understanding and managing soils for a healthy...
TRANSCRIPT
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Understanding and Managing Soils for a Healthy Landscape
Jonathan DeenikSoils Specialist
Department of Tropical Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of Hawaii
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http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/
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Outline
•
Importance of Soils•
Soil Diversity on Maui
•
Soil Properties•
Soil Quality/Health
•
Management for Health
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Importance of Soil
www.terraworx-usa.com
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Medium for Plant Growth
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Habitat for Soil Organisms
R.A. Norton
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Recycling System
http://compost.tamu.edu/demos/palopinto/compost.jpg Courtesy E. Brennan
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Water Supply and Purification
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Engineering Medium
Courtesy R. Ogoshi
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Soil DiversityKula: fertile ash soil Omaopio: fertile heavy clay soil
Napili: infertile, acid soils
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FactorsTimeParent MaterialClimateBiotaTopography
ProcessesPhysical weatheringChemical weathering
Origin of Soil DiversityTime
Parent Material
Climate
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Andisols
Oxisols
Volcanic Ash
Basalt
J.D. Griggs
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Origin of Soil DiversityClimate -
Precipitation Wet = high weathering, acid & infertileHaiku series
Dry = less weathering, fertileKeahua series
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Twelve Soil Orders
AlfisolsAndisolsAridisolsEntisolsGelisolsHistosolsInceptisolsMollisolsOxisolsSpodosolsUltisolsVertisols
www.soils.uidaho.edu/soilorders
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Soil Orders of Maui
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Andisols
of MauiGeneral Characteristics• light and fluffy (low bulkdensity
• high in organic matter• tendency to “fix” P
Kula Series (dry areas)• Very fertile• well-suited to vegetable,fruit, flower production
Hana Series (wet areas)• Infertile (low in Ca & K)• P deficient
A. McClellan
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Mollisols
of MauiGeneral Characteristics• fertile, productive soils• rich in Ca, K, Mg• shrink/swell clay
Common Examples:
EwaIao
KaupoPaia
Pulehu,Wailuku
A. McClellan
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Oxisols
of MauiGeneral Characteristics• moderately fertile soils• can be low in Ca, K, Mg• good physical properties
Common Examples:
LahainaMolokai
A. McClellan
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Ultisols
of MauiGeneral Characteristics• strongly acidic soils• depleted in Ca, K, Mg• good physical properties
Common Examples:
AlaeloaHaiku
HonoluaMakawao
OleloA. McClellan
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Soil Physical Properties
1.
Soil texture/structure2.
Soil Water
3.
Soil Organic Matter
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Soil TextureTextural Class
Percentage of Maui soils that fall within the major textural classes
Silty clay 44%
Silty clay loam
23%
Silty loam
11%
Loam 10%
Clay 5%
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/manual/print_version/complete.html
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Soil Texture
Important Clay Minerals1.
Kaolinite-
non-expanding-
Low CEC2.
Al/Fe oxides-
non-expanding-
no CEC3.
Smectite-
expanding
-
high CEC4.
Allophane-
high surface area
http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/Franc1M/esc334/lectures/physical.htm
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Soil Structure
Clay minerals and aggregate strengthClay minerals and aggregate strength
Al/Fe oxides
= very strong
Kaolinite
= strong
Smectite
= week
Allophane
= strong
Soil aggregation is an important indicator of the workability of the soil. Soils that are well aggregated are said to have “good soil tilth.”
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Soil WaterSoil water holding capacity depends on textureSoil water holding capacity depends on texture
clay = high
sand = low
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Soil Water
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Soil Water
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Soil Air
O2
< 0.001% O2
≈
20%
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Soil AirCH2 O + O2 = CO2 + H2 O
Respirationsoil microorganisms > plant roots > soil animals
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/robert.fuller/370%20Files/Weeks13
Soil%20Air%20&%20Temp/Respiration.htm
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Soil AirNegative Effects of Negative Effects of
Anaerobic SoilsAnaerobic Soils1.
Root growth decreases
2.
Nutrient uptake decreases3.
Plant available N decreases
4.
