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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 1
Understanding English
Pronunciation (1) International Phonetic Alphabet
by
Maria English Society
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 2
Understanding English Pronunciation (1) International Phonetic Alphabet
© 2016 by Maria English Society
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any
means – electronic, mechanical, photographic (photocopying),
recording, or otherwise – without prior permission in writing
from the author.
Published by Maria English Society
http://mariaenglishsociety.hk
Email: [email protected]
Sound file of this book can be downloaded at:
http://www.mariaenglishsociety.hk/eagerlearners/dl.html
We use the IPA (DJ) in yahoo dictionary
https://hk.dictionary.yahoo.com/
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 3
Pronunciation
The alphabet
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m
n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Vowels
A E I O U
Consonants
B C D F G H J K L M
N P Q R S T V W X Y Z
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 4
The pronunciation of a
Quiz 1: Pronounce the following words.
say [seɪ] at [æ t] jar [dʒa:]
Quiz 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
gag [g _ g] safe [s _ f] farm [ f _ m]
ant [ _ nt]
[ei]
age
day
May
face
lake
play
stay
cake
rain
eight
[æ ]
add
bad
apple
cat
cap
back
bag
black
happy
taxi
[a:]
ask
car
far
star
class
glass
card
art
park
father
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 5
Long vowels
Words can be divided into units called syllables. When a syllable ends
with a vowel, the vowel usually has a long sound.
1. Open syllable
Examples: no, go, we, he, she
ba-by, stu-dent, se-cret, ze-ro, pho-to-graph
When there are two vowels, the first vowel usually has a long sound.
The second vowel is silent.
2. Vowel-consonant-silent e,
Examples: cake, face, take, place, mice, vote, mute
3. Double vowel syllable
Examples: meat, seat, plain , rain, goat, road, lie, pie
Short vowels
When a syllable ends with a consonant, the vowel usually has a short
sound.
1. Closed syllable
Examples: at, odd, us, it,
cat, dog, man, hat, mom, dad, got
mat-ter, con-struct, hap-py, Sep-tem-ber
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 6
The pronunciation of e
Quiz 1: Pronounce the following words.
keep [ki:p] end [end]
Quiz 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
sense [s _ ns] seal [s _ l] leak [l _ k]
[i:]
eve
she
see
feet
meet
week
green
sheep
tea
seat
[e]
ever
pen
ten
red
leg
pet
desk
neck
egg
pencil
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 7
The pronunciation of i
Quiz 1: Pronounce the following words.
wine [waɪn] tip [tɪp]
Quiz 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
sit [s _ t] site [s _ t] kind [k _ nd]
[ai]
ice
five
fine
like
wife
bike
child
iron
China
cry
[ɪ]
it
in
ink
big
pig
fit
pick
miss
fish
ship
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 8
The pronunciation of o
Quiz 1: Pronounce the following words.
low [ləʊ] cod [kɔd] order [′ɔ:də]
Quiz 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
god [g _ d] sort [s _ t] sow [s _ ]
door [d _ ]
[əʊ]
open
no
nose
rose
cold
home
road
coat
boat
snow
[ɔ] / [ɒ]
odd
hot
fox
not
top
of
dog
fog
cost
cough
[ɔ:]
order
four
born
force
lord
short
ball
call
tall
wall
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 9
The pronunciation of u
Quiz 1: Pronounce the following words.
usage [′ju:sɪdʒ] under [′ʌndə]
Quiz 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
tube [t _ b] ugly [ ′ _ glɪ] lunch [l _ ntʃ]
[ju:]
use
unit
uniform
due
duty
cute
student
computer
new
few
[ʌ]
us
up
bus
cup
cut
duck
mug
much
sun
run
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 10
The pronunciation of oo
Quiz : Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
hook [h _ k] tool [t _ l] scoop [sk _ p]
Note: When the words finish with "oon" or "ool" the sound is long. Examples: moon, spoon, fool, cool, school. When the words finish with "ook", the sound is short. Examples: book, cook, took, look.
