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Understand Global Agriculture Objective 2.01 : Understand the history of global agriculture. Slide 2 Agriscience- The application of scientific principles and new technologies to agriculture Agriculture- The activities related to the production of plants, animals and related processes. Agribusiness- Refers to commercial firms that have developed from agriculture Applied Science vs. Basic Science Slide 3 Slide 4 The Basic Sciences 1) Biology- The study of living things 2) Chemistry- Deals with elements and simple substances 3) Biochemistry- Focuses on chemistry as it is applied over living things. Slide 5 A United States Department of Agricultural study forecast that job opportunities for graduates in agricultural and life sciences will exceed the graduates available in the coming years. Slide 6 Aquaculture Agricultural Engineering Animal Science Crop Science Agronomy Soil Science Biotechnology Horticulture Hydroponics Definition- The application of one or more of the basic sciences for practical (real life) purposes. Slide 7 Agronomy Uses biology and chemistry to produce and control crops Cotton Soybeans Tobacco Corn Hay and Turf grass Slide 8 Entomology Uses biology and chemistry to study insect life Agriculture Engineering Uses physics to develop new machines, tools and implements Slide 9 Biotechnology Uses biology, genetics, and chemistry to modify or change organisms for a useful purpose Slide 10 Agriculture and other sciences use the Scientific Method to solve problems (we will discuss this more in Objective 3.02) Slide 11 The activities concerned with the production of plants, animals, and related supplies, mechanics, products, processing, and marketing Production agriculture (farming) only accounts for 1/5 th of the total agriculture jobs in the US USDA refers to agriculture as agriculture/agribusiness and renewable natural resources. Slide 12 Cattle Production farmer, cow-calf, feeder steers Processing Slaughter facility, rendering, beef, leather Marketing Butcher, grocery, steaks Transportation Plane, rail, truck Related Supplies and Services Veterinarian, feed dealer. Slide 13 Wheat Production farmer, grain Processing grain mills, flour Marketing bakery, bread Transportation grain trucks, rail Related Supplies and Services fertilizer dealer, crop scouting, machinery dealer, GPS Slide 14 Roses Production flower grower, roses Processing/Marketing harvesters, wholesale and retail florist Transportation plane, truck, floral delivery dealer Related Supplies and Services glass vase sales, greenhouse manufacturers, floral designers Slide 15 Refers to commercial firms that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture Take a moment to name three agribusinesses in your notes: John Deere Monsanto Tractor Supply D.D. McColls FCX Slide 16 Farm related Chemical company, tractor manufacturer, pharmaceutical company (veterinary medicines) Horticulture related Landscape or nursery business, seed company, mower manufacturer Slide 17 Resources provided by nature that can replace or renew themselves. Important both economically and for posteritys sake to maintain life. Examples Wildlife Trees Fish Slide 18 Mechanization helps 2% of Americas work force meet the food and fiber needs of our nation There has been a reduction from 90% of nations populace involved in farming 200 years ago to less than 2% in 2012. Farms are becoming larger and fewer. Slide 19 Invented the cotton gin 1793 Transformed cotton to a usable product Removed cotton seed from cotton fiber Slide 20 Slide 21 Late 1890s Soil improvement and crop rotation Use of legumes Crops that make their own nitrogen, ie. Peanuts. Improved soil fertility in the US South. Slide 22 1834 Invented the grain reaper Cut grains Cut wheat, oats, and other crops Slide 23 With the sickle or reaping hook one man could cut from one-half to one acre in a hard day's work. The cut grain was later bound by hand Slide 24 While this first machine required only 2 people for operation (a person to ride the horse and a man to rake the cut grain from the platform), it cut as much grain in one day as 12-16 men with reaping hooks. Slide 25 Invented in the early 1800s Thomas Jefferson Rough surface that dirt stuck to Slide 26 1834 Seed Planter 1836 Cotton Planter Slide 27 Invented 1837 John Deere Smoother surface Rich clay soil did not stick to it Made plowing easier and faster Slide 28 Invented in 1850 Edmund Quincy Helped speed up the harvesting of corn Slide 29 1874 Barbed Wire Dramatically changed raising livestock Slide 30 Invented in 1878 Anna Baldwin Used vacuum suction Replaced hand milking Slide 31 1879 Perishable Food Preservation Designed a device that helped preserve food by way of refrigeration. Slide 32 Invented in 1904 Tractor Replaced the mule as a source of power Horse power Slide 33 1987 Gene gun Device for injecting cells with genetic information Slide 34 1993 Tractor based GPS systems together with sophisticated GIS used to gather data Used for Soil condition, humidity, temperature and other variables, which system then uses to control such things as intensity of planting, application of fertilizer and pesticides, water schedules, etc. Slide 35 Late 1990s First used in Ontario, Canada Reduction in labor High initial cost = disadvantage to small producer Slide 36 NCSU NC A&T State University Clemson Slide 37 An institution designated by its state legislature to receive funding (Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890) to teach agriculture, military tactics, and the mechanical arts. Key component is the agricultural experiment station (Hatch Act 1887) Slide 38 North Carolina A&T (1890)- Greensboro, NC North Carolina State University (1887) Raleigh, NC Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN Virginia Tech University (1872) Blacksburg, VA Slide 39 Slide 40 Established to assist farmers, ranchers, and the general public with information, professional assistance and, in some cases, funding. Slide 41 USDA (1862) United States Department of Agriculture Provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management. Branches NRCS (1935) Natural Resource Conservation Service APHIS (1972) Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service NASS (1863) National Agricultural Statistics Service USFS (1905) United States Forest Service Sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nations forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations. Slide 42 NCCES (1914) North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Help individuals, families, and communities put research based knowledge to work for economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and an improved quality of life. NCDA&CS North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Promote and improve agriculture. Slide 43 Peaches China Tomato South America Peanut Peru, South America Sweet potato Central America Slide 44 Corn Cuba, Mexico Soybeans Southeast Asia Cotton Mexico, Africa, Pakistan Wheat Southwest Asia Slide 45 Regions develop based on a variety of factors including soils, weather, market development, feed availability, etc. Slide 46 Citrus Fruit Florida, Texas, and California Corn Belt Midwestern states Wheat Hard Red Spring Wheat highest protein content, excellent bread wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics MN, ND, SD, MT, ID, OR, WA, CA Soft Red Winter Wheat High yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries NC, TN, KY, GA, OH, IN, IL, MO Slide 47 Spearmint WA, OR, ID Floriculture Crops CA, FL, MI, TX, NC Beef Cattle TX, KS, NE, IA, CO, OK, MO, SD Dairy MN, WI, MI, OH, PA, NY, VT, NH, MA, ME (CA, ID, TX) Hogs NC, IA, IL, IN, MN Poultry (broilers) NC, GA, AL, AR, MS, TX Slide 48 Mountains Piedmont Coastal Plains Slide 49 Mountain counties Christmas Trees, Apples, Trout Piedmont counties Greenhouse and nursery crops, broilers, turkeys, dairy Eastern counties Hogs, turkeys, broilers, tobacco (flue-cured), sweet potatoes, vegetables, peanuts, cotton, corn, soybeans. Slide 50 $10,000,000,000 ($10B) annually Livestock, Dairy, and Poultry - 2/3 of all FCR Broilers and hogs account for nearly of this amount Crops 1/3 of all FCR