Toxic levels of some compounds formed by some anaerobic organisms:•
Mn4+
- Mn2+
•
Fe3+
- Fe2+
•
SO42-
- H2
S•
Ethylene
•
Ethanol•
Organic acids
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Soil Chemical PropertiesCation Exchange CapacityCation Exchange Capacity
CEC is defined as the degree to which a soil can adsorb and exchange cations
(NH4+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, Fe++…. )
http://www.vabf.org/InfoImages/soil1.jpghttp://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsyste
ms/images/6437f01.gif
Negative surface charge
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Cation Exchange Capacity
Cation Exchange CapacityCation Exchange Capacity
1. Clay surfaces•
Smectite: 80 –
100 cmolc
kg-1
•
Kaolinite: 3 –
15 cmolc
kg-1
•
Al/Fe oxides: 0 cmolc
kg-1
2. Organic matter•
Humus: 200 cmolc
kg-1
Keahua
= moderate CEC
Kula = high CEC
Haiku = low CEC
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Soil Acidity
Source of soil acidity- carbonic acid- organic acids- oxidation reactions- leaching- synthetic fertilizers- acid rain
Negative Impacts- Ca and K deficiency- P deficiency- Al toxicity (pH < 5.5)- Mn
toxicity (pH < 5.5)
A. McClellan
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Soil Acidity
Cation Exchange Capacity Cation Exchange Capacity
http://ecology.botany.ufl.edu/ecologyf03/graphics/soilpH.jpg
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Soil Biological Properties
Soil Organic Matter Soil Organic Matter
http://www.soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/ingam/Soil%20Food%20Web%
20%20NRCS%20SQ_files/soil_f1.gif
Soils ≈
5% OCAndisols
8 –
15% OC
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Soil Organic Matter
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/botanicalsciences/PlantHo
rmones/PlantHormones/soil.gif
Physical-
Improves aggregation
-
Improves water holding capacity (surface area)
Chemical-
Increases nutrient availability (N & P cycling, solubility)
-
Increases CEC -
Buffers against pH changes
Biological-
Increases microbial diversity
-
N fixation (rhizobia), P availability (myccorhiza)-
Increases pathogen suppression
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Soil Organisms
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Soil Quality
www.harvestwizard.com
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Definition
The capacity of a soil to:
1.
Sustain biological productivity and diversity
2.
Maintain environmental quality3.
Promote plant and animal health
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Soil Quality is Soil Specific
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Impacts on Soil Quality
How do soils responds to management?
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Tillage Effects on SOM
Brady & Weil, 2004
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Effects Due to Loss of SOM
•
Increased bulk density•
Decreased soil tilth–
Poor soil structure
•
Decreased water infiltration–
Increased erosion
•
Decreased water holding capacity–
Increased susceptibility to drought
•
Decreased N mineralization potential•
Decreased microbial biomass/activity
•
Decreased macrofauna
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Management Effects
Tota
l N (%
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Soi
l Org
anic
C (%
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12UncultivatedCultivated
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Management EffectsM
BC
(ppm
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Agg
rega
te S
tabi
lity
(5)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120UncultivatedCultivated
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Management EffectsM
BC
(mg
C k
g-1)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Agg
rega
te S
tabi
lity
(%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Effects of organic management on a Vertisol, Waianae
Courtesy E. Brennan
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Management for Soil Quality
“Feed the Soil”
Organic MatterCompost
SupplementalNutrients
Courtesy E. Brennan
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Compost
http://compost.tamu.edu/demos/palopinto/compost.jpg
• Improves physical, chemical, and biological properties
• Need to add in large quantities (> 20 T/acre)
• Relatively low N content (< 2.0%)
• Slow-release nutrients
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N Management
Losses•
NH3
Volatilization•
Denitrification
(NO3
-)•
Immobilization
•
Leaching (NO3-)
Source: © U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service.
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N Management
N Deficiency•
Yellowing ofolder leaves
www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/palms/1_pritchar
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N Fertilizers
Organic•
Fish meal (≈10% N)•
Feather meal (12 -
13% N)•
Chicken manure (≈3% N)
Conventional•
Urea (46-0-0)•
Ammonium sulfate (21-0-0)•
16-16-16•
Calcium nitrate•
Potassium nitrate
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P Management
Losses•
P fixation•
Run-off•
Immobilization
AndisolsOxisolsUltisols
http://filebox.vt.edu/users/chagedor/biol_4684/Cycles/phosph.JPG
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P Management
P Deficiency•
Puyrpling
of
older leaves
http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/Misc/
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P Fertilizers
Organic•
Bone meal (≈12-15% P)•
Rock phosphate (2-5% P)•
Chicken manure (2-3% P)
Conventional•
TSP (0-45-0)•
DAP (18-46-0)•
10-30-10
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Nutrient Management
http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/pnw/pnw546/
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Adverse Effects of Nutrients
Water•
Algal blooms (N & P)•
Groundwater contaminationNO3
-
Greenhouse Gases•
NH3
volatilization•
Denitrification
http://serc.carleton.edu/images/microbelife/topics/red_tide_genera.v3.jpg
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Mahalo!