[u:]
fool
food
noon
room
moon
too
two
boot
cool
school
[u]
book
foot
good
look
wood
cook
hood
shook
crook
could
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 11
The pronunciation of ou, ow The pronunciation of oi, oy
Quiz : Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
toy [t _ ] hour [ _ ə] blouse [bl _z]
[aʊ]
out
ours
house
loud
mouse
cloud
owl
now
cow
bow
[ɔi]
oil
boil
join
noise
voice
boy
joy
roy
soy
enjoy
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 12
The sound ə for a, e, i, o, u The sound ɜː for er, ir, or, ur
[ə]
ago
effect
police
comfort
method
common
Oxford
family
upon
purpose
[ɜ: ] / [ə:]
serve
verb
birth
firm
girl
word
worse
turn
curve
church
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 13
Schwa Schwa is the most common sound in English. It is a weak,
unstressed sound which is used in unstressed syllables.
police family ə ə
effect banana ə ə ə
social society əʊ ə
process procedure əʊ ə
oppose opposite əʊ ə
ugly upon
ʌ ə
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 14
The sound iə The sound eə
The sound ʊə
Quiz : Fill in the blanks with the correct vowels.
search [s _ tʃ] career [kə′r _ ] poor [p _ ]
pear [p _ ] oppose [ _ ′pəʊz] spare [sp _ ]
[iə]
ear
near
fear
beer
here
[ʊə]
tour
tourist
sure
moor
boor
[eə] / [ɛə]
air
hair
chair
care
bear
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 15
c = [k] /[s]
car
cart
cartoon
cell
ice
Consonants
b c d
f g h
[b]
big
bag
bud
job
rob
[d]
dog
day
door
head
bed
[f]
for
fish
face
of
off
[g]
go
girl
gill
dog
fog
[h]
hot
head
hand
hard
help
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 16
j k l
Quiz : Try to pronounce the following words.
bulk Joyce lag
fog hood gill
j = [dʒ]
job
joke
jump
juice
joy
[k]
kid
kiss
kind
park
duck
[l]
lot
leg
like
ball
will
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 17
m n ng
p q r
[m]
mad
miss
must
ham
arm
[n]
no
note
neck
sin
sun
[ŋ]
sing
king
ring
song
long
[p]
pig
pack
put
lip
harp
qu = [kw]
quick
quit
quote
quiet
quilt
[r]
red
rent
ride
tear
wear
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 18
s t v
Quiz : Try to pronounce the following words.
mono tangle van
quest rope prone
[s]
say
see
six
laughs
picks
[t]
ten
taxi
tea
cat
get
[v]
vine
visit
vow
five
love
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 19
w x y
z
Quiz : Try to pronounce the following words.
wax yeast zest
west yard zone
[w]
will
work
wait
went
wit
x = [z] /[ks]
Xerox
xylophone
six
fax
tax
[j]
yes
Yen
yet
yard
yellow
[z]
zoo
zero
zebra
rose
wise
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 20
The sound ʃ (sh) The sound ʒ
The sound tʃ (ch) The sound dʒ
[ʃ]
she
ship
shop
fish
English
finish
[ʒ]
vision
decision
occasion
measure
pleasure
leisure
[tʃ]
chair
child
China
watch
lunch
French
[dʒ]
job
joke
jump
age
change
bridge
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 21
The sound θ (th) The sound ð (th)
Quiz : Try to pronounce the following words.
