13 1 x MT520 @ Polidano, Malta
• 2011/12 1 x MT720 @ Markovec Tunnel
• 1999/2010 7 x MT720 @ Bilbao, Spain
• Projects in North America• 2017/18 2 x MT52 @ Peace River Hydro
• 2013/16 3 x MT720 @ Ottawa Light Rail
• 2008/10 3 x MT720 @ East Side Access
• 2007/08 2 x MT720 @ Devil’s Slide
• 2007/08 1 x MT720 @ Arch
• 2006/07 1 x MT720 @ Wheeler Gulch
• 2005/06 1 x MT720 @ Mining International
• 2004/05 1 x MT720 @ Fox River stone
• 2002/03 2 x MT720 @ Metro Montreal
• Project in Australia• 2009/10 8 x MT720 @ Airport Link Brisbane, Australia
• 2016/18 24 x MT720 & MT520 @ NorthConnex and WestConnex Sydney, Australia
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGMARKOVEC TUNNEL, SLOVENIA
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• Project data− 2,2 km double twin tube road tunnel between Koper
and Izola (Slovenian Coastline)− Residential area at Koper side with overburden of
10-35m− 560m in each tube to be excavated by means of
Road-Header• Geologic data
− Flysch dominated by Marl− Interbeds of Sandstone and Calcarenite (UCS up to
200 MPa)− Area with shallow overburden weak rock predicted− Sandstone layer thickness of 2m
Source: Alpine Bau GmbH, AustriaUNDER CITY ColloquiumApril, 12- 14, 2012Hotel-Congress center Valamar Lacroma Dubrovnik, CroatiaExcavation by means of Road Header at Markovec Road Tunnel
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGMARKOVEC TUNNEL, SLOVENIA
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• Up to 8 m/d
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGST. LUCIA TUNNEL BORMIO, ITALY
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• Project data− About 1km single tube road tunnel− Bypass of Bormio residential area
• Geological data− Quartzitic mica schist− Gneiss− UCS values between 40 – 200MPa − CAI 2,5 – 5
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGST. LUCIA TUNNEL BORMIO, ITALY
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGST. LUCIA TUNNEL BORMIO, ITALY
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• ~ 4m/day
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
MPA
SOLI
D M
³/CU
TTER
MO
TOR
HO
IOU
RS
Net cutting rate UCS
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGMETRO MONTREAL, CANADA
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• Project data− Metro tunnel− Length: ~1.8 km− Cross section: ~44 m²
• Geologic data− Limestone-shale interbedding, massive
crystalline limestone, diabase dikes− Average UCS: ~90 MPa− Average CAI: ~0.7− Very well bedded rock mass− Average NCR: ~39 solid m³/nch− Average SPC: ~0.1 picks/solid m³
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGMETRO MONTREAL, CANADA
61
Better advance rate than D&B related to single face operation
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGMETRO MONTREAL, CANADA
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• Visible arguments for Roadheader
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGDECLINE FOX RIVER STONE, SOUTH ELGIN
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• Project data− 2 access ramps with 450m each− 18% decline− Arch profile 6,6m x 5.5m
• Geologic data− Shale at UCS 20-50 MPa
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0,000,050,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,500,550,600,650,700,750,800,850,900,951,00
05
101520253035404550556065707580859095
100105110115120125130135140145150
12.07
.2005
15.07
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18.07
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21.07
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24.07
.2005
27.07
.2005
30.07
.2005
02.08
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05.08
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11.08
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14.08
.2005
17.08
.2005
20.08
.2005
23.08
.2005
26.08
.2005
29.08
.2005
01.09
.2005
04.09
.2005
07.09
.2005
10.09
.2005
13.09
.2005
16.09
.2005
19.09
.2005
22.09
.2005
25.09
.2005
28.09
.2005
01.10
.2005
04.10
.2005
07.10
.2005
10.10
.2005
13.10
.2005
16.10
.2005
19.10
.2005
22.10
.2005
25.10
.2005
28.10
.2005
31.10
.2005
03.11
.2005
06.11
.2005
09.11
.2005
12.11
.2005
15.11
.2005
18.11
.2005
21.11
.2005
24.11
.2005
27.11
.2005
30.11
.2005
03.12
.2005
06.12
.2005
09.12
.2005
12.12
.2005
15.12
.2005
18.12
.2005
21.12
.2005
24.12
.2005
27.12
.2005
30.12
.2005
02.01
.2006
05.01
.2006
08.01
.2006
11.01
.2006
14.01
.2006
17.01
.2006
20.01
.2006
23.01
.2006
26.01
.2006
29.01
.2006
01.02
.2006
04.02
.2006
07.02
.2006
10.02
.2006
13.02
.2006
Spec
ific P
ick C
onsu
mpt
ion
[pick
s/sol
id m
3 ]
Net C
uttin
g Ra
te [s
olid
m3 /h
]
Date
ATM 105/040-IC at Chicago/USA
Daily NCR Cumulative Average NCR Daily SPC Cumulative Average SPC
Average NCR: 50,26 solid m3/h
picks/solid m30,166Average SPC:Net Cutting Rate (NCR) and Specific Pick Consumption (SPC)
ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGDECLINE FOX RIVER STONE, SOUTH ELGIN
64
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ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGSTATION EXCAVATION, EAST SIDE ACCESS
65
• Project data• Metro station excavation
• Launch chamber for TBM
• Additional auxiliary structures
• Small to large cross sections
• Geologic data• Schist (partly gneissic), pegmatite
• Average UCS: ~80-95 MPa
• Average CAI: ~3.7-3.8
• Massive to significantly fractured
rock mass
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ATM105/046 at New York/USA
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
16.1
1.20
09
04.0
2.20
10
25.0
4.20
10
14.0
7.20
10
Date
Net C
uttin
g Ra
te [s
olid
m3 /h
]
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
Spec
ific
Pick
Con
sum
ptio
n [p
icks
/sol
id m
3 ]
Daily NCR Cumulative Average NCR Daily SPC Cumulative Average SPC
Average NCR: 17,71 solid m3/h
picks/solid m31,526Average SPC:Net Cutting Rate (NCR) and Specific Pick Consumption (SPC)
ROADHEADER IN TUNNELINGSTATION EXCAVATION, EAST SIDE ACCESS
66
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ROADHEADER MT720 ICUTROCLATEST PROJECT EXPERIENCES - CONCLUSIONS
67
• The ICUTROC technology has proven• ... to be an economic alternative for challenging excavation projects• ... the ability to deal with harder & sensitive rock condition forming low risk for the
Contractor/Owner• ... high productivity resulting in low excavation cost
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SANDVIK IN TUNNELING
68
UNDERSTANDING UNDERGROUND