shine chain jog
thirst clothe division
[θ]
thin
think
thank
bath
mouth
cloth
[ð]
this
that
they
bathe
mother
bother
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 22
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Voiced
b d g v z ʒ dʒ ð m n ŋ w j l r
p t k f s ʃ tʃ θ h
Voiceless
th [θ] and th [ð]
Voiceless [θ]
thin think three thing tenth
third through throw thousand thief
Voiced [ð]
the this that those these
there then them mother brother
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 23
‘ed’ as [t] , [d] or [id]
Voiceless [t]
picked jumped laughed asked missed
placed mixed hoped helped washed
Voiced [d]
filled aimed signed trained rowed
robbed begged raised feared agreed
[id] wanted acted tested studded
‘s’ as [s] , [z] or [iz]
Voiceless [s]
picks jumps laughs asks hopes
Voiced [z]
fills aims signs fears rows
robs begs trains agrees
[iz] pieces closes watches washes
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 24
The sound ts The sound dz
Quiz : Try to pronounce the following words.
cats standards rights
brands waits spends
[ts]
seats
shots
tents
reports
parents
[dz]
lends
reads
needs
roads
words
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 25
Practice 1 Long vowels
[ei] [i:] [ai] [əʊ] [ju:]
ace
base bee bye both bugle
cake cease cite cold Cupid
day deed die dole duke
eve
face fee five foam few
game geese guide goat /
hay he hire home huge
ice
jail jeep jive joke /
Kate key kite koala cute
lake leave light low /
May me mile mode mute
name knee nine note new
open
pay peach pile pole puberty
quake queen quite quote /
rate reed ripe rope /
safe seal sign sow /
taste teeth tide tone tube
use
vain vehicle vine vote view
wave we wine woe /
/ / exile / exuberant
yea yeast yikes yoke Yukon
zany zeta enzyme zone /
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 26
Practice 2 Short vowels
[æ ] [e] [i] [ɔ] [ʌ]
at
bat bed big boss bud
cat cent cigar cod cup
dad den did doll duck
ever
fan fence fix fog fun
gap get give got gum
hat hen him hot hut
it
jam jet jigsaw job juggle
Kant Ken kick cock kung fu
lad let lip lot lunch
man met milk mock mud
nab net nib not nut
odd
pack pen pig pop pump
quack quench quick / /
rat red rib rob run
sand set sit soft sun
tap ten tin Tom tough
us
van vent vim vodka vulgar
wax web win wok /
exact executive exit exotic /
yam yes yip yonder yummy
zap Zen zip zombie /
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 27
Practice 3
bl- blaze bled bliss block bluff
br- bring break bread brown bright
cl- clam cleft clip close club
cr- crab crept crib crop crust
dr- drag dress drive drop drum
fl- flag flesh flit flop flume
fr- frame fret frill from frustum
gl- glad glen glide globe glume
gr- grand Greenwich grip grove grunt
pl- plan pledge plinth plot plush
pr- prate press prize prop prussic
sc-/sk- scale sketch skill scot skull
sl- slave sledge slip slow slush
sm- smash smell smile smoke smutch
sn- snake snell snipe snow snug
sp- spade spell spin spot spun
st- stand step still stone stuff
sw- swam swell swim swollen swum
tr- trap trench trick trod truck
tw- twain twenty twins / /
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 28
Practice 4
Pronounce the following words.
name [neɪm] game [geɪm] late [leɪt] say [seɪ]
key [ki:] she [ʃi:] speak [spi:k] eat [i:t]
high [hai] ice [ais] hide [haid] light [lait]
loaf [ləʊf] row [rəʊ] snow [snəʊ] home [həʊm]
cute [kju:t] unit [′ju:nɪt] you [ju:] duty [′dju:tɪ]
add [æ d] apple [æ pl] cat [kæ t] hat [hæ t]
men [men] dead [ded] said [sed] bed [bed]
big [bɪg] dish [dɪʃ] milk [mɪlk] quick [kwɪk]
boss [bɔs] cough [kɔf] shot[ʃɔt] chop [tʃɔp]
bud [bʌd] gum [gʌm] lunch [lʌntʃ] tough [tʌf]
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 29
towel
[′taʊəl]
chart
[tʃa:t]
firm
[f ɜːm]
large
[la:dʒ]
third
[θɜːd]
throw
[θrəʊ]
bunch
[bʌntʃ]
weigh
[weɪ]
though
[ðəʊ]
wash
[wɔ:ʃ]
reign
[reɪn]
doubt
[daʊt]
circle
[′sɜːkl]
ache
[eɪk]
guess
[ges]
question
[′kwestʃən]
social
[′səʊʃəl]
society
[sə′saiətɪ]
oppose
[ə′pəʊz]
opposite
[′ɔpəzɪt]
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 30
Practice 5
Find out the Phonetic Alphabet of the following words from
your dictionary and try to pronounce them.
man men
pan pen
bat bet
said dead
cod bother
cough tough
serve turn
march force
fund harp
quarrel bluff
pigeon prudent
smutch prate
chef Chicago
wash orphan
anchor wrestle
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 31
Summary: Vowels
A: age add ask
E: eve ever
I: ice it
O: old odd order food foot
U: use us hour oil
owl boy
A: [ei] [æ ] [a:]
E: [i:] [e]
I: [ai] [ɪ]
O: [əʊ] [ɔ] [ɔ:] [u:] [u]
U: [ju:] [ʌ] [aʊ] [ɔi]
ago (for a, e, i, o, u)
urgent (for er, ir, or, ur)
[ə] (for a, e, i, o, u)
[ɜ:] (for er, ir, or, ur)
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 32
Quiz: Did you pronounce the brand names right?
Christian Dior [ ′krɪstɪa:n dɪ′ɔ:]
Louis Vuitton [ ′lu:ɪ vɪ′tɔ:n]
Hermès [ eə′mes]
Givenchy [ ʒɪ′vɔ:nʃɪ]
agnès b [ ʌnɪ′es bi:]
Gucci [ ′gu:tʃɪ]
Godiva [gə′daivə]
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 33
Answers
P.4
gag [gæ g] safe [seɪf] farm [fa:m] ant [æ nt]
p.6
sense [sens] seal [si:l] leak [li:k]
p.7
sit [sɪt] site [sait] kind [kaind]
p.8
god [gɔd] sort [sɔ:t] sow [səʊ] door [dɔ:]
p.9
tube [tju:b] ugly [ ′ʌglɪ] lunch [lʌntʃ]
p.10
hook [huk] tool [tu:l] scoop [sku:p]
p.11
toy [tɔi] hour [aʊə] blouse [blaʊz]
p.13
search [sə:tʃ] career [kə′r iə ] poor [pʊə ]
pear [peə ] oppose [ ə ′pəʊz] spare [speə ]
p.15
bulk [bʌlk] Joyce [dʒɔis] lag [læ g]
fog [fɔg] hood [hud] gill [gɪl]
p.17
mono [ˋmɔnəʊ] tangle [ˋtæŋgl] van [væ n]
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Understanding English Pronunciation (1) IPA Page 34
quest [kwest] rope [rəʊp] prone [prəʊn]
p.18
wax [wæ ks] yeast [ji:st] zest [zest]
west [west] yard [jɑ:d] zone [zəʊn]
p.20
shine [ʃain] chain [tʃein] jog [dʒɔg]
thirst [θə:st] clothe [kləuð] division [dɪˋvɪʒən]
p.29
man [mæ n] men [men]
pan [pæ n] pen [pen]
bat [bæ t] bet [bet]
said [sed] dead [ded]
cod [kɔd] bother [ˋbɔðə]
cough [kɔf] tough [tʌf]
serve [sə:v] turn [tə:n]
march [mɑ:tʃ] force [fɔ:s]
fund [fʌnd] harp [hɑ:p]
quarrel [ˋkwɔrəl] bluff [blʌf]
pigeon [ˋpɪdʒin] prudent [ˋpru:dənt]
smutch [smʌtʃ] prate [preɪt]
chef [ʃef] Chicago [ʃɪˋkɑ:gəʊ]
wash [wɔʃ] orphan [ˋɔ:fən]
anchor [ˋæŋkə] wrestle [ˋresl]